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August, .1926 j
PIHUNDA, PITHUDA, PITUNDRA.
146
longitude degrees of Omenogara, according to Ptolemy, are 114; 16.20 ; and the name Nanaguna, at the head of which this town was situated, is probably due to the fact that by the side of the Nana Pass there is another less useful pass, which is known even to this day as the Guna Pass. The Nana Pass is to the north of the bare thumb-like pinnacle of rock, locally known as Nana's Thumb,' and the Guna Pass is to the south of the Thumb. We must, therefore, regard Ptolemy's Nanaguna as referring to the Nana and the Guna Passes; and the latitude and longitude degrees given by Ptolemy fully support us. At the head of Nanaguna there is Omenogara, which obviously corresponds to our modern Junnar. Not far from Junnar there is a river known as the Mina, and the valley watered by that river is still known 28 Minner. Furthermore, Ptolemy mentions two Minnagars, and Mr. Bhandarkar has not assigned good reasons for identifying the Minnagara mentioned in the Periplus with the Minnagar in Ptolemy, which corresponds with modern Mandasor. We must, therefore, conclude that Minnagar mentioned by the author of the Periplus is the Omenogara of Ptolemy and Junnar of modern times. It was the capital of Nahapana, from which he ruled over the Eastern possessions, wbile Aparanta, Gujarat and the Northern possessions were in the charge of Ushavadata.
PIHUNDA, PITHUDA, PITUNDRA.1
BY SYLVAIN LEVI. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY S.M. EDWARDES, C.S.I., C.V.O. "The Jain Uttaradhyayana Sutra (XXI, 1-4, translated in Sacred Books of the East) relates the story of a merchant named PAlita, who departs from Champa, the capital of Abga on the lower course of the Ganges, on a journey by boat to the city of Pihumda, whither his business summons him. There he marries, and later returns to his own country. While on the sea, his wife gives birth to a son, who is called Samudra-pâla "the sea's ward."
"The Jain sutra is written in Prakrit; the name of the city, Pihumda, leads one to infer that the original form of the name contained an indistinct aspirate between vowels, which was changed in Prakrit to a simple aspirate.
"The Hâthigum pha inscription of king Khâravela of Orissa appears to supply the word for which we are looking, corresponding to the Prakrit form Pihumda. Laders, indeed, in his List of Brahmi Inscriptions (Epig. Ind., X, vii) under No. 1345, writes in his analysis of this difficult but important inscription : In the eleventh year he had some place founded by former kings, perhaps Pithuda, ploughed with a plough....' Pithuda may legitimately be read as Pithunda, which would become Pihumda in Prakrit ; the inner nasal in no case presents any difficulty. But unfortunately the mutilated text of the inscription affords no clue to the situation of Pithuda. We find that in the following or 12th regnal year, Khâravela 'makes the kings of the North tremble' (vitásayanto Utard padharajdno); one must therefore look for Pithuda elsewhere than in the North. The East is likewise excluded, for the sea lies on that side. There remain the West and the South. In the passage above. quoted Laders bas adopted the reading proposed by the late Bhagvanlal Indraji, who was the first to decipher the inscription scientifically (Proceedings of the Sixth Congress of Orientalists at Leyden, Part III, sect. II, 1885). Bhagvanlal read as follows:
puvarajanivesitam Päthudari gadambhanagalena kasayati. Lüders alters Pathudam into Pithudam on the strength of impressions of the inscription.
"Since then Mr. K. P. Jayaswal has taken up the study of the whole text, the numerous lacunae in which are to him an additional attraction. In the third volume of the Journal
McCrindle ; Ptolemy, pp. 175-76 whore the editor observes that nothing is known about Omenogara.
1 This article is No. II of "Notes Indiennes ", by M. 8. Lévi, which appeared in the Journal Asiatique, Tome CCVI, Jan.-Marsh, 1926.
