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BOOK-NOTICES
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south of Bombay). The Periplus makes no mention of it. Since this second Hippokoura is located by Ptolemy on the coast of Ariakê, which he distinguishes by the name of Ariake Sadinôn, one may well ask whether we are not here dealing with the original Hippokoura, transferred to the seashore from its proper location by an erroneous interpretation of routes.
"One is tempted to identify the final koura in Hippokoura with kourai, which appears like a plural termination in the name Sôsikourai (VII, 1, 10). Sôsikourai is unquestionably identical with Tuticorin ; and kourai is clearly the equivalent of the Tamil word kudi, signifying
place of habitations, town' (see the quotations s. v. Tuticorin in Yule and Burnell's HobsonJobson). On the other hand the identification of kúra with kourai is open to serious doubt.
"Whatever the meaning of the term kúra may be, the identity of Paloura with Dantapura seems definitely established. Thus Pliny and Ptolemy provide new data in the geography of Ancient India, enabling us to identify the site of a great city of antiquity. The alternative use of the words Paloura-Dantapura shows also that in the age of Ptolemy the Dravidian language shared the territory of Kalinga with Aryan forms of speech. In these days also, Chicacole, Kalingapatam, and the Palakonda taluka are in the Telugu-speaking region ; the boundary between the Aryan and Dravidian tongues lies plainly more to the north, about half-way between Chicacole and Ganjam (cf. Linguistic Survey, IV, 577)."
BOOK-NOTICES. THE KAVERI, THE MAUKHARIS AND THE SANGAM AGE, cient Indian history, but space forbids my following BY T. G. ARAVAMUTHAN. University of Madras, 1925. Mr. Aravamuthan in his many arguments. The
I am not surprised that this thesis won the San- general result, as I read it, is that the Sangam writers kara-Parvati Prize of the Madras University for refer to three Tamil kings having invaded Northern 1924, as in 122 pp. of rather small print it contains India as far as the Himalayas-Karikalan, Sangu. enough historical research to keep a student busy ttuvan, and the latter's father, Imayavaramban. for a month in order to assimilate it. Mr. Arave. The datos of them all are within 25 years of each muthan has sat down to his work with all the de. other and they had for protégés some of the Sangam tachment of a lawyer asked to give his opinion on the Authors. So if their dates can be fixed, that of the evidence laid before him, only in this case he has Sangam is also fixed. Assuming then that the collected the evidence himself. The result is an Sangam atatements as to these three kings are investigation which is altogether admirable.
reliable, the stop necessary to fix the dates of their The book investigates in & wonderfully detailed expeditions is to find the period in which the examination certain statements of the Tamil Sangam countries between South India and the Himalayas as to invasions of North India by Tamil kings. One were weak enough to admit of the Southern armies has often heard of the invasions of South India by being able to penetrate as far as the Himalayas. the kings from the North, but here we have a It will be perceived that the question is of great story of reverse statement, of which there has been historical importance, as it fixes the date of the practically no investigation. The thesis goos, how. Sangam. But the first question to settle is the over, much further. It attempts to fix the dates reliability of the statements of the Sangam authors of these invasions and hence of the Sangam, follow. As regards the expeditions of the three kinge, Kari. ing up this attempt by an essay on the Kåvêri kalan, Senguttuvan and Imayavaramban. Into
an excursus into a subject hitherto untouched," this point Mr. Aravamuthan goes in the minutest and another on the Maukharis of Magadha.
manner, and his conclusion is that "the historicity In his preface Mr. Aravamuthan draws attention of the invasions" of the three kings "is indisputato four footnotes, on p. iv: (a) the probability of ble." As to the corollary of the date of these inva. Adityasena, the later Gupta having invaded the sions, Mr. Aravamuthan considers that" in the general Chola country : (b) an identification of a temple in state of our knowledge of Indian history we might be Mâlwa as probably one built by the Malwa kings in Bafo in fixing the close of the third century A.D. as the honour of the Tamil goddess Our Lady of Chastity : lower limit." That then is a date for the Sangam. (c) an explanation of the origin of the names Sata! The reader will perceive that for all his care in karni and Satavahana : (d) a theory that the Kåvēri rosearch Mr. Aravamuthan is still most cautious. might have changed its course some miles to the Karikalan, the greatest of the early Cholas, west of Kumbhakonam." I have quoted the preface among other things, built flood-banks for the here in full, as my own attention in the course of Kaveri. This has remained as his chief achieve. the perusal of the book was forcibly drawn thereto. ment in the popular mind. Among those who had
Enough has been said above to show the extra to help in the great work was a feudatory king ordinary interest and value of this work as to an named Mukari. Ho was not a Tamil and Mr.
