Bharatiya Sanskruti me Jain Dharma ka Aavdan

Author(s): Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002591/1

Page #1
pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 123 pradhAna sampAdaka pro. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara bhAratIya saMskRti jainadharma kA apadAna lekhaka prophesara bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vidyApI pArzvanAtha vArANasI sahAramA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2010_04

Page #2
pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 123 pradhAna sampAdaka pro. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara bhAratIya saMskRti jainadharma kA prAkAna lekhaka prophesara bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara nidezaka - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha bhagavaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2010_04

Page #3
pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM. : 123 pustaka lekhaka prakAzaka dUrabhASa saMkhyA phaiksa prathama saMskaraNa mUlya akSara sajjA mudraka I.S.B.N. Title Writer bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA avadAna : prophesara bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI0TI0AI0 roDa, karauMdI vArANasI-5 : : 316521, 318046 : Printed at : : * varddhamAna mudraNAlaya, bhelUpura, vArANasI 81-86715-47-9 Parswanatha Vidyapitha Series No. 123 : : 0542-318046 : Bhartiya Samskrti men Jaina Dharma ka Avadana 1999 rupaye 80.00 mAtra saritA kampyUTarsa, auraMgAbAda, vArANasI- 10 phona naM. : 359521 : Prof. Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar Director, Parswanatha Vidyapitha Publisher : Parswanatha Vidyapitha I.T. I. Road, Karaun Varanasi-5. Fax First Edition Price : Type Setting at : Telephone No. : 316521, 31804 : 0542-318046. : 1999 Rs. 80.00 only Sarita Computers, Aurangabad, Varanasi - 10 (Phone No. 359521 ) : Vardhaman Mudranalaya, Bhelupur, Varanasi. 2010_04

Page #4
prakAzakIya jainadharma vizuddha mAnavatAvAda para TikA bhAratIya saMskRti kA kadAcit prAcInatama dharma hai jisane ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA anupama sandeza dekara samasta mAnava ko rAhata kI sAMsa dI hai| samatA, AtmapuruSArtha, sarvodaya, karmavAda, Atma-svAtantrya Adi jaise mAnavIya siddhAntoM kI prasthApanA kara jainadharma ne jAtivAda aura vargabheda kI abhedya dIvAloM ko nestanAbUta kara samAja meM eka nayI cetanA dI hai| itanA hI nahIM, usane mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA ko sAhitya kalA aura sthApatya meM bhI aMkita kiyA hai| jainadharma ne vastuta: bhAratIya saMskRti ke lagabhaga sabhI kSetroM meM apanA stutya yogadAna diyA hai| sAhitya kI sArI vidyAe~ bhI usane samRddha kI haiM aura acAra-vicAra ko bhI pariSkRta kara sAMskRtika kSetra ko ApUra kiyA hai| hamAre pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara jainadharma aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke niSNAta vidvAn hai| bhAratIya saMskRti jainadharma kA avadAna viSaya para ho rahI saMgoSThI meM viSaya pravartana ke rUpa meM prastuta unakA yaha vyAkhyAna prakAzita kara hameM prasannatA ho rahI hai| AzA hai isase pAThakagaNa lAbhAnvita hoNge| bhUpendra nAtha jaina saciva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 2010_04

Page #5
2010_04

Page #6
viSaya-sUcI 1-34 sAMskRtika avadAna jaina saMskRti aura adhyAtma 1; zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRti 2; sAMskRtika avadAna 4; dharma kI paridhi-aparimita mAnavatA 4; AtmA hI paramAtmA hai 8; Atma-svAtantrya 9; samatAvAda 10; cAritrika vizuddhi12; anekAntavAda 14; ahiMsA aura aparigraha 15; ratnatraya kA samanvita sAdhanA 18; svAdhyAya 20; upayoga aura bhakti 21; sAmAjika samatA 24; vaiyaktika svAtantrya aura karmavAda 25; dArzanika avadAna 25; kalAtmaka avadAna 26; ekAtmakatA aura rASTrIyatA 28; loka bolI prAkRta kA prayoga 33 / 35-91 sAhityika avadAna bhASA aura sAhitya 35; prAkRta bhASA aura AryabhASAe~36; prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA 38; prAkRta : janabhASA kA rUpa 39; 1. prathama pakSa 39; 2. dvitIya pakSa 39; prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama 41; prAkRta aura saMskRta 42; apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~43; prAkRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM 44; 1. prAkRta jaina sAhitya44; paramparAgata sAhitya 45; anuyoga sAhitya 45; vAcanAe~ 46; 1. pATaliputra vAcanA 46; 2. mAthurI vAcanA 47; valabhI vAcanA 47; zruta kI maulikatA48; prAkRta sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa 49; 1. Agama sAhitya50; aMga sAhitya 50; 1. AcArAMga 50; 2. sUyagaDaMga51; 3. ThANAMga 51, 4. samavAyAMga 51; 5. viyAhapaNNatti 52; 6. nAyAdhammakahAo; 8. aMtagaDadasAo 53; 9.aNuttarovavAiyadasAo 53; 10. paNhavAgaraNAI 53 11. vivAgasuyaM 54; 12. diTThivAya 54; upAMga sAhitya 54; 1. uvavAiya 54; 2. rAyapaseNiya 54; 3. jIvAbhigama 55; 4. paNNavaNA 55; 5. suriyapaNNatti 55; 6. jambUdIvapaNNatti 55; 7. candapaNNatti 55; 2010_04

Page #7
8. nirayAvaliyA 55; 9. kappAvaDisiyA 56; 10. puphiyA 56; 11. pupphacUlA 56; 12. vaNhidasAo56; mUlasUtra 56; 1. uttarajjhAyaNa 56; 2. Avassaya 57; 3. dasaveyAliya 57; 4. piNDaniyukti 57; 5. oghaniyukti 57; chedasUtra 57; 1. dasAsuyakkhandha 57 2. bRhatkalpa 58; 3. vavahAra 58; 4. nisIha 58; 5. mahAnisIha 58; 6. jItakalpa 58; cUlikA sUtra58; prakIrNaka 59; Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya 59; niyukti sAhitya 60; bhASya sAhitya 60; cUrNi sAhitya 61; TIkA sAhitya 62; karma sAhitya 62; siddhAnta sAhitya 64; AcAra sAhitya 65; vidhividhAna aura bhaktimUlaka sAhitya 66; paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya 66; kathA sAhitya 68; kathAsaMgraha 69; lAkSaNika sAhitya 70; cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya 73; karma sAhitya 76; siddhAnta sAhitya 77; nyAya sAhitya 78; AcAra sAhitya 79; bhaktiparaka sAhitya 80; paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya 81; kathA sAhitya 83; lalita vAGmaya 84; lAkSaNika-sAhitya 85; apabhraMza sAhitya 86; anya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA jaina sAhitya 87; tamila jaina sAhitya 87; telagU jaina sAhitya 88 kannar3a jaina sAhitya 88; marAThI jaina sAhitya 89; gujarAtI jaina sAhitya 89; hindI jaina sAhitya 90 2010_04

Page #8
sAMskRtika avadAna jaina saMskRti aura adhyAtma saMskRti eka Antarika tattva hai, jo vyakti aura samAja ke Atmika-saMskAroM para kendrita rahatA hai| sabhyatA usakA bAhya-tattva hai, jo deza aura kAla ke anusAra parivartita hotA rahatA hai| yaha parivartana saMskRti ko prabhAvita bhale hI kara de para usameM AmUla parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM rhtii| isalie saMskRti kI paridhi kAphI vyApaka hotI hai| usameM vyakti kA AcAra-vicAra, jIvana-mUlya, naitikatA, dharma, sAhitya, kalA, zikSA, darzana Adi sabhI tattvoM kA samAveza hotA hai| ina tattvoM ko hama sAdhAraNa taura para sAMskRtika aura sAmudAyika cetanA ke antargata niviSTa kara sakate haiN| __ vyakti samAjaniSTha hone ke bAvajUda AtmaniSTha hai| para sandeha aura tarka kI gahanatA ne, bauddhika vyAyAma kI saghanatA ne usakI isa AtmaniSThatA para praznacihna khar3A kara diyA hai aura usakI AtmAnubhUti kI zakti ko pIche Dhakela diyA hai| vaha kamajoriyoM kA piNDa hai, isa tathya ko jAnate hue bhI ahaGkAra ke kAraNa vaha sArvajanika rUpa se use svIkAra nahIM kara paataa| yaha asvIkRti usakA svabhAva bana jAtA hai| phalata: krodhAdi kaSAyoM ke Aveza aura Avega ko vaha aniyantrita avasthA meM pAle rahatA hai| ___adhyAtma eka satat cintana kI prakriyA hai, antazcetanA kA niSyanda hai| vaha eka aisA saMgIta svara hai, jo ekaniSTha hone para hI sunAI detA hai aura svAnubhava kI duniyAM meM vyakti ko praveza karA detA hai| svayaM hI niSpakSa cintana aura dhyAna ke mAdhyama se vaha apanI kamajoriyoM ko bAhara phekane ke lie Atara ho jAtA hai| usakA hRdaya AtmasudhAra kI ora kadama bar3hAne ke lie eka sazakta mAdhyama kI khoja meM nikala par3atA hai- yaha mAdhyama hai-dharma aura adhyaatm| pazu aura manuSya ko pRthak karane vAlA tattva hai- vivek| viveka na hone se pazu Aja bhI apane Adima jagat meM hai jabaki manuSya ne viveka ke mAdhyama 2010_04

Page #9
se hI apanI prANa-zakti kA vikAsa kiyA, vijJAna kI cetanA ne use naye AyAma diye aura prasphuTita kiye usake sAre zakti-kSetra jinameM vaha vikAsa ke naye saMkalpa, upAya aura sAdhana kI khoja meM nirantara lagA rahatA hai| usakI isa nirantaratA kA sUtra kabhI bhaMga nahIM ho paataa| yaha prANadhArA prayatna sAdhya hai| cetanA kI sakriyatA aura manobala kI sakSamatA se hI vaha upalabdha kI jA sakatI hai| zarIra-bala aura vacana-bala se use kriyAzakti mila jAtI hai| yaha kriyAzakti vyakti kI saMvedanA aura cetanA ke vikAsa-bodha kI phalazruti hai| saMvedanA para niyantraNa kara jJAna kA vikAsa karanA usakI vizeSatA hai| antarmukhI hokara vaha yathArtha kI sAdhanA karatA hai, dhyAna karatA hai aura pratibimba se pare jAne kA prayatna karatA hai| isI prayatna meM ahiMsA aura saMyama usakA sAtha dete haiN| prajJA aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra se usakI sAdhanA kA kSetra bar3ha jAtA hai| tarka aura buddhi ke sopAna se hI anubhava kI cetanA meM vaha praveza kara jAtA hai| hamArI svAnubhUti kI cetanA yaha kahatI hai ki hamArA AcAra aura vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati pariSkRta ho| usameM krUratA, viSamatA aura ahaMmanyatA na ho, dhokhAdhar3I na ho| hamArI manaHsthiti yadi samatA se bhare AcaraNa aura vyavahAra se bhara jAye to azAnti svata: adRzya ho jAtI hai, saMskAra parivartita ho jAte haiM, svabhAva rUpAntarita ho jAtA hai aura pravAhita hone lagatI hai sAmudAyika cetanA kI vaha prazAnta dhArA jisameM sahiSNutA, karuNA, saralatA aura kSamAzIlatA jaise adhyAtmaniSTha tattva sadaiva jAgRta rahate haiN| ye tattva vyakti kI adhyAtmaniSThA ke sAtha jur3a jAte haiM jahA~ puruSArtha jAga jAtA hai pUrNa jyoti pAne ke lie aura sRjanAtmaka cetanA sphurita ho jAtI hai vijAtIya tattvoM ko dUra karane ke lie| sAdhaka isa sAdhya kI prApti ke lie AtmAnuzAsana se svayaM ko niyantrita karatA hai, avacetana mana meM par3e hae saMskAroM aura vAsanAoM ko vizuddha karatA hai, aura sArI kSamatAoM ko arjitakara mAnasika asantulana ko dUra karatA hai nirAgrahI vRtti se, santulita vizuddha zAkAhAra se aura niSpakSa vItarAgatA ke cintana se| jaina saMskRti aisI hI cintanazIlatA bharA vAtAvaraNa prastuta karatI hai sAdhaka ke samakSa jo use sAMskRtika aura sAmudAyika cetanA kI ora mor3a detA hai| yaha usakA eka viziSTa avadAna hai| zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRti bhAratIya sAMskRtika kSetra meM pramukha rUpa se zramaNa aura brAhmaNa paramparAyeM pallavita hotI rahI haiN| donoM paramparAyeM pRthak-pRthak hote hue bhI paraspara meM paripUraka 2010_04

Page #10
haiM, anusyUta haiN| prAcInatama vaidika sAhitya meM samAgata vAtarazanA zramaNa, vrAtya, arhat, Arhata, digvAsA, RSabha, asura, UrdhvamanthI, kezI, puNyazIla, yati, muni Adi zabda jaina saMskRti ke prabhAvazAlI astitva kI sUcanA dete haiM aura mohanajodar3o, har3appA tathA lohAnIpura meM prApta yogI RSabhadeva kI kAyotsargI mUrtiyAM usakI sAMskRtika virAsata kI kathA kahatI haiN| zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRtiyAM vastutaH hamArI manovRtti kI paricAyikA haiM isalie ve paraspara prabhAvita bhI huI haiM, unameM AdAna-pradAna bhI huA hai| samatA aura puruSArthazIlatA para pratiSThita zramaNadhArA ke adhyAtmapradhAna nivRttimArgIya cintana se brAhmaNadhArA prabhAvita haI hai aura brAhmaNadhArA ke karmakANDIya tattva ne zramaNadhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| upaniSadIya cintana meM paridRSTa parivartana nizcita rUpa se zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai aura isI taraha zramaNadhArA meM svIkRta devI-devatA, yakSa-yakSiNI samudAya brAhmaNadhArA se AyAtita huA hai| yahAM yaha saMketa karanA Avazyaka nahIM hai ki zramaNadhArA kA mUla pravartana jaina saMskRti se huA hai| bauddha saMskRti to chaThI zatAbdI I0pU0 kI dena hai| sahasrAtisahasra prAcIna isa jaina saMskRti ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko dArzanika, sAMskRtika aura sAhityika kSetroM meM atyanta samRddha kiyA hai| jainAcAryoM ne apane cintana meM jo vaijJAnikatA, pragatizIlatA, sArvajanInatA, ekAtmakatA, jAti-vargahInatA aura vaiyaktika svatantratA kA prasphuTana kiyA hai, vaha nitAnta anUThI hai| yahAM hama usake anUThepana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara usake avadAna para cintana kareMge- sAMskRtika avadAna aura sAhityika avdaan| ina donoM avadAnoM meM zramaNa jaina saMskRti meM samatAvAda, zamatAvAda aura puruSArthavAda ko AtmasAta karane kA sAhasa dikhAI detA hai aura vargabheda, varNabheda, upanivezavAda Adi jaise asamAnavAdI tattvoM se kosoM dUra rakhakara vyakti aura samAja ko svAtantrya aura svAvalambana kI ora kadama pahuMcAtA naz2ara AtA hai| jaine saMskRti ne upAdAna aura nimitta ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna pracalita dArzanika mata-matAntaroM meM jo sAmaJjasya prasthApita karane kA athak prayatna kiyA hai vaha nizcita hI stutya hai| isa pRSThabhUmi meM paripUraka hote hue bhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa sAMskRtika vicAradhArAoM ke bIca eka vibhedaka rekhA isa prakAra khIMcI jA sakatI hai ki brAhmaNa saMskRti meM 'brahma' ne vistAra kiyA, usane eka se vividha rUpa liye, avatAra dhAraNa kiye, svapna aura mAyA kA sRjana huA, bhaktizAstra kA janma huA, viSamatA panapI aura paramAtmA Izvara svarUpa meM anupalabdheya ho gyaa| dUsarI 2010_04

Page #11
ora zramaNa vicAradhArA ne tIrthavAdI pravatti ko vikasita kiyA, isa pAra se usa pAra jAne kI bAta kahI, aura saMsAra se lauTakara, bahirAtman se dUra hokara antarAtman kI ora mur3ane kA tathA paramAtmA kI ora vApasa jAne kA saMkalpa diyaa| isa saMkalpa meM samarpaNa nahIM, puruSArtha hai, vRttiyoM ke sAmane ghuTane TekanA nahIM, sAhasapUrvaka unase saMgharSa karanA hai, phailAva nahIM, sikur3ana hai, apane ghara vApasa lauTanA hai, vizuddhatA meM pahu~canA hai, anya kisI kI bhI zaraNa meM na jAkara svayaM kI zaraNa meM jAnA hai, hara AtmA meM paramAtmA tIrthaGkara kA vAsa hai, vaha anupalabdheya nahIM, samyak sAdhanA se upalabdheya hai, pathadarzaka hai| vahA~ pUjA nahIM, dhyAna hai, vAsanA yA rAga nahIM, vItarAga avasthA hai| isalie vaha jina mArga hai aise jinoM kA jinhoMne karma, vAsanA ko jItakara svAnubhUti ke AdhAra para upadeza diyA hai, svayaM vizuddhi ke carama zikhara para pahu~cakara sabhI prANiyoM ke kalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| jina mArga vastuta: kSatriya mArga hai, yoddhA mArga hai; aise yoddhAoM kA jo indriya vRttiyoM se saMgharSa karate haiM aura nirAkAMkSI hokara mRtyu ko jIta lete haiM, paramAnanda kA anubhava karate haiM aura bhavasAgara se pUrNata: pAra ho jAte haiM, avatAra ke rUpa meM vApasa nahIM aate| isa antara ke bAvajUda donoM saMskRtiyA~ eka-dUsare kI paripUraka haiN| (1) sAMskRtika avadAna ina donoM avadhAraNAoM meM jaina saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti se sambaddha hai jise AcAryoM ne sAhitya ke mAdhyama se bar3I sugar3hatA ke sAtha spaSTa kiyA hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se usa saMskRti ke Adya praNetA tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva the aura use tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ne anuprANita kiyaa| usI ko uttarakAla meM zrutadhara aura sArasvata AcAryoM ne pallavita kiyaa| usI ke AdhAra para AcAryoM ne jaina saMskRti kI katipaya mUla avadhAraNAoM ko lekara saMskRti ke mUla kathya kA vistAra kiyA hai| saMskRti ke mUla kathya ko dharma kI paribhASA kI paridhi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| dharma kI aneka prakAra se paribhASAyeM dekara jaina saMskRti kI avadhAraNAoM ko usake mAdhyama se spaSTa karane kA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki jIvana ke sAre koNa dharma se sambaddha rahate haiN| isalie jaina saMskRti ke avadAna ko samajhane ke lie dharma ko pahale samajha liyA jaaye| (1) dharma kI paridhi-aparimita mAnavatA dharma mahaja rUr3hiyoM aura rIti-rivAjoM kA paripAlana mAtra nahIM hai| vaha to 2010_04

Page #12
jIvana se jur3A sarjanAtmaka sarvadezIya tattva hai jo prANimAtra ko vAstavika zAnti kA sandeza detA hai, mithyAjJAna aura avidyA ko dUra kara satya aura nyAya ko pragaTa karatA hai, tarkagata AsthA aura zraddhA ko sajIva rakhatA hai, bauddhikatA ko jAgrata kara sadbhAvanA ke puSpa khilAtA hai aura bikheratA hai usa svAnubhUti ko, jo antara meM RjutA, saralatA aura prazAnta vRtti ko janma detI hai| vaha to rima-jhima barasate bAdala ke samAna hai jo tana-mana ko AhlAdita kara Adhi-vyAdhiyoM kI USmA ko zAnta kara detA hai| - dharma ke do rUpa hote haiM - eka to vaha vyaktigata hotA hai jo paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA kara svayaM ko tadrUpa banAne meM gatizIla rahatA hai aura dUsarA sAdhanA tathA sahakAra para bala detA hai| eka Antarika tattva hai aura dUsarA bAhya tattva hai| donoM tattva eka dUsare ke paripUraka hote haiM, jo Antarika anubhUti ko sabala banAye rakhate haiM, buddhi, bhAvanA aura kriyA ko pavitratA kI ora le jAte haiM aura mAnavocita guNoM kA vikAsa kara sAmAjikatA ko prasthApita karate haiN| dharma jaba kAlAntara meM mAtra rUr3hiyoM kA DhA~cA raha jAtA hai, taba sArI gar3abar3I zurU ho jAtI hai, viveka-hInatA panapatI hai aura phira sAdhaka rAgAtmaka parisImA meM baMdhakara dharma ke Antarika sambandha ko bhUla jAtA hai, usake nirmala aura vAstavika rUpa kI chAyA meM ghRNA aura dveSa-bhAva janma lene lagate haiN| aise hI dharma ke nAma para hiMsA kA tANDava nRtya jitanA huA hai, utanA zAyada hI kisI aura nAma para huA ho| isalie sAdhAraNa vyakti dharma se bahirmukha ho jAtA hai, usakI tathyAtmakatA ko samajhe binA Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko bhI duSita kara detA hai| vastuta: hama na hindU haiM, na musalamAna, na jaina haiM, na bauddha, na IsAI haiM, na yhuudii| hama to pahale mAnava haiM aura dhArmika bAda meN| vyakti yadi sahI insAna nahIM bana sakA to vaha dhArmika kabhI nahIM ho sakatA, dharma kA mukhauTA bhale hI vaha kitanA bhI lagAye rkhe| jaina saMskRti kI yaha apratima vizeSatA hai| isalie sarvaprathama yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajheM aura insAniyata ko banAye rakhane ke lie usakI upayogitA ko jaane| insAniyata ko mArane vAlI insAna meM nihita kupravRttiyA~ aura bhautikavAdI vAsanAyeM haiM jo yuddha aura saMgharSa ko janma detI haiM, vyakti aura rASTra-rASTra ke bIca kaTutA kI abhedya dIvAleM khar3I kara detI haiN| dharma ke mAtra nivRttimArga para jora dekara use niSkriyatA kA jAmA pahanAnA bhI dharma kI vAstavikatA ko na samajhanA hai| dharma to vastuta: duHkha ke mUla kAraNa rUpa Asakti ko dUra kara asAmpradAyikatA 2010_04

Page #13
ko prasthApita karatA hai, naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko nayI dRSTi detA hai aura samatAmUlaka samAja kI racanA karane meM apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna detA hai| isa dRSTi se dharma kI zakti aparimita aura ajeya hai, bazarte usake vAstavika svarUpa ko samajha liyA jaaye| dharma ke isI svarUpa ko spaSTa karanA samUce sAhitya aura kalA kA abhidheya rahA hai| dharma kI zatAdhika paribhASAyeM huI haiN| una paribhASAoM kA yadi vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye to unheM sAdhAraNa taura para tIna prakAroM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - mUlyAtmaka, varNanAtmaka aura kriyaatmk| ye tInoM prakAra bhI eka-dUsare meM praveza karate dikhAI dete haiN| koI eka tattva para jora detA hai to koI dUsare tattva ko adhika mahattva detA hai| isalie kANTa jaise dArzanikoM ne usake vaijJAnika svarUpa ko prastuta kiyA jisameM mAnavatA ko prasthApita kara dharma ko Izvara-vizvAsa se pRthak kara diyaa| kundakunda, samantabhadra, haribhadra Adi jainAcAryoM ne to dharma ko isa rUpa meM bahuta pahale hI khar3A kara diyA thaa| yaha sahI hai ki dharma kI sarvamAnya paribhASA karanA sarala nahIM hai para use kisI sImA taka itanA to lAyA hI jA sakatA hai ki vaha adhika se adhika sArvajanika bana ske| ekezvaravAda kI kalpanA ne IzvarIya puruSa ko khar3A kara dharma ke sAtha aneka kiMvadantiyoM aura paurANika kalpanAoM ko gar3hA hai aura vyakti tathA rASTra ko zoSita kiyA hai| dharma ke nAma jitane behUde atyAcAra aura yuddha hue haiM, vaha una ajJAniyoM kA duSkRtya hai jinhoMne kabhI dharma kA anubhava hI nahIM kiyA balki nijI mahattvAkAMkSAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie apanI pichalaggU janatA ko bhar3akAyA, bhIr3a ko jamA kiyA, usakI AsthA aura vizvAsa kA durupayoga kiyA aura dharmAndhatA kI Aga meM dharma kI vAstavikatA ko bhasma kara diyA, usakI AdhyAtmikatA ke nirjhara ko sukhA diyaa| isalie dharma ke svarUpa meM svAnubhUti kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai| isI ko 'raso vai saH' kahA gayA hai, anirvacanIya aura paramAnanda rUpa mAnA gayA hai| ekezvaravAda se haTakara vyakti sarvezvaravAda kI ora jAtA hai aura phira svayaM ko hI parama vizuddha rUpa paramAtmA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara AtmA ko hI paramAtmA samajhane lagatA hai| dharma kI yaha vikAsa prakriyA vyaSTi se samaSTi kI ora le jAtI hai aura use vizvajanIna banA detI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaba hama dharma zabda para vicAra kareMge to hamArA dhyAna brAhmaNa aura zramaNa saMskRti kI ora barabasa khica jAtA hai| 'dharma' dhR dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai jisakA artha hotA hai banAye rakhanA, dhAraNa karanA, puSTa karanA 2010_04

Page #14
(dhAraNAt, dharmamityAhaH dharmeNa vidhRtAH prjaa:)| yaha vaha mAnadaNDa hai jo vizva ko dhAraNa karatA hai, kisI bhI vastu kA vaha mUla tattva, jisake kAraNa vaha vastu hai| vedoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga dhArmika vidhiyoM ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai| chAndogyopaniSad meM dharma kI tIna zAkhAoM (skandhoM) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jinakA sambandha gRhastha, tapasvI aura brahmacAriyoM ke karttavyoM se hai- (trayo dharmaskandhA: 2.3) / jaba taittirIya upaniSad hamase dharmAcaraNa (dharmaM cara- 1.11) karane ko kahatA hai, taba usakA abhiprAya jIvana ke usa sopAna ke kartavyoM ke pAlana se hotA hai, jisameM ki hama vidyamAna haiN| isa artha meM dharma zabda kA prayoga bhagavadgItA aura manusmRti donoM meM huA hai| bauddha dharma ke lie yaha zabda dharma, buddha aura saMgha yA samAja ke sAtha-sAtha 'triratna' meM se eka hai| pUrva mImAMsA ke anusAra dharma eka vAMchanIya vastu hai, jisakI vizeSatA hai preraNA denA- codanA lakSaNArtho dhrmH| vaizeSikasUtroM meM dharma kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisase Ananda (abhyudaya) aura paramAnanda (niHzreyas) kI prApti ho, vaha dharma hai - yatobhyudayaniHzreyasiddhiH sa dhrmH| jainadharma Arhat dharma hai| 1 usakI saMskRti vItarAgatA se udbhUta huI hai jahA~ karmoM ko naSTa kara, unakI nirjarA kara mokSa prApta karanA mukhya uddezya rahatA hai| isalie jainAcAryoM ne apanI saMskRti ke mUla meM dharma ko saMyojita kiyA hai aura use jIvana ke hara pakSa se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina saMskRti ko samajhane ke lie usameM nihita dharma kI vividha paribhASAoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| ina paribhASAoM ko hama sthUla rUpa se isa prakAra vibhAjita kara sakate haiM - 1. dharma kA sAmAnya svarUpa, 2. dharma kA svabhAvAtmaka svarUpa, 3. dharma kA guNAtmaka svarUpa, aura 4. dharma kA mokSamArgAtmaka svruup| ina svarUpoM ke mAdhyama se hI hama jaina saMskRti kI mUla avadhAraNAoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| 1. jainadharma ke sAtha sampradAyavAcI jaina zabda lagabhaga AThavIM zatI meM judd'aa| isake pUrva use Arhat dharma hI kahate the| vaidika aura bauddha sAhitya meM bhI Arhata dharma aura digambara zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| 2010_04

Page #15
8 (2) AtmA hI paramAtmA hai 1. jainadharma AtmavAdI dharma hai / saMsArI AtmA hI karmoM kA svayaM vinAza kara paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| isalie sabhI jainAcAryoM ne sAmAnyataH dharma use kahA hai, jo sAMsArika duHkhoM se uThAkara uttama vItarAga sukha meM pahu~cAye / yathA saMsAraduHkhataH sattvAn yo dharatyuttame sukha - ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra-2 iSTasthAne dhatte iti dharmaH sarvArthasiddhi- 9; tattvArthavArtika, 9.23. 3. yasmAjjIvaM nAraka-tiryagyonikumAnuSa - devatveSu prapatantaM dhArayatIti dharmaH dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 15; lalitavistarA, pR0 90 AvazyakasUtra, malayavRtti, pR0 592; padmapurANa, 14.103-4; mahApurANa, 2.37; uttarA0 cUrNi, 3, pR0 98; dharmAmRta TIkA - 5; pra0sA0 jaya0 vR0 1-8 Adi / 2. - 2010_04 jainAcAryoM kI dharma kI ina paribhASAoM ko dekhakara aisA lagatA hai ki ve vyakti ko prathamata: sAMsArika duHkhoM se paricita karAnA cAhate haiM aura phira AtmA kI vizuddha avasthA rUpa paramAtmA ko prApta karane kA AhvAna karate haiN| yaha manovaijJAnika tathya hai ki vyakti bAra-bAra duHkha kA sAkSAtkAra karane se bImArI kI pragAr3hatA se paricita ho jAtA hai, vastusthiti ko svayaM jAnane lagatA hai aura phira usI AtmA meM vAsa karane vAle paramAnanda svarUpa ko prApta karane kA lakSya banA letA hai| tathAkathita Izvara rUpa paramAtmA kA bhAva usake mana meM AtA hI nhiiN| hai bhI nhiiN| isalie jainadharma ko nakArAtmaka aura duHkhavAdI nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| jainadharma saMsAra ko svapna aura mAyA bhI nahIM kahanA caahtaa| vaha to hameM usakI yathArthatA se paricita karAtA hai| isalie dharma kI yaha paribhASA bar3I vyAvahArika hai aura jainadharma bhI usI vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMsAriyoM ko duHkha se mukta karAne kA prayatna karatA hai / use vaha una duHkhoM se palAyana karane kI salAha nahIM detA balki jUjhane aura saMgharSa karane kI preraNA detA hai aura AgAha karatA hai ki ina sAMsArika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa rAga aura dveSa hai| prANI karma moha kI prabalatA se unmatta hote haiN| vaha janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janma-maraNa kI bhAva- paramparA duHkha kA mUla hai| isa saMsAra meM kahIM bhI sukha nahIM hai / janma-maraNa ke cakkara meM sukha hogA bhI kahA~ ? isalie yadi hama yathArtha sukha pAnA cAhate haiM to janma-maraNa ke bhava- cakkara se mukta honA Avazyaka hai / upAdeya bhI yahI hai / AtmA hI paramAtmA hai, isa paramatattva ko samajhane kA mArga bhI yahI hai| -

Page #16
(3) Atma-svAtantrya jaina sAMskRtika paramparA meM Atma-svAtantrya kI ghoSaNA meM vyakti kI svatantratA udghoSita hai| use svayaM vicAra aura dhyAna karane kI svatantratA prApta hai| usake Upara Izvara jaisA koI tattva nahIM hai| vaha svayaM apane karma kA nirmAtA aura bhoktA hai| isa cintana se vairAgya kA jAgaraNa hotA hai, sacetatA AtI hai, krAnti hotI hai, rUpAntaraNa hotA hai aura samatA kA janma ho jAtA hai| samatA Ane se sAdhaka ke caitanya kI dazA virAgatA se bhara jAtI hai| vaha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI usI prakAra vahA~ rahatA hai jisa prakAra pokhara meM khilA haA kamala jo jala meM rahatA huA bhI jala usakA sparza bhI nahIM kara paataa| bhAve viratto maNio visogo, eenndukkhohrprNprenn| na lippaI bhavamajhe vi saMto, jaleNa vA pokharaNi plaasN|| jainadharma ke cintana kA kendrIbhUta tattva AtmA hai| AtmA ke atirikta usameM na saMsAra kA mUlya hai aura na sRSTikAraka paramAtmA kaa| vaha svArtha kI bAta karatA hai, svayaM ke kalyANa kI, maMgala kI, Atmahita kii| Atmahita kI bAta karane vAlA hI parahita kI bAta soca sakatA hai| vahAM 'maiM' nAma ke tattva kA bhI koI astitva nhiiN| hA~, ahaGkAra kA vigalana Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| usake visarjana binA ekAkIpana A hI nahIM sktaa| kaivalya kI sAdhanA ekAkIpana kI sAdhanA hai| vaha vyaSTiniSTha Ananda hai| jo svayaM Anandita hotA hai vaha dUsare ko bhI Anandita kara detA hai| duHkhI vyakti dUsare ko Anandita kara hI nahIM sktaa| yahA~ svArtha meM parArtha sadhA huA hai| AtmA meM vizuddha paramAtmA kA rUpa basA huA hai| isalie Atma-sAdhanA se hI paramAtma-sAdhanA hogii| paramAtmA koI Izvara nahIM, sRSTi kA kartA-hartA-dhartA nhiiN| bahirAtmA meM vyakti bAhara hI bAhara ghUmatA rahatA hai| usakA antara kA saMgIta khoyA rahatA hai, svabhAva se vimukha rahatA hai| rAga-dveSAdi vikAroM se grasta rahatA hai| jaba jAgaraNa viveka kA hotA hai to vaha saMsAra se vimukha ho uThatA hai, sva-para para cintana karane lagatA hai, antarAtmA kI ora bar3ha jAtA hai aura dhyAna- sAmAyika karane lagatA hai| jaba yaha bhI bheda samApta ho jAtA hai to AtmA kI paramAtmAvasthA A jAtI hai| manuSya hI paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| AtmA hI paramAtmA hai yaha krAntikArI udghoSaNA jainadharma kI nirAlI hai| Izvara se manuSya ko itanI svatantratA denA jainadharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai| nItze ne kahA Izvara mara cukA hai| aba AdamI svatantra hai kucha bhI karane ke lie| para jainadharma ne isase bhI Age bar3hakara kahA - Izvara 2010_04

Page #17
kA astitva thA hI kahAM? phira usake marane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| hara vyakti meM paramAtmA baiThA huA hai| basa, use jAgRta karane kI AvazyakatA hai| Izvara meM jagata-kartatva hai hI nhiiN| saMsAra to upAdAna-nimitta kA saMyojana mAtra hai svayaM hii| use Izvara kartRtva kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| saMsAra kI sRSTi nimitta-upAdAna kAraNoM se hotI hai| Izvara sRSTi-kAraka nahIM hai| vyakti svayaM hI kartA hai, svayaM hI bhoktA hai| sArA uttaradAyitva svayaM ke zira para hai| AtmA hI sukha-duHkha kA kartA hai, bhoktA hai| satpravRtti meM sthita AtmA apanA hI mitra hai| vaha asaMyama se nivRtta hotA hai aura saMyama meM pravRtta hotA hai| nivRtti aura pravRtti, usakI eka sAtha calatI haiN| sabase bar3A zatru yadi koI hai to indriyA~ haiM, kaSAya haiM jinheM jItane ke lie vyakti ko sadaiva saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai, viveka jAgrata karanA par3atA hai| tabhI dharmAcaraNa ho pAtA hai| viveka jAgrata ho jAne para sAMsArika sukha yathArtha meM sukhAbhAsa lagane lagate haiM, unameM jhUThA Ananda dikhAI dene lagatA hai, mRtyu kA cintana prakhara ho uThatA hai| apyA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa y| appA mittamamittaM ya, duSpaTThiya suppttttio|| egappA ajie sattU, kasAyA indriyANi y| te jiNittu, jahAnAyaM viharAmi ahaM munnii|| uttarAdhyayana, 20.37-38 isa dRSTi se jaina saMskRti kI prathama yaha mUla avadhAraNA hai ki AtmA ananta hai| ve pRthak-pRthak haiN| unameM ananta zakti aura jJAna pravAhita haiN| mUlata: vaha AtmA vizuddha hai, para karmoM ke kAraNa usakI vizuddhatA AvRtta ho jAtI hai| vItarAgatA prApta karane para vahI saMsArI AtmA paramAtmA bana jAtI hai| jaina saMskRti kA yaha lokatantrAtmaka svarUpa hai jahAM sabhI AtmAyeM barAbara haiM aura ve sarvocca sthAna pA sakatI hai| (4) samatAvAda dharma kA yaha svabhAva hai ki vaha samatAmUlaka ho| jaina saMskRti kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha atha se iti taka samatA kI bAta karatI hai| samatAvAdI dharma kI paribhASA ke antargata vastu aura vyakti ke svabhAva kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| vastu kA asAdhAraNa dharma hI usakA svabhAva hai, usakA bhItarI guNa hI usakA svarUpa hai| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyarUpa sthiti meM padArtha apanA svarUpa 2010_04

Page #18
banAye rakhatA hai| isI meM svabhAva kI dRSTi se AtmA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo samatAmUlaka hai| jaise - 1. dhammo vatthu sahAvo - kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478. 2. svasaMvedyo nirupAdhikaM hi rUpaM vastutaH svbhaavo'bhidhiiyte| 3. mohakkhohavihINo pariNAmo appaNo dhammo- bhAvapAhuDa 81 4. dharmaH zrutacAritrAtmako jIvasyAtmapariNAma: karmakSayakAraNam (sUtrakRtAMga, zI0 vR0 2.5.14). 5. samyagdarzanAdyAtmapariNAmalakSaNo dharmaH - dharmasaMgrahaNI- malayagiri, vR0 25. ___ dharma sampradAya se Upara uThA huA hai| sampradAya bhIr3a hai para dharma vaiyaktika hai, samUha nhiiN| dhArmika vyakti apane Apako akelA karatA jAtA hai, svabhAva kI ora mur3atA jAtA hai, svAnubhUti ke prakAza meM saMsAra ko chor3atA jAtA hai aura eka dina niSkAma bana jAtA hai| niSkAma tyAga kA jIvana hai| dharma tyAga binA Acarita nahIM ho sktaa| vaha mA~ga se dUra rahane kI prakriyA sikhAtA hai, mana kI caMcalatA ko samajhane kI AvazyakatA para bala detA hai| isalie vaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki krodhAdi vikAroM ko kisI bhI kImata para Azraya na deM, anyathA ye phaila jAyeMge aura apanA ghara banA leNge| vikAra bhAva apanA ghara na banA pAye yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba vyakti kA saMkalpa dRr3ha ho, vaha unake sAmane AtmasamarpaNa na kre| saMkalpa ke samakSa satya rahatA hai, jisakI koI sImA nahIM hotii| asatya kI to sImA rahatI hai| saMkalpI vyakti satya kI khoja meM rahatA hai| paramAtmAvasthA ko vApasa pAne kI talAza meM ekAkI bana jAtA hai aura samatva yoga kI sAdhanA karatA hai| yahI samatA vyakti kA vAstavika dharma hai, svabhAva hai| ise hama yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki samatA at gatyarthaka dhAtu se siddha hokara sahajAvasthA ko dyotita karatI hai jo dhyAna kI upAnta avasthA hai aura samAdhi usakI antima sAdhanA hai| samatA mAnavatA kA rasa hai, barbaratA, pazutA, saMkIrNatA usakA pratipakSI svabhAva hai| rAga-dveSAdi bhAva usake vikAra-tantu haiN| RjutA, niSkapaTatA, vinamratA aura prazAntavRtti usakI pariNati hai| sahiSNutA aura saccaritratA usakA dharma hai| yadyapi sApekSatA vyApakatA liye hue rahatI hai para mAnavatA ke sAtha sApekSatA ko sambaddha karanA usake tathyAtmaka svarUpa ko AvRta karanA hai| isalie samatA kI sattA mAnavatA kI sattA meM nihita hai| ye donoM sattAyeM AtmA kI vizuddha 2010_04

Page #19
avasthA ke guNa haiN| ina guNoM se samaveta vyaktitva ko hI sAdhu kahA jA sakatA hai samayAe samaNo hoi, baMbhacereNa bNbhnno| nANeNa ya muNI hoi, taveNaM hoi taavso|| uttarAdhyayana, 25.32 vyavahArata: mAnavatA ke sAtha sApekSatA ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA bhI jA sakatA hai para vAstavika samatA usase dUra rahatI hai| samatA meM 'yadi, aura, to' kA sambandha baiThatA hI nhiiN| vaha to samudra ke samAna gambhIra, pRthvI ke samAna kSamAzIla aura AkAza ke samAna svaccha tathA vyApaka hai| isalie samatA kA sahI rUpa dharma hai| yahI usakA dharma hai| yahI samatA aura dhArmika cetanatA sAMskRtika aura sAmudAyika cetanA kA avinAbhAvI aMga hai jisameM dhRti aura sahiSNutA, ahiMsA aura saMvega-niyantraNa jaise tattva ApAda samAhita haiN| karmoM kA upazamana aura mokSa kI prApti bhI samatA kA hI pariNAma hotA hai| jaina saMskRti sAmAjika samatA kI pakSadhara hai| usameM jAti ke sthAna para karma ko mahattva diyA gayA hai aura svayaM ke puruSArtha ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| yahI puruSArtha kala kA niyati bana jAtA hai| isaliye yahAM Izvara kA nahIM, puruSArtha kA sarvopari sthAna hai| (5) cAritrika vizuddhi dharma ko zAzvata aura cirantana sukhadAyI mAnA gayA hai para usake vaividhya rUpa meM yaha zAzvatatA dhUmila-sI hone lagatI hai| samatA kA svarUpa dhUmila hone kI sthiti meM kabhI nahIM aataa| vaha to vikArI bhAvoM kI asattA meM hI janma letA hai| krodhAdika vikArI bhAva asamatA vinamratA, uddhattatA aura saMsaraNazIlatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM prAdurbhUta hote haiN| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke samanvita rUpa kI sAdhanA se hI the| vikArabhAva tirohita hote haiM aura vahI sahI tapa hai| AsthA isakI AdhArabhUmi hai|| cAritra kA samyak paripAlana kiye binA darzana aura jJAna kI ArAdhanA ho nahIM sktii| darzana aura jJAna, Atmazakti, AtmavizvAsa aura AtmajJAna ke pratIka haiM jo samatA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| isalie cAritra ko dharma kahA gayA hai aura dharma hI yathArtha jIvana hai| 2010_04

Page #20
13 dharma tathA samatA ko rAga-dveSAdika vikArabhAvoM kI abhAvAtmaka sthiti kahA jAtA hai| mamatva kA visarjana aura sahiSNutA kA sarjana usake Avazyaka aMga haiN| mAnasika caMcalatA ko saMyama kI lagAma se vazIbhUta karanA tathA bhautikatA kI viSAdAgni ko AdhyAtmikatA ke zItala jala se zamana karanA samatA kI apekSita tatva dRSTi hai| sahayoga, sadbhAva, samanvaya aura saMyama usake mahAstambha haiN| zramaNa kA yahIM sahI rUpa hai, svarUpa hai| isI ko AcArya kundakunda ne isa prakAra kahA hai - cArittaM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so samo ti nniddittttho| mohakkhohavihINo pariNAmo appaNo hi smo|| suviditapayatthasutto saMjamatavasaMjudo vigdraago| samaNo samasuhadukkho bhaNido suddhovattiogo tti||1 samatA AtmA kA saccA dharma hai| isalie AtmA ko samaya bhI kahA jAtA hai| samaya kI gahana aura vizada vyAkhyA karane vAle dazavaikAlika, samayasAra Adi grantha isa sandarbha meM draSTavya haiN| sAmAyika jaisI kriyAyeM usake phIlDa varka haiN| ahiMsA usI kA eka aMga hai| vaha to eka nirdvandva aura zUnya avasthA hai jisameM vyakti niSpakSa, vItarAga, sukha-duHkha meM nirlipta prazaMsA-nindA meM nirAsakta, loSTha-kAMcana meM nirlipta tathA jIvana-maraNa meM nirbhaya rahatA hai| yahI zramaNa avasthA hai| vItarAgatA se jur3I huI samatA AdhyAtmika samatA hai jo AgamoM aura kundakundAcArya ke granthoM meM dikhAI detI hai| mAdhyastha bhAva se jur3I huI samatA dArzanika samatA hai jise hama syAdvAda, anekAntavAda kiMvA vibhajyavAda meM dekha sakate haiN| tathA kAruNyamUlaka samatA para vyakti kI vikhaNDita, daridra, patita aura vIbhatsa avasthA dekhakara/anubhavakara rAjanIti ke kucha vAda prasthApita hue haiN| mArksa kA sAmyavAda aisI hI pRSThabhUmi liye hue hai| gAMdhI jI kA sarvodayavAda mahAvIra ke sarvodaya tIrtha para AdhArita hai jisakA sarvaprathama prayoga AcArya samantabhadra (I0 dUsarI-tIsarI sadI) ne kiyA thaa| sarvAntavat tadguNamukhyakalpaM, sarvAntazUnyaM ca mitho'npekssm| sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM, sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tvaiv|| 1. pravacanasAra, 1.7: 1.14. 2010_04

Page #21
cAritrika vizuddhi kI AdhArazilA vastuta: parivAra hai aura parivAra kA dharma hai gRhastha dharma hai jise jaina saMskRti meM zrAvaka yA upAsaka dharma kahA jAtA hai| vaha sAdhu santoM se upadeza sunakara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hAtA hai| pArivArika, rASTriya aura antarrASTiya zAnti kI sthApanA kA bhI uttaradAyitva zrAvaka ke sabala kandhoM para hotA hai| isalie zrAvaka kA jIvana sadAcAramaya honA caahie| sAmAjika kartavya bhI usake sAtha jur3A huA hai| AcArya haribhadrasUri, jinamaNDanagaNi, paNDita AzAdhara Adi cintakoM ne zrAvaka ke guNoM kI eka lambI sUcI dI hai jisameM satsaMga, suzrUSA, karuNA, satkAra, kRtajJatA, paropakAra Adi guNa ullekhanIya haiN| ina guNoM meM bhI nyAyapUrvaka dhana kamAnA, zAkAhArI vRtti rakhanA aura karuNAzIla honA zrAvaka kI pahacAna kahI jA sakatI hai| nyAyopAttadhano yajatguNagurUn sadgIstrivarga bhajana nanyonyAnuguNaM tadarhagRhiNo-sthAnAlayo hiimyH| yuktAhAravihAraArya-samitiH prAjJaHkRtajJo vazI zRNvan dharmavidhi dayAlu dharmIH sAgAradharmaM cret|| sAgAradharmAmRta 1.11, dharmavindu, 3-5 (6) anekAntavAda mAnavIya ekatA, saha astitva, samAnatA aura sarvodayatA dharma ke tAttvika aMga hai| tathAkathita dhArmika vijJAna aura AcArya ina aMgoM ko tor3a-maror3akara svArthavaza vargabheda aura varNabheda jaisI vicitra dhAraNAoM kI viSailI Aga ko paidA kara dete haiM jisameM samAja kI bher3iyAdhasAna vAlI vRtti vaicArika dharAtala se asambaddha hokara kUda par3atI hai| usake sAre samIkaraNa jhulasa jAte haiN| dRSTi meM hiMsaka vyavahAra apane pUre zaktizAlI svara meM gUMjane lagatA hai, zoSaNa kI manovRtti sahAnubhUti aura sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA ko dUSita kara detI hai, vaiyaktika aura sAmUhika zAnti kA astitva khatare meM par3a jAtA hai| isa durvyavasthA kI sArI jimmedArI ekAntavAdI cintakoM ke sabala hiMsaka kandhoM para hai jisane samAja ko eka bhaTakAva diyA hai, azAnti kA eka AkAra-prAkAra khar3A kiyA hai aura par3osI ko par3osI jaisA rahane meM saMkoca, vitRSNA aura maryAdAhIna bhare vyavahAroM kI lauhika dIvAla ko gar3ha diyA hai| anekAntavAda aura sarvodaya darzana ina sabhI prakAra kI viSamatAoM se 2010_04

Page #22
ApAdamagna samAja ko eka naI dizA dAna detA hai| usakI kaTI pataMga ko kisI taraha sambhAla kara usameM anuzAsana tathA suvyavasthA kI susthira majabUta aura sAmudAyika cetanA se sajI Dora lagA detA hai, AsthA aura jJAna kI vyavasthA meM prANa phUMka detA hai| taba saMgharSa ke svara badala jAte haiN| samanvaya kI manovRtti, samatA kI pratidhvani, satyAnveSaNa kI cetanA gatizIla ho jAtI hai, apane zAstrIya vyAmoha se mukta hone ke liye, apane vaiyaktika ekapakSIya vicAroM kI Ahuti dene ke lie, dUsare ke dRSTikoNa ko sammAna dene ke lie aura niSpakSatA, nivairatA-nirbhayatA kI cetanA ke stara para mAnavatA ko dhUla-dhUsarita hone se bacAne ke liye| ___sApekSika kathana dUsaroM ke dRSTikoNa ko samAna rUpa se Adara detA hai| khule mastiSka se pArasparika vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna karatA hai, pratipAdya kI yathArthavattA pratibaddhatA se mukta hokara sAmane A jAtI hai| vaicArika hiMsA se vyakti dUra ho jAtA hai, asti-nAsti ke vivAda se mukta hokara nayoM ke mAdhyama se pratinidhi zabda samAja aura vyakti ko premapUrvaka eka pleTaphArma para baiThA dete haiN| cintana aura bhASA ke kSetra meM "na yA siyAvAya viyAgarejjA" kA upadeza samAja aura vyakti ke antardvandvoM ko samApta kara detA hai, sabhI ko pUrNa nyAya dekara sarala, spaSTa aura nirvivAda abhivyakti kA mArga prazasta kara detA hai| AcArya siddhasena ne "udadhAviva samudIrNAstvayi nAtha! dRSTyaH" kahakara isI tathya ko apanI bhagavad stuti meM prastuta kiyA hai| haribhadrasUri kI bhI samanvaya-sAdhanA isa sandarbha meM smaraNIya hai - bhavavIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNu rvA haro jino vA nmstsmai|| (7) ahiMsA aura aparigraha jaina saMskRti ahiMsA aura parigraha mUlaka hai| isalie dharma ke guNAtmaka svarUpa para cintana karate samaya jainAcAryoM ne vyakti aura samAja ko paraspara-niSTha batAyA hai| unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma vastuta: AtmA kA spandana hai jisameM kAruNya, sahAnubhUti, sahiSNutA, paropakAravRtti, saMyama, ahiMsA, aparigraha jaise guNa vidyamAna rahate haiN| vaha kisI jAti yA sampradAya se pratibaddha nhiiN| usakA svarUpa to sArvajanika, sArvabhaumika aura lokamAMgalika hai| vyakti, samAja, rASTra aura vizva kA abhyutthAna aise hI dharma kI parisImA se sambhava hai| 2010_04

Page #23
15 dharma ke isa guNAtmaka svarUpa kI paribhASAyeM isa prakAra milatI haiM - 1. dhammo dayAvisuddho - bodha pAhuDa, 25 niyamasAra va 6. varAMgacArita 15-107, kArtikeyA 97. dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tavo - dazavaikAlika sUtra, 1.1, tattvArthavArtika, 6.13.5. sarvArthasiddhi, 6.13. jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo kArtikeyA. 478. 3. kSAntyAdilakSaNo dharmaH - tattvArthasAra, 6.42, bhAvasaMgraha, 306, tattvArthavRtti, zruta. 6-13; 3. dharmasaM.zrA.. 10-99 Adi dharma aura ahiMsA meM zabdabheda hai, guNa bheda nhiiN| dharma ahiMsA hai aura ahiMsA dharma hai| kSetra usakA vyApaka hai| ahiMsA eka niSedhArthaka zabda hai| vidheyAtmaka avasthA ke bAda hI niSedhAtmaka avasthA AtI hai| ataH vidhiparaka hiMsA ke anantara isakA prayoga huA hogaa| isalie saMyama, tapa, dayA Adi jaise vidheyAtmaka mAnavIya zabdoM kA prayoga pUrvatara rahA hogaa| hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa hai --- pramAda aura kssaay| 1 usake vazIbhUta hokara jIva ke mana, vacana, kArya meM krodhAdika bhAva pragaTa hote haiM jinase svayaM ke zabda prayoga rUpa bhAva prANoM kA hanana hotA hai| kaSAyAdika tIvratA ke phalasvarUpa usake AtmaghAta rUpa dravya prANoM kA hanana hotA hai| isake atirikta dUsare ko marmAntaka vedanAdAna athavA paradravyavyaparopaNa bhI inhIM bhAvoM kA kAraNa hai| isalie bhikSuoM ko kaise calanA-phiranA, uThanA-baiThanA, khAnA-pInA cAhie isakA vidhAna mUlAcAra, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM meM upalabdha hai| samasta prANiyoM ke prati saMyama bhAva hI ahiMsA hai- ahiMsA niuNaM diTThA sabbabhUyesu sNjmo|2 usake sukha saMyama meM pratiSThita haiN| mana, vacana, kAya se saMyamI vyakti sva-para kA rakSaka tathA mAnavIya guNoM kA AgAra hotA hai| zIla, saMyamAdi guNoM se ApUra vyakti hI satpuruSa hai| jisakA citta malIna aura dUSita rahatA hai, vaha ahiMsA kA pujArI kabhI nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra ghisanA, chedanA, tapAnA aura ragar3anA ina cAra upAyoM se svarNa kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra zruta, zIla, tapa aura dayA rUpa guNoM ke dvArA dharma evaM vyakti kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai - 1. pramattayogAtprANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA, tattvArthasUtra, 7.13. 2. dazavaikAlikasUtra, 6.9. 2010_04

Page #24
ghammo maMgalamukkiTuM ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA pi taM namassaMti jassa dhamme sayA mnno|| - dazavaikAlika, 1.1 saMjamu sIlu saujju tavu sUri hi guru soii| dAhaka-chedaka-saMdhAyakasu uttama kaMcaNu hoii|| - bhAvapAhuDa 143 __ pAnI chAnakara pInA, rAtri bhojana niSedha, devadarzana, aSTamUlaguNoM kA paripAlana, nirvyasanI jIvana, samanvayAtmaka dRSTi Adi kucha aise niyamoM kA vidhAna isIlie kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ahiMsaka aura saMyamI banakara ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA kara ske| ___ jIvana kA sarvAGgINa vikAsa karanA saMyama kA parama uddezya rahatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga (18.6) meM isa uddezya ko eka rUpaka ke mAdhyama se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra kachuA nirbhaya sthAna para nirbhIka hokara calatA-phiratA hai, kintu bhaya kI AzaMkA hone para zIghra hI apane aMga-pratyaMga pracchanna kara letA hai aura bhaya-vimukta hone para puna: aMga-pratyaMga phailAkara calanA-phiranA prArambha kara detA hai| usI prakAra saMyamI vyakti apane sAdhanA mArga para bar3I satarkatApUrvaka calatA hai| saMyama kI virAdhanA kA bhaya upasthita hone para vaha paMcendriyoM va mana ko AtmajJAna meM hI gopana kara letA hai| maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura mAdhyastha bhAva samabhAva kI paridhi meM Ate haiN| samabhAvI vyakti samAcAritA kA pAlaka aura sarvodayazIlatA kA dhAraka hotA hai| adhyAtma kA sambandha anubhUti se hai aura hiMsA-ahiMsA kA sambandha adhyavasAya -saMkalpa se hai| adhyAtma aura saMkalpa se AsthA kI sRSTi hotI hai jisase mAnasika durbalatA se bharI vilAsitA samApta ho jAtI hai, svArtha aura ahiMsA kA visarjana ho jAtA hai, parizodhana aura pavitratA ke Andolana se vaha jur3a jAtA hai| vaha bhoga meM bhI yoga khoja letA hai| jaina saMskRti mUlata: aparigrahavAdI saMskRti hai| jina, nirgrantha, vItarAga jaise zabda aparigraha ke hI dyotaka haiN| mUrchA parigraha kA paryAyArthaka hai| yaha mUrchA pramAda hai aura pramAda kaSAyajanya bhAva hai| rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM se hI parigraha kI pravRtti bar3hatI hai| mithyAtva, kaSAya, nokaSAya Adi bhAva antaraMga parigraha haiM aura dhana-dhanyAdi bAhya parigraha kA mUla sAdhana hiMsA hai| jhUTha, corI, kuzIla 2010_04

Page #25
usake anuvartaka haiM aura parigraha usakA phala hai| parigrahI vRtti vyakti ko hiMsaka banA detI hai| isa hiMsaka vRtti se tabhI vimukha ho sakatA hai vyakti jaba vaha aparigraha yA parigraha parimANavrata kA pAlana kre| kSamA, mArdava Adi dasa dharmoM kA pAlana bhI dharma hai| manuSya giragiTa svabhAvI hai. aneka citta vAlA hai| krodhAdi vikAroM ke kAraNa vaha bahata bhUleM kara DAlatA hai| krodha vibhAva hai, paradoSadarzI hai| kSamA AtmA kA svabhAva hai| parapadArthoM meM kartRtva buddhi se, mithyAdarzana se krodha utpanna hotA hai aura kSamA samyagdarzana se utpanna hotI hai| paJcama gaNasthAnavartI aNavratI se lekara nauMve-dasaveM gaNasthAna meM mahAvratI ke uttamakSamA hai para nauMve graiveyaka taka pahu~cane vAle mithyAdRSTi dravyaliMgI ke uttamakSamA nahIM hotii| mArdavamAnakA virodhI bhAva mAnA hai| duHkha apamAna meM nahIM, mAna kI AkAMkSA meM hai| jJAna, pUjA, kula, jAti, samRddhi, tapa, Ayu aura bala ke abhimAna se dUsare ko nIce dikhAne kA bhAva paidA hotA hai| isase satya kI khoja nahIM ho paatii| binA vinaya ke bhakti aura AtmasamarpaNa kahA~? pratikriyA aura pratizodha ko janma dene vAle ahaGkAra ko samApta kiye binA jIvana kA badalanA sambhava nahIM hai| isI taraha mAyA, lobha Adi vikAra bhAvoM ko bhI vinaSTa kiye binA parama zAnti nahIM miltii| dharma Atmasthiti kA mArga hai, AtmanirIkSaNa kA patha hai| RjutA Aye binA dharma kA marma pAyA nahIM jA sktaa| zaucadharma meM caritra vizuddha ho jAtA hai aura akaSAya kI sthiti A jAtI hai aura lobha calA jAtA hai| satya, saMyama tapa, tyAga, AkiMcanya, brahmacarya Adi dharma bhI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko jAgrata karate rahate haiM aura vicAroM kI pavitratA ko banAye rakhate haiN| ina dharmoM kA pAlana karane se saMkalpa zakti kA vikAsa hotA hai aura sAdhaka dhyAna-sAdhanA kara AtmasvarUpa ke cintana meM DUbane lagatA hai| (8) ratnatraya kI samanvita sAdhanA tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne sAdhanA kI saphalatA ke lie tIna kAraNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai - samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra, ina tInoM tattvoM ko samave rUpa meM ratnatraya kahA jAtA hai| darzana kA artha zraddhA athavA vyAvahArika paribhA meM AtmAnubhUti ke liye prayAsa kaha sakate haiN| zraddhApUrvaka jJAna aura cAritra ke samyak yoga hI mokSa rUpa sAdhanA kI saphalatA meM mUlabhUta kAraNa hai| mAtra jJAna athavA cAritra se mukti prApta nahIM ho sktii| isalie ina tInoM kI samanvita 2010_04

Page #26
avasthA ko hI mokSamArga kahA gayA hai- samyagdarzana jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaHtattvArthasUtra 1.1 / ratnatraya kA pAlana hI dharma hai| isa prakAra kI paribhASAyeM dekhiye1. sadRSTijJAnavRttAni dharmaM dharmezvarA viduH - ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 3 2. dhammo NAma sammaiMsaNa-NANa-carittANi- dhavalA, pu. 8, pR. 92. 3. samyagdRSTi- prApti cAritraM dharmo ratnatrayAtmakaH - lATIsaMhitA, 4.237-38. .. mokSa-prApti kA ratnatraya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha hai| jisa prakAra auSadhi para samyak vizvAsa, jJAna aura AcaraNa kiye binA rogI roga se mukta nahIM ho sakatA usI prakAra saMsAra ke janma-maraNa sabhI roga se mukta hone ke lie ratnatraya kA samyak yoga honA Avazyaka hai| tattvArthavArtika (1.1, pR. 14) meM isa sandarbha meM bar3e acche do zloka uddhRta hue haiM - hataM jJAnaM kriyAhInaM hatA cAjJAninAM kriyaa| dhAvan kilAndhako dagdhaH pazyannapi ca pNgulH|| saMyogameveha vahanti tajjJAnamekacakreNa rathaH pryaati| anyazca paMguzca vane praviSTau tau saMprayuktau nagare prvissttau|| jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ina sAta tattvoM aura puNya-pApa ko milAkara nava padArthoM meM ruci honA samyagdarzana hai -- taccaruI sammattaM-mokkhapAhuDa, 38 / sacce deva, zAstra aura guru kA jJAna honA bhI samyagdarzana hai| vaha paropadeza se athavA paropadeza ke binA bhI prakaTa hotA hai| ina donoM prakAroM meM AtmapratIti honA mUla kAraNa hai| AtmapratIti se samyagjJAna hotA hai| samyagjJAna vaha hai jisameM saMsAra ke sabhI padArtha sahI sthiti meM pratibimbita hoN| pramANa aura naya isI sImA meM Ate haiN| samyaktva kA mahattva "daMsaNabhaTTA bhaTTA" gAthA se bhalI-bhAMti spaSTa ho jAtA hai| samyak AcaraNa ko samyakcAritra kahA jAtA hai jisameM koI pApa-kriyAyeM na hoM, kaSAya na hoM, bhAva nirmala hoM tathA para-padArthoM meM rAgAdika vikAra na hoN| yaha samyakcAritra do prakAra kA hotA hai - gRhasthoM ke lie aura muniyoM ke lie| eka aNuvrata hai dUsarA mahAvrata hai| inameM aNuvratoM kI saMkhyA bAraha hai - ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha, digvrata, dezavrata aura anarthadaNDavrata paMcavratoM ko pAlana karane meM sahAyaka banate haiM aura sAmAyika, 2010_04

Page #27
proSadhopavAsa, bhogopabhogapariNAma tathA atithi saMvibhAga ina cAra vratoM kA pAlana karane se sAmAjikatA kA pAlana hotA hai| zrAvaka bar3I mahattvapUrNa avasthA hai| isameM vyakti isa avasthA taka pahu~ca jAtA hai ki vaha upadeza grahaNa karane kA pAtra bana ske| vaha bAraha vratoM kA pAlana ghara meM rahakara karatA hai| vrata pAlana karane se dhIre-dhIre usakI cittavRttiyA~ vizuddhatA kI ora bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| AtmA meM isa AdhyAtmika kramika vikAsa ko jainadharma meM pratimA kahA gayA hai| unakI saMkhyA bAraha hai| unameM prArambha ke chaha pratimAdhArI gRhastha kahalAte haiM aura ve jaghanya zrAvaka haiN| sAta se navamI pratimAdhArI ko brahmacArI yA varNI kahA jAtA hai| ve madhyama zrAvaka haiM tathA dazavIM aura gyArahavIM pratimA ke dhAraka bhikSuka kahalAte haiM aura ve utkRSTa zrAvaka haiN| unameM dazavI pratimA taka sAdhaka zrAvaka gRhasthAvasthA meM rahatA hai para gyArahavIM pratimA svIkAra karane para use gRhatyAga karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| usake bAda vaha paripUrNa niSparigrahI muni bana sakatA hai| jaina muni 28 mUla guNoM kA pAlana karatA hai - pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samitiyA~, paJcendriyavijaya, chaha Avazyaka, keza luJcanatA, acelakatA, asnAnatA, bhUzaiyyA, sthiti bhojana, adanta dhAvana aura ekbhukti| ina mUlaguNoM ke paripAlana se usake mana meM saMvega aura vairAgya kI bhAvanA prabalatara hotI rahatI hai| vaha kSamAdi daza dharmoM kA pAlana karatA hai aura anitya, azaraNa Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA anucintana karatA hai, bAIsa parISahoM ko sahajatApUrvaka sahana karatA hai tathA bAhya tapoM aura antaraMga tapoM kA pAlana karatA hai| (9) svAdhyAya jaina saMskRti meM svAdhyAya ko sarvottama tapa mAnA gayA hai| vAcanA, pRcchanA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura dharmakathA ke mAdhyama se use kiyA jAtA hai| use dharma meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| jainAgama granthoM meM dharma kI ukta cAroM paribhASAoM ko eka sthAna para bhI ekatrita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI ye paribhASAyeM bikharI par3I huI haiN| unakA sundara sUtrIkaraNa AcArya kArtikeya ne kiyA hai| jisameM svAdhyAna kA rUpa pratibimbita huA hai| dhammo vatthusahAvo khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhmmo| rayaNattayaM ca dhammo jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhmmo|| (kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478) 2010_04

Page #28
uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne bhI jahA~ kahIM AcArya kArtikeya kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| vastutaH ye paribhASAyeM dharma ke vividha rUpoM ko ujAgara karatI hai| unameM koI bheda nahIM hai, varNana karane kA tarIkA hI alaga-alaga hai| ina sArI paribhASAoM kI AdhArazilA hai - jaM icchasi appaNatto, jaM ca naM icchati appnnNto| taM iccha parassa vi yA, ettiyagaM jinnsaasnnN|| arthAt apane liye vahI cAho jo tuma dUsaroM ke lie bhI cAhate ho aura jo tuma apane liye nahIM cAhate vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI mata caaho| yahI jinazAsana hai| svAdhyAya ke mAdhyama se hI yaha prAptavya hai| - jainadharma meM dharma kI ye sArI paribhASAe~ samatA ko kendra meM rakhakara banAI gaI haiN| samatA pAne kA icchuka sAdhaka taba mAtra paramparA kA pAlana nahIM krtaa| vaha to apane meM hara pala krAnti dekhatA hai, nayI jyoti pAtA hai| isaliye dharma vaiyaktika hai, sAmUhika nhiiN| usa jyoti ko pAne meM use svAdhyAya sabase bar3A sahayogI tattva siddha hotA hai aura usI tattva se vaha parama satya ko upalabdha ho jAtA hai - svAdhyAyaH zreyase mtH| (10) upayoga aura bhakti jaina saMskRti meM AtmA se paramAtmA banane ke lie zuddha bhakti kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai| yahA~ AtmA kI vyAkhyA 'upayoga' zabda ke mAdhyama se bhI kI gaI hai| yaha upayoga caitanya kA pariNAma hai, jJAna-darzana mUlaka hai| jo jJAnopayoga indriyoM kI sahAyatA ke binA hI pragaTa hotA hai vaha kevalajJAna hai, svabhAvajJAna hai| zeSa cAroM jJAnoM meM se matijJAna aura zrutajJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se hote haiM tathA antima do jJAna avadhi jJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI utpanna hote haiN| kramaza: ye jJAna uttarottara vimalatA ko liye rahate haiN| yaha upayoga tIna prakAra kA hai - zubhopayoga, azubhopayoga tathA shuddhopyog| jIvoM para dayA, zuddha mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA, zuddha darzana jJAnarUpa upayoga ye zabhopayoga saMvara tathA nirjarA sahita mukhyatA se puNya karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiN| pUjA, dAna Adi meM lIna AtmA zubhopayogI hotI hai, paMca parameSThiyoM ke prati bhakti-bhAva se bhI zubhopayoga hotA hai| prazama, saMvega, maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha Adi bhAvanAoM se citta vizuddha hotA hai| para rAga, dveSa, moha 2010_04

Page #29
22 Adi vikAra bhAva isa citta vizuddhi ko prApta karane meM bAdhaka banate haiN| kaSAya vyakti ko bAMdha detI hai, kATa detI hai, krodha prIti ko naSTa karatA hai, ahaGkAra vinamratA ko naSTa karatA hai, mAyA maitrI ko naSTa karatI hai aura lobha saba kucha naSTa kara detA hai| ina kaSAyoM se dUra hone para bhI samyak dharma kA udaya hotA hai| zubhopAyoga rUpa vyavahAra dharma puNya kA kAraNa hai aura azubhopayogI rUpa asadAcaraNa pApakarmAsrava kA kAraNa hai| AtmA kA zaddha svabhAva zuddhopayoga hai jo zubhopayoga ke mAdhyama se prApta hotA hai| zuddhopayoga hI mokSa kA kAraNa hai| zubhopayoga vyavahAra dharma hai aura zuddhopayoga nizcaya dharma hai| jIva kA svabhAva atIndriya Ananda hai| jisa anuSThAna vizeSa se usa Ananda kI prApti hotI hai vaha dharma kahA jAtA hai| vaha do prakAra kA hai - eka bAhya aura dUsarA antrNg| pUjA, dAna, puNya, zIla, saMyama, vrata, tyAga Adi bAhya anuSThAna haiM aura antaraMga anuSThAna samatA va vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA karanA hai| bAhya anuSThAna vyavahAra dharma hai aura antaraMga anuSThAna nizcayadharma hai| nizcaya dharma samyaktva rahita bhI hotA hai| paramasamAdhi rUpa kevalajJAna prApta karane ke lie vyavahAra dharma bhI tyAjya ho jAtA hai| isake bAvajUda nizcaya va vyavahAra dharma sApekSa hI haiM, nirapekSa nhiiN| samyaka vyavahAra dharma saMvara tathA karmanirjarA kA tathA paramparA se mokSa kA kAraNa siddha hotA hai| zramaNa saMskRti yadyapi mUlata: sva puruSArthavAdI saMskRti hai para vyavahAra meM vaha apane parama vItarAga iSTadeva ke prati zraddhA aura bhakti kI abhivyakti se vimukha nahIM raha skii| yaha svAbhAvika hai aura manovaijJAnika bhii| vyakti ke mana meM jisake prati pUjya bhAva hotA hai, usake prati niSThA, zraddhA, AsthA aura bhakti svayaM sphurita hone lagatI hai aura svara laya khojane lagatA hai| stuti aura stotra usI laya kA jIvanta rUpa hai| saMgIta kA mAdhurya aura hRdaya kA svara-srota usI se pravAhita hotA hai| bhakti ke mAdhyama se AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika sAdhanoM kI prApti kI bhI lAlasA jAgrata hotI hai aura usI lAlasA se mantra-tantra kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| isalie bhakti adhyAtma kA niSyanda hai aura mantra-tantra usake ptr-pussp| nirvANa-prApti usakA phala aura lakSya hai| isa bhUmikA para baiThakara jaba hama Agama aura siddhAnta granthoM ko dekhate haiM, TaTolate haiM to pAte haiM ki bhakti vaha ArAdhanA hai jo vItarAga deva ke prati zuddha ratnatraya-pariNAmoM se kI jAtI hai| vastuta: vaha zuddha Atmatattva kI bhAvanA 2010_04

Page #30
23 hai| vyavahAra se sarAga samyagdRSTi paMca parameSThiyoM kI ArAdhanA-bhakti karatA hai, vizuddha bhAvoM ke sAtha unake prati anurAga vyakta karatA hai| yaha bhakti-darzana-vizuddhi Adi ke binA ho nahIM sktii| isa bhakti kI chaha Avazyaka kriyAyeM haiM - sAmAyika, vandanA, stuti, svAdhyAya, pratyAkhyAna aura kaayotsrg| stutiyoM meM tIrthaGkaroM kA stavana hotA hai aura kAyotsarga meM nizchala sIdhe khar3e hokara 27 zvAsoM meM NamokAra mantra kA japa kiyA jAtA hai| pratyeka kriyA ke sAtha bhakti pAThoM kA nirdeza hai| dainika aura naimittika kriyAoM meM inhIM bhaktipAThoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| bhakti tantra se mantra paramparA kA udbhava huaa| bhakti ke pravAha meM Akara sAdhaka paramAtmA kI stuti karatA hai aura usa stuti meM vaha vAcAla ho uThatA hai| mantra usa vAcAlatA ko kama karatA hai aura mana ko ekAgra karake AdhyAtmika anubhava ko pAne kA prayatna karatA hai| nAmasmaraNa, zravaNa, manana, cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM mantra kI utpatti hotI hai, mAMgalika kArya karane ke lie iSTadeva kI stuti hotI hai, samAsa-paddhati kA AdhAra lekara bhagavAn kA anucintana hotA hai aura maMgalavAkya ke rUpa meM mantra kI racanA ho jAtI hai| vistAra se samAsa kI ora jAne kI yaha eka sarvamAnya svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| mantra-tantra paramparA bhI usI se sambaddha hai| svAnubhUti kI sarasatA kA pAna karane ke lie mantra hI eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisameM mAnasika caMcalatA kI daur3a ko virAma diyA jA sakatA hai| isalie mantra kI paridhi meM samagra tattva-cintana A jAtA hai jo hamAre zubha-azubha bhAvoM ke sAtha ghUmatA rahatA hai| mantra kI sArthakatA hamAre bhAvoM para adhika nirbhara karatI hai| jainadharma cU~ki bhAvoM kI zuddhi aura ahiMsaka AcaraNa para adhika jora detA hai isalie zaiva aura vaiSNava zAkta paramparAoM kA prabhAva hone para bhI jaina mantra-tantra paramparA para unakI hiMsaka mAnyatA kI koI chApa dikhAI nahIM detii| koI bhI yakSa, yakSiNI, devI-devatA aisA nahIM mAnA gayA jisakA AkAra-prakAra vIbhatsa aura duSTa ho yA hiMsA kI gandha usameM AtI ho| yaha vizeSatA jaina saMskRti kI pragAr3ha ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA phala hai| havana, yajJa Adi kriyAyeM bhI yadyapi jaina saMskRti kI mUla kriyAyeM nahIM haiM phira bhI unheM dharma kA aMga mAna liyA gayA hai| AcArya haribhadra aura jinasena ke cintana meM ina kriyAoM ko vaidika saMskRti se lekara apane DhaMga se AtmasAt 1. niyamasAra, 134; samayasAra, tA.vR. 174-176. 2010_04

Page #31
24 kiyA gayA hai| vizeSatA yaha hai ki jaina saMskRti ne use vyavahAra dharma kA aMga banA diyA aura ahiMsAtmakatA kI paridhi ke bhItara use svIkAra kara liyaa| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki vyavahAra dharma jaina saMskRti meM nizcaya dharma ke lie sopAnavat kAma karatA hai| isalie vaha bhakti kA abhinna aMga hai aura upekSaNIya nahIM hai| isakA phala yaha huA ki bhakti zAstra kA janma huA aura mantra-tantra paramparA stutiyoM aura stotroM kA sRjana huaa| nizcaya aura vyavahAra dharma ke samanvaya se ahiMsA kI paridhi meM rahakara jaina saMskRti vaidika saMskRti ke samIpa pahu~cakara bhI apanA pRthak astitva banAye rakhane meM sakSama rhii| zAkAhAra kI pratiSThA aura paryAvaraNa kI surakSA kA AhvAna sabase pahale jaina saMskRti ne hI kiyA jo usakI mUla avadhAraNA kA aMga thaa| (11) sAmAjika samatA jaina saMskRti bhAva pradhAna saMskRti hai| isalie vahA~ U~ca-nIca, strI-puruSa sabhI ke lie samAna sthAna rahA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM prasthApita jAtivAda kI kaThora zrRMkhalA ko kATakara mahAvIra ne janma ke sthAna para karma kA AdhAra diyA unhoMne kahA ki ucca kula meM utpanna hone mAtra se vyakti ko U~cA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha U~cA tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki usakA cAritra yA kartRtva U~ca ho, vizuddha ho| isalie mahAvIra ne samAnatA ke AdhAra para cAroM jAtiyoM kI naI vyavasthA kI aura unheM eka manuSya jAti ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA / mnussyjaatirekaiv| kammuNA bambhaNo hoI, kammuNA hoI khttiyo| vaisso kammuNo hoI, suddo hoI kmmunno|| uttarA. 25.19.26 isI sAmAjika samatA ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ne sabhI jAtiyoM aura sampradAya ke logoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita kiyA aura unheM vizuddha AcaraNa dekara vItarAgata ke patha para baiThA diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM meM sabhI jAtiyoM ke AcA hue haiN| isI prakAra nArI ko bhI dAsatA se mukta kara use sAmAjika samatA va hI dehalI para nahIM khar3A kiyA balki nirvANa-prApti kA bhI adhikAra ghoSita kiyaa| yaha usa samaya kA bahuta bar3A krAntikArI siMhanAda thaa| dAsa mutti nArI mukti aura jAtibheda mukti ke kSetra meM jaina saMskRti kA yaha avadAra avismaraNIya hai| 2010_04

Page #32
(12) vaiyaktika svAtantrya aura karmavAda jaina saMskRti vaiyaktika svAtantrya para vizvAsa karatI hai| isalie usane vyakti ko hI usake sukha-duHkha kA pUrNa uttaradAyI banAyA hai| jJAna aura adhyAtma meM samanvaya sthApita kara hamAre AcaraNa kI kArya-kAraNAtmaka mImAMsA meM usane karmavAda ko sthApita kara IzvaravAda ko nakAra diyA hai| saMsAra kI vibhinnatA meM karma ko bhI kAraNa batalAkara use anAdi tathA zAnta batAyA aura mokSa prApti ke mArga ko pUrNa vItarAgatA tathA vizuddhi ke mAdhyama se prazasta kiyaa| 25 karma adRzya hai aura paudgalika hai| use hama vAsanA aura saMskAra nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki ve to dhAraNA yA smRti se sambaddha haiN| acchAI yA burAI se usakA koI sambandha nahIM / usakA sambandha hai hamAre karma se, rAga-dveSa se / ga-dveSa kA valaya hI hamAre AcaraNa kA AdhAra bana jAtA hai| mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ke yoga se karmAzrava hote haiN| ve sahaja nahIM, Agantuka haiN| unake vartamAna ke sAtha atIta aura bhaviSya bhI jur3A rahatA hai| rAga amUrta AtmA ke sAtha mUrta karma kA saMyoga sambandha vaise hI ho jAtA hai| jaise amUrta AkAza kA mUrtaghaTa se sambandha hokara vaha ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza kI saMjJA pA jAtA hai| yaha paudgalika karma hamAre bhAvakarma para nirbhara karatA hai| bhAvacitta kA saMvAdI hotA hai| paudgalikacitta aura paudgalika citta kA saMvAdI hotA haisthUla zarIra | kartRtva aura bhoktRtva donoM Apasa meM guMthe hue haiN| unheM kisI IzvararUpa niyantA yA niyAmaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / karma kA vipAka svayaM ho jAtA hai yA tapa se unakI nirjarA kara lI jAtI hai| ise hama udAttIkaraNa yA mArgAnnarIkaraNa bhI kaha sakate haiN| AtmA meM acintya jJAna-darzana zakti kA prasphuTana karma - nirjarA ke bAda hI hotA hai / isa avasthA ko koI bhI vyakti apanI sAdhanA se prApta kara sakatA hai| yahAM AtmA kI hI tIna avasthAyeM haiN| bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / bahirAtmA saMsArAvasthA hai| antarAtmA vizuddha patha para calanA hai aura paramAtmA pUrNa vItarAga avasthA hai| Izvara kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / saMsAra kI sRSTi nimittaupAdAna se svayameva hotI rahatI hai| vyakti apane hI zrama aura puruSArtha se paramAtmA bana sakatA hai (13) dArzanika avadAna jainadharma kI samUcI avadhAraNAeM svAnubhUti para TikI huI haiN| isalie ahiMsA aura samatAvAda isa darzana kI mUla bhitti bnii| dArzanika kSetra meM bhI isI bhitti 2010_04

Page #33
26 para pratiSThita hokara anekAntavAda, syAdvAda, aura pramANavAda ko saMsthApita kiyA, bhedavijJAna ne adhyAtma ko pukhtA kiyA aura utpAdavyaya- dhrauvyAtmaka tattvavAda ne saMsAra ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA / bauddhadharma bhedavAdI aura asatkAryavAdI hai, nyAya-vaizeSikoM ne asatkAryavAda kI pratiSThA kI, sAMkhya- yoga satkAryavAdI haiM, mImAMsaka bAhyArthavAdI hokara pariNAmavAdI haiN| ye sabhI darzana bhedavAdI rahe haiN| jaina darzana ne anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para bhedAbhedavAda kI bAta kahakara sadasatkAryavAda kI saMstuti kI aura isI meM kSaNabhaMguratAvAda ke sahI darzana kraaye| jaina darzana ne AtmA ko nitya, vizuddha aura jJAna - darzana Adi guNamaya mAnA, parantu yaha bhI kahA ki mithyAtva aura ajJAnatA ke kAraNa usakA yaha svarUpa dhUla dhUsarita ho jAtA hai| yoganirodha se usa vizuddha mUla rUpa ko punaH prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA kA yaha svatantra astitva jainadarzana kI eka viziSTa dena hai / mana ko paudgalika kahakara isa vicAra ko aura bhI pukhtA kara diyA hai| yahAM Izvara na to jagat kA sRSTikartA hai aura na karma-phalapradAtA / sRSTi to aNu-skandhoM ke svAbhAvika pariNamana se hotI hai / usameM cetana-acetana athavA anya kAraNa kabhI-kabhI nimitta avazya bana jAte haiM para unake saMyoga-viyoga Izvara jaisA koI kAraNa nahIM hotaa| apanI kAraNa - sAmagrI ke saMvalita ho jAne para yaha saba svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai| saMsAra ko SaDdravyAtmaka kahakara aura kAla svatantra dravya ko mAnakara isa vicAra ko aura bhI paripuSTa kiyA hai| pramANa kA svarUpa-manthana karate hue jainAcAryoM ne samyagjJAna ko pramANa mAnA aura use sva-para prakAzaka kahakara avisaMvAdI honA Avazyaka kahA / sannikarSa ko yahAM sAdhakatamakaraNa na mAnakara jJAna ko hI sAdhakatamakaraNa mAnA hai| jaina darzana pramANasaMplavavAdI hai / vaha veda ko apauruSeya na mAnakara pramANa ko svataH aura parataH donoM mAnatA hai| usane nizcayAtmaka savikalpakajJAna ko pratyakSa kahakara pratyakSa aura parokSa kI svatantra avadhAraNA dI hai| yahI cintana usakI viziSTa dena hai| (14) kalAtmaka avadAna kalA AtmAnubhUti kA paryAyArthaka zabda hai| isakA sambandha mUla pravRttiyoM kI abhivyakti se hai| isalie isameM adhyAtma kA bhI nirjhara jharatA hai aura isI 2010_04

Page #34
27 ke mAdhyama se rAgAdi vikAroM kI bhI khulepana se jAnakArI dI jAtI hai| jaina saMskRti meM kalA kA mUla uddezya adhyAtma kI abhivyakti hai aura sArI abhivyaktiyAM usI ke irda-girda ghUmatI rahatI haiN| jaina sAdhakoM ne kalA aura sthApatya ko eka nayA AyAma diyA hai| unhoMne mUrtikalA, vAstukalA, abhilekha, pANDulipi, citrazailI Adi sabhI kSetroM ko pariSkRta kiyA hai| haDappA aura lohAnIpura se prApta mastaka vihIna nagna kAyotsargI mUrtiyA~ tathA mohanajodar3o se prApta isI taraha kI anya mUrtiyoM kI avasthiti ko kadAcit martikalA ke kSetra meM jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| khAravela ke zilAlekha ne nandakAlIna kaliMga jina kI mUrti kA ullekha kara isa avadAna para eka aura hastAkSara kara diyA hai| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle meM chipI jaina kalA sampadA ne to aura bhI use samRddha kara diyA hai| zravaNabelagolA kI bAhubalI pratimA to vizruta hai hii| yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki zAsana devI-devatAoM ke Ane ke bAvajUda mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM ahiMsA kA hI prAdhAnya rahA hai| usameM kisI bhI mUrti ke sAtha hiMsaka tattva nahIM jur3A huA hai| tantra-mantra kA kSetra bhI ahiMsaka hI rahA hai| mUrtikalA ke sAtha hI guphAoM aura vAstukalA kA sambandha bhI avicchinna hai| barAbara, nAgArjunI pahAr3a, udayagiri- khaNDagiri, rAnIguphA, giranAra guphAyeM, sonabhaNDAra tathA dakSiNApatha kI madurai, rAmanAthapuram, sitanavAsala Adi meM prApta jaina guphAyeM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| AyAgapaTTa, stUpa, sarasvatI mUrtiyoM, mandira Adi ke nirmANa ne vAstukalA ko aura bhI samRddha kiyaa| nAgara, vesara aura drAviDa zailiyoM ke sAtha hI anya prAdezika zailiyoM kA bhI bharapUra prayoga jaina sAdhakoM ne kiyA hai| samUce bhAratavarSa meM jaina sthApatyakalA phailI huI hai| zailotkIrNa guphA mandiroM ke atirikta pallava, cAlukya, hoyasala Adi sabhI zailiyoM meM mandiroM kA nirmANa huA hai| citrakalA bhAvAbhivyakti kA sundaratama udAharaNa hai| usameM upadeza aura sandeza dene kI anUThI kSamatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne jainadharma ke pracAra meM isakA samucita upayoga kiyA hai| nAyAdhammakahAo, varAMgacarita, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa Adi granthoM meM citrakalA kA acchA varNana milatA hai| citrakalA ke bhedoM meM pramukha bheda hai - bhitticitra, kargalacitra, kASThacitra, paTacitra, raMgAvali athavA dhUlicitra / prAcInatama bhitticitra zittanAvAsala ke jaina guphA mandira meM milate haiN| vahA~ jalAzaya kA eka sundara citra banAyA gayA hai| elorA aura zravaNavelagolA ke 2010_04

Page #35
28 maThoM meM bhI yaha citra paramparA dikhAI detI hai| yaha paramparA 11vIM zatI taka adhika lokapriya rhii| usake bAda tAr3apatroM para citrAMkana prArambha ho gyaa| mUDavadrI, pATana Adi grantha bhaNDAroM meM yaha citrAMkana surakSita hai| kargala (kAgaja) citra lagabhaga 14vIM zatI ke bAda adhika milate haiN| pANDulipiyoM meM kathAoM ko citrAMkita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlakAcArya kathA zAntinAthacarita, supAsanAhacariya, yazodharacarita, kalpasUtra Adi ko citroM meM bAMdhA gayA hai| isa citrAMkana meM samRddhi zailI, taimUra citra zailI Adi kA upayoga huA hai| inameM raMgayojanA, vividha mudrAyeM, veza-bhUSA tathA sthApatya kI aneka paramparAoM kA aMkana huA hai| kASTha citra pANDulipiyoM para lage kASThaphalakoM para banAye jAte the| ina para vidyAdeviyoM, tIrthaGkaroM aura pazu-pakSiyoM tathA mAnavAkRtiyoM kA aMkana kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjasthAna aura gujarAta meM isa zailI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra paTacitra aura dhUlicitra ke bhI ullekha sAhitya meM milate haiM / citrakalA ke ina vividha rUpoM meM jaina sAdhakoM ne apanI dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI saphala abhivyakti kI hai| usake mAdhyama se antarvRttiyoM kA udghATana, manodazAoM kA abhivyaJjana tathA rUpa-bhAvanA aura AkRti - saundarya kA citraNa bar3I saphalatApUrvaka huA hai / 1 (15) ekAtmakatA aura rASTrIyatA jaina saMskRti meM ekAtmakatA aura rASTrIyatA ko utanA hI mahattva diyA gayA hai jitanA caritra ko| dharma aura saMskRti paraspara guthe hue avicchinna aMga haiN| unakI sAMskRtikatA vyakti, samudAya aura rASTra kI eka ajIba nabja huA karatI hai jisakI dhar3akana ko dekha-samajhakara usakI traikAlika sthiti kA andAja laga jAtA hai| hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti meM utAra-car3hAva aura utthAna - patana Aye para sAMskRtika ekatA kabhI vicchinna nahIM ho skii| usameM ekAtmakatA ke svara sadaiva mukharita hote rhe| itihAsa ke udaya kAla se lekara Aja taka isa vaiziSTya ko jaina saMskRti saheje huye hai / rASTra eka sundara manamohaka zarIra hai| usake aneka aMgopAMga hai jinakI prakRti aura viSaya bhinna-bhinna haiN| apanI sImA se unakA bandhatva hai, lagAva hai 1. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye - lekhaka kA grantha 'jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa', nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, 1977. 2010_04

Page #36
aura isI lagAva se unameM paraspara saMgharSa bhI hote haiN| ina sabake bAvajUda ve mUla AtmA se pRthak hote dikhAI nahIM dete| AtmA ke nAma para unameM ekAtmakatA sadaiva banI rahatI hai| yaha eka aisI anviti hai jisameM bAhya tattva bhI cipaka jAte haiM, rama jAte haiM aura eka hI tattva meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| hamAre rASTra kA astitva ekAtmakatA kI zrRMkhalA se snehilatApUrvaka bhalI-bhAMti jur3A huA hai jisameM jaina saMskRti kA anUThA yogadAna hai| rASTrIyatA kA jAgaraNa usake vikAsa kA prAthamika caraNa hai| jana-jana meM aura mana-mana meM zAnti, saha-astitva aura caturmukhI ahiMsAtmakatA usakA caramabindu hai| vividhatA meM palI-pusI ekatA, saujanya aura sauhArda ko janma detI haI "parasparopagraho jIvAnAma" kA hRdayahArI pATha par3hAtI hai aura sajjanatA ko pratiphalita karatI hai| . bhASA, dharma, jAti aura prAdezikatA ekatA ko vikhaNDita karane ke prabala kAraNa hote haiN| unakI saMkIrNatA se baMdhA vyakti nyAya aura mAnavatA kI dIvAloM ko lAMghakara hiMsaka krUra aura AtatAyI ho jAtA hai| usakI dRSTi svArthaparatA ke jahara se dUSita ho jAtI hai, heyopAdeya ke viveka se mukta ho jAtI hai, sImitatA ke cakAcauMdha se aMdhiyA jAtI hai aura hiMsaka vyavahAra ko janma detI hai| bhASA abhivyakti kA eka svatantra aura sakSama sAdhana hai, sAdhya nahIM hai| jahAM vaha sAdhya ho jAtA hai vahAM AsaktiyoM aura saMkIrNatAoM ke ghere meM manomAlinya, jhagar3e-phasAda aura kalaha kI cinagAriyA~ viSAda ugalane lagatI haiM, cetanA samApta ho jAtI hai, hoza gAyaba ho jAtA hai| mAtra baca jAtA hai virodha, vaimanasya aura prAdezikatA kI sar3I galI bhaavnaayeN| eka varga vizeSa dharma ko aphIma mAnatA AyA hai|uskaa darzana jo bhI ho para yaha tathya itihAsa ke patroM se chipA nahIM hai ki jaba bhI dhArmika unmAda ubharA alpasaMkhyakoM para musIbata AyI aura dharma ke nAma para unheM burI taraha kucalA gyaa| dharma kA yadi supAka na huA ho to vaha viSa se bhI badatara siddha hotA hai| dharma ke antastala taka pahu~canA sarala nahIM hotaa| tathAkathita dhArmika aura rAjanItika netA jaba dharma ke mukhauTe ko or3hakara janasamudAya kI bhAvanAoM ko ubhArakara apanA ullU sIdhA karate haiM to vastuta: ve kisI dezadrohI se kama nahIM haiN| bhUse se bharA unakA dimAga aura ugala bhI kyA sakatA hai? dharma kI galI sakarI hotI nahIM, banA dI jAtI hai aura use itanI sakarI banA dete haiM hamAre ahaMmanya netA ki usameM dUsarA koI praveza kara hI nahIM paataa| praveza ke abhAva meM khUna-khaccara hone kI AzaMkAyeM bar3ha jAtI haiM, saMyama kI sArI argalAyeM 2010_04

Page #37
30 TUTa jAtI haiM aura amAnavIya bhAvanAoM ko anadhikRta praveza mila jAtA hai| hamArI sArI rAjanIti kA kendra-bindu Aja dharma aura jAti bana gayA hai| dharmanirapekSatA kI bAta Aja mAtra dhokhe kI TaTTI ho gaI hai| zaikSaNika saMsthAyeM bhI isa karAla garala se baca nahIM pA rahI haiN| kursI bacAne aura pAne kI pravRtti ne hamArI naitikatA para kaThora padAghAta kiyA hai| usane nayI pIr3hI ke khUna meM ajIbogarIba mAnasikatA bhara dI hai, saMskAra dUSita kara diye haiM aura nikammepana aura kaThamullepana ko janma diyA hai| Aja bhale aura ImAnadAra AdamI kA jIvana dUbhara hotA jA rahA hai| usakI karAhatI AvAja ko sunane vAlA to dUra sAntvanA dene vAlA bhI nahIM miltaa| aisI sthiti meM hamArA deza kahA~ jAyegA yaha anabujhI pahelI bana gaI hai| itihAsa ke bhUle-bisare patroM ko yadi hama kholakara par3heM to yaha tathya udghATita hue dera nahIM lagegI ki hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti kA dhavala A~cala kabhI mailA nahIM huaa| AdikAla se lekara abhI taka varNa vyavasthA kI mUla AtmA jaba bhI apane patha se bhaTakI, samAja meM krUratA ke darzana avazya hue para usa svArthaparatA bharI ahaMmanyatA ko vAstavikatA kA colA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vaha to vastutaH aisI sar3AMdha rahI hai jisameM gardIlI jAtIyatA aura dhArmika kaTTaratA panapI aura na jAne kitane asahAya vargoM ko vaitaraNI kA viSapAna karanA pdd'aa| aise apunIta, asAmAjika aura mAnavIya dUSita kadamoM ko bhAratIya saMskRti kA aMga nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha to vastutaH vikRta mAnasikatA kA aMga rahI hai / Arya-anArya kI bhedaka rekhA ke pIche bhI aise hI garhita tattvoM kA hAtha rahA hai| sarasvatI nadI kA taTa Rgvaidika mantroM se pavitra huA para dharma ke nAma para pazu-hiMsA se usakA punIta jala raktaraMjita hone se bhI nahIM baca skaa| Rgvaidika kAlIna naitika AdarzoM kI vyAkhyA uttarakAla meM badalanI pdd'ii| maryAdA puruSottama rAma aura yaduvaMzI bhagavAn kRSNa brAhmaNa aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke bIca kI sudRr3ha kar3iyA~ bana gaye aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke samanvayAtmaka mUla svara aura adhika miThAsa lekara guJjita hone lge| isa miThAsa ko paidA karane meM jainadharma kA bejor3a hAtha rahA hai| 1 brAhmaNa paramparA kI anuzrutiyoM meM licchivi, malla, moriya Adi jAtiyoM ko vrAtya kahA gayA hai| vrAtya janmataH kSatriya aura Arya jAti ke the, jo mUlataH madhya deza ke pUrva yA uttara-pazcima meM rahate the| unakI bhASA prAkRta thI aura vezabhUSA apariSkRta thii| ve caityoM kI pUjA karate the| Arya dravir3oM, nAga, paNi aura 2010_04

Page #38
31 vidyAdhara jAti se bhI unake sambandha the| varNasaMkaratA unameM banI huI thii| phira bhI apane ko ve kSatriya mAnate the aura zramaNa saMskRti ke pujArI the| unake vaidika yajJa vidhAna aura jAtivAda ke virodhaka prakhara svara meM AdhyAtmikatA va aupaniSadika vicAradhArA kA udaya vrAtya saMskRti kA hI pariNAma hai jahA~ vaidika yajJoM ko phUTI nAva kI upamA dI gaI hai| zramaNa vyavasthA ne usa ekAtmakatA ko acchI taraha parakhA thA aura saMjoyA thA apane vicAroM meM jinheM tIrthaGkaroM aura jainAcAryoM ne samatA, puruSArtha aura svAvalambana ko pramukhatA dekara jIvana kSetra ko eka nayA AyAma diyA aura jise mahAvIra aura buddha jaise mahAmAnavIya vyaktitvoM ne AtmAnubhUti ke mAdhyama se puSpita-phalita kiyaa| zramaNa saMskRti ne vaidika saMskRti meM dhokhe se AyI vikRta paramparAoM ke virodha meM apanI tIkhI pratikriyA vyakta kI aura anAyAsa hI samAja kA navInIkaraNa aura sthitikaraNa kara diyaa| isa samAja kI mUla nidhi cAritrika pavitratA aura ahiMsaka dRr3hatA thI jise usane thAtI banAkara kaThora jhaMjhAvAtoM meM bhI saMbhAlakara rkhaa| vibhajyavAda aura anekAntavAda ke mAdhyama se samanvaya aura ekAtmakatA ke lie jo athak prayatna jainadharma ne kiyA hai vaha nizcaya hI anupama mAnA jaaygaa| bauddhadharma meM to kAlAntara meM vikRtiyA~ A bhI gaIM para jainadharma ne cAritra ke nAma para kabhI koI samajhautA nahIM kiyaa| aba mAtra saMskRta hI sAhityakAroM kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana nahIM thaa| pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza jaisI lokaboliyoM ne bhI janamAnasa kI cetanA ko naye svara diye aura sAhitya sRjana kA nayA prAMgaNa khula gyaa| isa samUce sAhitya meM ekAtmakatA kA jitanA sundara tAnA-bAnA huA hai vaha anyatra durlabha hai| arhantoM aura bodhisatvoM kI vANI ne jIvana-prAsAda ko jitanA manorama aura dhavala banAyA utanI hI unake prati AtmIyatA jAgrata hotI rhii| phalata: hara kSetra meM unakA atula yogadAna sAmane aayaa| bhAvAtmaka ekatA kI sRjana-zakti bhI yahIM se vikasita huii| ___isI bIca magadha sAmrAjya kA udaya huaa| videzI AkramaNa hue| usa rAjanItika asthiratA ko dUrakara ekatA prasthApita karane kA kAma kiyA- rASTranirmAtA kuzala prazAsaka maurya samrATa candragupta maurya ne jisane jainAcArya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa pradeza kI yAtrA kI aura digambara munivrata dhAraNa kara zravaNabelagolA meM samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka zarIra tyAga diyaa| azoka (268-69 I0pU0) bhI mUlata: jaina samrAT thA jisameM dhArmika sahiSNutA, sArvabhaumikatA, asAmpradAyika manovRtti, 2010_04

Page #39
32 ahiMsAtmaka bhAvanA, sadvicAra aura ekAtmakatA kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI thii| maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda puSpamitra zuMga ne brAhmaNa sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kii| Andhra-sAtavAhana Aye jinhoMne prAkRta bhASA ko vizeSa Azraya diyA / kaliMga khAravela bhI jaina samrAT thA jisane magadha sAmrAjya se yuddha kara kaliMga jinamUrti ko vApisa prApta kiyaa| isI samaya mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM gAndhArakalA ne eka nayI dRSTi - sRSTi dii| mathurA kalA kA bhI apane DhaMga kA vikAsa huA aura vahA~ jaina, bauddha, vaidika tInoM sampradAya samAna rUpa se vikAsa karate rhe| mathurA kI jainakalA kadAcit prAcInatama kalA hai| guptakAla ko hamAre itihAsa kA svarNayuga mAnA jAtA hai| pUjyapAda, siddhasena Adi prakhara jaina vidvAna isI kAla meM hue jinhoMne samanvayavAditA para vizeSa jora diyaa| isI yuga meM devardhigaNi dvArA 453 I0 meM vallabhI meM jainAgamoM kA saMkalana huaa| gupta kAla ke bAda rAjanItika vikendrIkaraNa kI pravRtti prArambha ho gii| isa kAla meM harSa kI dhArmika sahiSNutA vizeSa nidarzanIya hai| harSa kI mRtyu (646I0 ) ke uparAnta uttara bhArata meM pAla, sena, paramAra, kalacuri Adi kitane hI choTe-moTe rAjA hue jinhoMne hamArI saMskRti ko surakSita hI nahIM rakhA, balki use bahuta kucha diyA bhI hai| vAkATaka, rASTrakUTa Adi rAjavaMzoM ne bhI jainadharma kA pAlana karate hue sAMskRtika ekatA ke yajJa meM apanA yogadAna diyA / pUrva madhyakAla meM cAlukya, pAla, cedi, candela Adi vaMza Aye jinhoMne zaiva aura vaiSNava mata kA vizeSa prasAra kiyaa| zAkta aura nAtha sampradAya bhI udita hue| brahmA, viSNu, maheza, gaNeza, dikpAla Adi kI pUjA kA pracalana bar3hA aura avatAravAda kA khUba pracAra-prasAra bddh'aa| isI kAla meM bauddhadharma kI tAntrikatA ne use patana kA rAstA batA diyaa| para jainadharma apekSAkRta adhika acchI sthiti meM rhaa| vizeSata: dakSiNa bhArata meM use acchA rAjyAzraya milA / yadyapi liMgAyata sampradAya dvArA DhAye gaye atyAcAroM ko bhI use jhelanA pdd'aa| phira bhI apanI cAritrika niSThA ke kAraNa jainadharma nAmazeSa nahIM ho skaa| yaha isalie bhI huA ki jainadharma vaidika dharma ke adhika samIpa A gayA thaa| kalA ke kSetra meM usakA yaha rUpa AsAnI se dekhA jA sakatA hai| jainadharma prArambha se hI vastutaH ekAtmakatA kA pakSadhara rahA hai| usakA anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta ahiMsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM ekAtmakatA ko hI puSTa karatA rahA hai| yaha eka aitihAsika tathya hai / hiMsA ke virodha meM abhivyakta apane ojasvI 2010_04

Page #40
33 aura prabhAvaka vicAroM se jainAcAryoM ne eka ora jahA~ dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA vahI mAnava-mAnava ke bIca panapa rahe antardvandvoM ko samApta karane kA bhI mArga prazasta kiyaa| samantabhadra ne usI ko sarvodayavAda kahA thaa| haribhadra aura hemacandra ne isI ke svara ko nayA AyAma diyA thaa| prArambha se lekara abhI taka sabhI jainAcArya apane upadeza aura sAhitya sRjana ke mAdhyama se ekAtmakatA kI pratiSThA karane meM hI lage rahe haiN| itihAsa meM aisA koI udAharaNa nahIM jisameM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne kisI para AkramaNa kiyA ho aura ekAtmakatA ko dhakkA lagAyA ho| bhAratIya saMskRti meM usakA yaha ananya yogadAna hai jise kisI bhI kImata para jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| musalima AkramaNakAriyoM dvArA mandiroM aura zAstra bhaNDAroM ke naSTa kiye jAne ke bAvajUda jainadharmAvalambiyoM ne apanI ahiMsA aura ekAtmakatA ke svara meM A~ca nahIM Ane dii| yaha unakI ahiMsaka dhArmika jIvana paddhati aura dArzanika, AdhyAtmika tathA sAmAjika cintana kA pariNAma thA ki sadaiva usane jor3ane kA kAma kiyA, tor3ane kA nhiiN| (16) loka bolI prAkRta kA prayoga vyakti aura samAja ko jor3ane ke lie mAtRbhASA kA prayoga eka Avazyaka tattva hai| sabhI ko jor3ane kA aura apanI vicAradhArA ko sazakta DhaMga se prastuta karane kA bhI vaha eka mahanIya sAdhana hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne usa samaya bolI jAne vAlI prAkRta ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA aura apane darzana ko janatA ke samakSa rkhaa| janatA ne bhI usakA bharapUra svAgata kiyaa| abhivyakti ke kSetra meM loka bolI kA prayoga nizcita hI eka krAntikArI kadama thaa| uttarakAlIna jainAcAryoM ne bhI abhivyakti ke lie isI sAdhana ko apnaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya prAkRta meM bahuta milatA hai| ___jaina saMskRti kI ye mUla avadhAraNAe~ mAnavatAvAda ke vikAsa meM sadaiva kAryakArI rahI hai| unhoMne Arthika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika kSetra se bhraSTAcAra dUra kara sarvodayavAda aura ahiMsAvAdI vicAradhArA ko pracArita karane kA athak prayatna kiyA, dhanopArjana ke siddhAntoM ko nyAyavattA kI ora mor3A, mUka prANiyoM kI vedanA ko ahiMsA kI cetanAdAyI saMjIvinI se dUra kiyA, zAkAhAra para pUrA bala dekara paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kI aura sAmAjika viSamatA kI sarvabhakSI agni ko samatA ke zItala jala aura manda vayAra se zAnta kiyaa| jIvana ke hara aMga meM ahiMsA aura madya, mA~sa, dyUta Adi jIvanaghAtI vyasanoM se mukti ke mahattva ko pradarzita kara mAnavatA ke saMrakSaNa meM jaina saMskRti ne sarvAdhika yogadAna diyA 2010_04

Page #41
34 hai / yaha usakI gahana caritra-niSThA kA pariNAma hai| bAraha vratoM meM anarthadaNDa ko jor3akara usane aura bhI mahanIya pratiSThA kA kAma kiyA hai| paryAvaraNa ka surakSita rakhane kA bhI uttaradAyitva jainoM ne acchI taraha nibhAyA hai| unakI vaijJAniva dRSTi bhI ullekhanIya rahI hai| yaha tathya jaina sAhitya se paripuSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie hama yahAM jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita sAhitya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa de haiN| jaina cintakoM kA yaha sAhityika yogadAna prabhUta mAtrA meM hai| 2010_04

Page #42
sAhityika avadAna sAhitya saMskRti kA udvAhaka tattva hai| saMskRti ke hara kone ko sAhitya ke antastala meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina sAhitya kI vividhatA aura prAJjalatA meM usakI saMskRti ko pahacAnanA kaThina nhiiN| jainAcAryoM ne apane Apako laukika jIvana se samarasa banAye rkhaa| isake lie unhoMne prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaisI lokabhASAoM kiMvA boliyoM ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyaa| AvazyakatA pratIta hone para unhoMne saMskRta ko bhI pUre mana se apnaayaa| yahA~ hama jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM racita sAhitya kA eka atyanta saMkSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kara rahe haiM jise hama unakA viziSTa avadAna kaha sakate haiN| bhASA aura sAhitya bhASA aura sAhitya saMskRti ke avicchinna aMga haiM, usake ajasra srota haiN| abhivyakti ke sAdhanoM meM unakA apanA anupama sthAna hai| samaya aura paristhiti ke thaper3oM meM nayA dharma aura nayI bhASA kA janma hotA hai| samAja kI badalatI dIvAreM aura unakI akathya kahAnI ko acUka rUpa se prastuta karane vAle ye do hI pratiSThita rUpa haiM- jinheM sadiyoM taka svIkArA jAtA hai| bhASA vicAroM kA pratibimba hai, jinheM sughar3hatApUrvaka kAgada para aMkita kara diyA jAtA hai| pAThaka ke lie anadekhI ghaTanAyeM sadya: ghaTita-sI dikhAI dene lagatI haiN| prAkRta bhASAoM meM likhA sAhitya isI prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM aura jijJAsAoM se ApUrita hai| unakA hara pannA eka krAntikArI vicAradhArA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se raMgA huA hai| kahIM vaha dakiyAnUsI aura mUr3hatA se sane tathAkathita siddhAntoM kA khaNDana karatA huA dikhAI detA hai to kahIM saMsAra ke ghane pIr3A bhare jaMgaloM meM bhaTakate hue prANI ko samyak-dRSTi se siJcita cirantana adhyAtma kA sandeza pracArita karate hue najara AtA hai| yajJa bahula hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA banAne vAlI saMskRti kA virodha bhI yahA~ mukharita huA hai| ahiMsA kI usa prAcIna DagamagAtI dIvAra ko tor3akara nayA prAsAda khar3A karane kA upakrama ina donoM bhASAoM 2010_04

Page #43
ke sAhitya meM spaSTa jhalakatA hai| samAnatA, Atmazakti kA varcasva, zrama kI pratiSThA, samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra kA samanvita poSaNa, AtmA kI vismRta zakti ke rUpa meM vizuddha sukhada nirvANa kA astitva, naitika uttaradAyitva, samAja kA sarvAGgINa abhyutthAna, vargavihIna krAnti, mithakoM kA tArkika rUpAntaraNa Adi jaise pragatizIla sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika tattvoM kA mUlyAGkana karane vAlA yahI zramaNa sAhitya rahA hai| ata: use bhAratIya sAhitya kA nita navIna akSuNNa aMga mAnA jAnA aparihArya hai| prAkRta bhASA aura AryabhASAe~ bhASA saMpreSaNazIlatA se jur3I huI hai| vicAroM ke pravAha ke sAtha usakI saMpreSaNazIlatA bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| sRSTi ke prathama caraNa kI bhASA kI utpatti kA itihAsa yahIM se prArambha hotA hai| mAnavIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kI dharohara kA saMrakSaNa bhASA kI pramukha dena hai| usake utAra-car3hAva kA digdarzana karAnA bhI bhASA kA viziSTa kArya hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA sahI mUlyAGkana abhI zeSa hai| ___ bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha bhAropIya bhASA-parivAra meM bhAratIya AryazAkhA parivAra se hai| vidvAnoM ne sAdhAraNata: tIna bhAgoM meM isa bhASA-parivAra ke vikAsa ko vibhAjita kiyA hai - 1) prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla - 1600 I0pU0 se 600 I0pU0 taka 2) madhyakAlIna AryabhASA kAla - 600 I0pU0 se 1000 I0 taka 3) Adhunika AryabhASA kAla - 1000 I0 se Adhunika kAla tk| prAkRta bhASAyeM prAcIna kAlIna janasAmAnya boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| unheM sAmAnyata: 'prAkRta' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| prAkRta kI prAcInatama sthiti ko samajhane ke lie hameM tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kA Azraya lenA pdd'egaa| isakA sambandha bhAropIya parivAra se hai jisakI mUlabhASA 'iyu' athavA 'AryabhASA' rahI hai| isakA mUla nivAsa lithUniyA se lekara dakSiNa rUsa ke bIca kahIM thaa| yahIM se yaha gaNa aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita huaa| unameM se rUsa gaNa mesopoTAmiyana hotA haA bhArata aayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki IrAna kI prAcIna bhASA aura bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA kA gaharA sambandha dikhAI detA hai| avestA aura Rgveda kI bhASAoM ke adhyayana se yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha Arya zAkhA kisI samaya pAmIra ke Asa-pAsa kahIM eka sthAna para sAtha rahI hogI aura vahIM 2010_04

Page #44
37 kucha loga IrAna kI ora aura kucha bhArata kI ora Aye hoNge| bhArata meM Ane para 'iya' kI dhvaniyoM meM parivartana ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM iyu kA hrasva aura dIrgha a, e aura o iNDo-IrAnI meM lupta ho gyaa| Rgveda aura avestA kI tulanA se yaha tathya aura adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kA svarUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM dikhAI detA hai| uccA, nIcA, dUlabha, pazcA Adi zabda isake udAharaNa haiN| usa samaya taka janabhASA yA bolI ke ye rUpa vikasita hokara chAndas kA rUpa le cuke the| isake bAvajUda usameM janabhASika tattva chipa nahIM ske| janabhASA ke pariSkRta aura vikasita rUpa para hI yAska ne apanA niruktazAstra likhaa| pANini ke Ate-Ate vaha bhASA nizcita hI sAhityika ho cakI hogii| pANini ke pUrvavartI zAkaTAyana, zAkalya Adi vaiyAkaraNoM meM se kisI ne janabhASA ko vyAkaraNa meM paribaddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ho to koI asambhava nhiiN| paravartI vaidikakAla meM dezya bhASAoM ke tIna rUpa milate haiM -- (1) udIcya yA uttarIya vibhASA, (2) madhyadezIya vibhASA, (3) prAcya yA pUrvIya bhaassaa| udIcya vibhASA saptasindhu pradeza kI pariniSThita madhyadezIya bhASA madhyama mArgIya thI tathA prAcya bhASA pUrvI uttara pradeza, avadha aura bihAra meM bolI jAtI thii| prAcya bhASA-bhASI yajJIya saMskRti meM vizvAsa na karane vAle prAcya loga the| bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra ne isI janabhASA ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA thaa| pAli-prAkRta bhASAyeM isI ke rUpa haiN| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATUA ne isa sandarbha meM likhA hai - "vrAtya loga uccAraNa meM sarala eka vAkya ko kaThinatA se uccAraNIya batalAte haiM aura yadyapi ve dIkSita nahIM haiM, phira bhI dIkSA pAye huoM kI bhASA bolate haiN| isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki pUrva ke Arya loga (vrAtya) saMyukta vyaJjana, repha evaM soSma dhvaniyoM kA uccAraNa saralatA se nahIM kara pAte the| saMyukta vyaJjanoM kA yaha samIkRta rUpa hI prAkRta dhvaniyoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| isa prakAra vaidika bhASA ke samAnAntara jo janabhASA calI A rahI thI, vahI Adima prAkRta thii| para isa Adima prAkRta kA svarUpa bhI vaidika sAhitya se hI avagata kiyA jA sakatA hai|" AryabhASA ke madhyakAla meM drAviDa aura Agneya jAtiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTata: dekhA jA sakatA hai| mUrdhanya dhvAniyoM kA astitva draviDa parivAra kA hI prabhAva 1. bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, pRSTha 72; prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha 6. 2010_04

Page #45
38 hai| chAndas meM La dhvani prAkRta se pahu~cI huI hai| vaidika aura paravartI saMskRta meM na ke sthAna para Na ho jAnA (jaise phaNa, puNya, nipuNa Adi) tathA repha ke sthAna para la ho jAnA jaisI pravRttiyA~ bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva kI digdarzikA haiN| prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA prAkRta bhASA kI pravRttiyoM kI ora dRSTipAta karane para aisA lagatA hai ki usakA vikAsa prAcIna AryabhASA chAndas se huA hai, jo usa samaya kI janabhASA rahI hogii| janabhASA ke rUpoM ko alaga kara chAndas kA nirmANa huA hogA, jo kucha zeSa raha gaye unakA uttara kAla meM vikAsa hotA rhaa| prAkRta aura vaidika bhASAoM kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai - i) prAkRta meM vyaJjannAnta zabdoM kA prayoga prAya: nahIM hotA, parantu vaidika bhASA meM vaha kahIM hotA hai aura kahIM nahIM bhI hotaa|| ii) prAkRta meM vijAtIya svaroM kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura pUrvavartI hrasva svara ko dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jaise - nizvAsa kA niisaas| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yaha pravRtti milatI hai| jaise - durnAza kA duurnnaash| iii) svarabhakti kA samAna prayoga milatA hai| prAkRta meM sva ko suva hotA hai to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI tanva: kA tanuvaH milatA hai| iv) prAkRta meM tRtIyA kA bahuvacana devehi milatA hai, to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI devebhi milatA hai| prArambha meM hI prAkRta meM R kA i, a, Da Adi dhvaniyoM meM parivartana haA jo vaidika sAhitya meM zriNoti, zithira Adi rUpoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| chAndas aura prAkRta bhASA kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki usake pUrva kI janabhASA prAkRta thI jisase chAndas sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa huaa| chAndas sAhityika bhASA ko hI parimArjita kara saMskRta bhASA kA rUpa sAmane aayaa| parimArjita karane ke bAvajUda chAndas meM jo zeSa tattva the unakA vikAsa hotA gayA aura usI ne prAkRta kA rUpa liyaa| chAndas se prAkRta aura saMskRta, donoM bhASAoM kI utpatti hone para bhI saMskRta bhASA niyamoM aura upaniyamoM meM baMdha gaI, para prAkRta ko janabhASA rahane ke kAraNa bAMdhA nahIM jA skaa| isa dRSTi se prAkRta ko bahatA nIra kahA gayA hai aura saMskRta ko baddha srovr| prAcIna prAkRta se hI uttarakAla meM madhyakAlIna prAkRta kA vikAsa huA 2010_04

Page #46
aura madhyakAlIna prAkRta se hI apabhraMza tathA apabhraMza se hindI, marAThI, baMgalA, gujarAtI Adi Adhunika bhASAoM kA janma huaa| isa prakAra boliyoM meM sAhitya-sRjana hotA gayA aura ve bhASA kA rUpa letI giiN| prAkRta kA vikAsa avaruddha nahIM huA, balki unase nirantara naI-naI bhASAoM kA janma hotA gyaa| saMskRta bhASA bhI ina prAkRta boliyoM se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha skii| prAkRta : janabhASA kA rUpa sadiyoM se prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM vivAda ke svara gUMjate rahe haiN| prAkRta aura saMskRta ina donoM bhASAoM meM prAcInatara tathA mUla bhASA kauna-sI hai? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM do pakSa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| prathama pakSa kA kathana hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se huI hai tathA dUsarA pakSa usakA sambandha kisI prAcIna janabhASA se sthApita karatA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra meM donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra milatA hai1. prathama pakSa i) prakRtiH sNskRtm| tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam- hemcndr| ii) prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM prAkRtam ucyate - maarknnddey| iii) prakRteH saMskRtAyAH tu vikRti: prAkRti: matA- nrsiNh| iv) prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoni: - vaasudev| v) prAkRteH Agatam praakRtm| prakRtiH saMskRtam -- dhnik| vi) saMskRtAt prAkRtaM zreSThaM tato'pabhraMza bhASaNam -- shNkr| vii) prakRteH saMskRtAd AgataM prAkRtam - siNhdevgnnin| viii) prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam - piittrsn| (prAkRtacandrikA) 2. dvitIya pakSa i) 'prAkRteti' sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajovacanavyApAra: prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| 'Arisavayavo siddhaM devANaM addhamAgahA vANI' ityAdi- vacanAt vA prAk pUrva kRtaM prAkkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhabhUtaM vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktijalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca samosAditavizeSaM sat sNskRtaadhuttrvibhedaanaapnoti| 2010_04

Page #47
40 ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tdnusNskRtaadiini| pANinyAdivyAkaraNoTi zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRta-mucyate-namisAdhu ii) sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya Neti vaayaao| eMti samudaM ciya Neti sAyarAo cciya jlaaii|| - vAkpatirAja iii) yad yoniH kila saMskRtasya sudazAM jihvAsu yanmodate - raajshekhr| uparyukta donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa hama isa prakAra kara sakate haiM ki prAkR vastuta: janabolI thI, jise uttara kAla meM saMskRta ke mAdhyama se samajhane-samajhA kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke samAnAntara vaidika saMskRta athavA chAndara bhASA thI, jisakA sAhityika rUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM vizeSa rUpa se dRSTava hai| yAska ne isI para nirukta likhA aura pANini ne isI ko pariSkRta kiyA viDambanA yaha hai ki prAkRta ke prAthamika rUpa ko digdarzita karAne vAlA koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM jisake AdhAra para usakI vAstavika sthiti samajhI ja ske| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki prAkRta ke kucha mUla zabdoM ko vaidika saMskRta meM prayukta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se samajhA jA sakatA hai| vaidika rUpa vikRta, kiMkRta, nikRta, dandra, andra, prath, artha, kSudra kramaza: prAkRta ke vikaTa, kIkaTa, nikaTa, daNDa, aNDa, paTa, ghaTa, kSulla rUpa the jo dhIre-dhIre janabhASA se vaidika sAhitya meM pahuMca gye| ina zabdoM aura dhvaniyoM se yaha kathana atArkika nahIM hogA vi prAkRta janabolI thI jise pariSkRta kara chAndas bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| janabolI kA hI vikAsa uttarakAla meM pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura Adhuniva bhAratIya bhASAoM ke rUpa meM huA tathA chAndas bhASA ko pANini ne pariSkRta kara laukika saMskRta kA rUpa diyaa| sAdhAraNata: laukika saMskRta meM to parivartana nahIM ho pAyA para prAkRta janabolI sadaiva parivartita athavA vikasita hotI rhii| saMskRta bhASA ko zikSita aura uccavarga ne apanAyA tathA prAkRta sAmAnya samAja kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banI rhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta nATakoM meM sAmAnya janoM se prAkRta meM hI vArtAlApa karAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 pizala ne hoiphara, nAssana, yAkobI, bhaNDArakara Adi vidvAnoM ke isa mata kA sayuktika khaNDana kiyA hai ki prAkRta kA mUla kevala saMskRta hai| unhoMne senAra se sahamati vyakta karate hue kahA ki prAkRta bhASAoM kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura unake mukhya tattva Adi kAla meM jItI-jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se liye gaye haiM; kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAyeM, jo bAda meM sAhityika bhASAoM ke pada para car3ha gaIM, saMskRta kI bhA~ti hI bahuta 2010_04

Page #48
ThokI-pITI gaIM, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jaaye| apane mata ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne sarvaprathama vaidika zabdoM se sAmya batAyA aura bAda meM madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika bhAratIya boliyoM meM sannihita prAkRta bhASAgata vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki jisa prakAra vaidika bhASA usa samaya kI janabhASA kA pariSkRta rUpa hai, usI prakAra sAhityika prAkRta uttarakAlIna boliyoM kA pariSkRta rUpa hai| uttarakAla meM to vaha saMskRta vyAkaraNa, bhASA aura zailI se bhI prabhAvita hotI rhii| phalata: lambe-lambe samAsa aura saMskRta se parivartita prAkRta rUpoM kA prayoga hone lgaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA kI AdhArazilA meM bhI isI pravRtti ne kAma kiyaa| prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsa bhI hama tIna staroM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM - 1. prathama starIya prAkRta - (1600 I0pU0 se 600 I0pU0) - isa kAla kI janabolI kA rUpa vaidika yA chAndas granthoM meM milatA hai| dvitIya starIya prAkRta - isa kAla meM prAkRta meM jo sAhitya likhA gayA use tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - i) prathama yugIna prAkRta (600 I0pU0 se 500 I0) - i) ardha prAkRta, (pAli, ardhamAgadhI aura jaina zaurasenI), (ii) zilAlekhI prAkRta, (iii) niyA prAkRta, (iv) prAkRta dhammapada kI prAkRta, (v) azvaghoSa ke nAmoM kI praakRt| ii) dvitIya yugIna prAkRta (prathama zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka) - alaGkAra, vyAkaraNa, kAvya aura nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM- mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paishaacii| iii) tRtIya yugIna prAkRta (paJcama zatI se pandrahavIM zatI taka) - apbhrNsh| 1. bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, dvi.saM., pR. 74. 2010_04

Page #49
42 prAkRta aura saMskRta jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta ke sAtha hI saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana bnaayaa| prAkRta kA jaise-jaise vikAsa hotA gayA, usakI boliyA~ bhASAoM kA rUpa grahaNa karatI giiN| yaha parivartana saMskRta meM nahIM ho skaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki pANini Adi AcAryoM ne bahuta pahale hI use niyamoM se jakar3a diyA, jabaki prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA saMskRta vyAkaraNoM ke AdhAra para lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI meM prArambha huii| isa samaya taka prAkRta kA vikAsa apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI AdhArabhUmi taka pahu~ca cukA thaa| I0 kI lagabhaga dvitIya zatAbdI se jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM likhanA prArambha kiyaa| umAsvAmI athavA umAsvAti isake sUtradhAra the jinhoMne tattvArthasatra jaisA mahanIya grantha samarpita kiyaa| guptakAla taka Ate-Ate saMskRta aura adhika pratiSThita ho cukii| isake bAvajUda vaha janabhASA nahIM bana sakI balki sambhrAnta parivAroM meM usakA upayoga lokapriya adhika ho gyaa| siddharSi (I0 805) ne isa tathya ko isa prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai - saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti bhASe praadhaanymrhtH| tatrApi saMskRtA tAvad durvidagdha hRdi sthitA / / bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI krnnpeshlaa| tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmabhibhASate / / upAyaM sati kartavyaM sarveSAM cittrNjnm| Atastadanurodhena saMskRte'sya kariSyate / / 1 hemacandra bhI isI tathya ko abhivyakta karate hue dikhAI dete haiN| unake anusAra 11-12vIM zatAbdI meM bhI sarvasAdhAraNa janatA prAkRta bhASA kA hI vyavahAra karatI thI aura abhijAta varga ne saMskRta bhASA ko apanAyA thaa| kAvyAnuzAsana kArikA kI TIkA meM likhA hai - bAlastrImandamUrkhANAM nRNAM caaritrkaaNkssinnaam| anugrahArthaM tattvajJaiH siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtH|| isa prakAra saMskRta abhijAta evaM suzikSita varga kI bhASA thI, jabaki prAkRta kA prayoga azikSita tathA sAmAnya varga kiyA karatA thaa| jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra 1. upamitibhava prapaMcakathA. 1. 51-52. 2010_04

Page #50
kI dRSTi se jainAcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM para samAna rUpa se adhikAra kreN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI sAdhAraNataH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sabhI jainAcArya ina donoM bhASAoM ke paNDita rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne donoM bhASAoM meM sAhitya sarjanA bhI kI hai / aneka AcAryoM ne to apane Apako "ubhayabhASAcakravartI" bhI likhA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAdhaka Aja bhI saMskRta, prAkRta aura Adhunika bhASAoM meM sAhitya - sAdhanA kara rahe haiN| apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ prAkRta bhASA kiMvA bolI ke caraNa Age bar3hate gaye aura apabhraMza ke rUpa meM usakA vikAsa nirdhArita hotA gayA / yahA~ apabhraMza kA tAtparya hai janabolI athavA grAmINa bhASA / prArambha meM prAkRta bhI apabhraMza meM garbhita thI, parantu usake sAhityika rUpa meM A jAne para usakA mUla rUpa vikasita hone lagA / isI kucha vikasita athavA parivartita rUpa ko hama apabhraMza kahate haiN| dhIre-dhIre apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya-sRjana hone lagA aura bhASA bhI kramazaH vikasita hotI gii| phalataH avahaTTa Adi sopAnoM ko pAra karatI huI vaha bhASA kiMvA bolI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko utpanna karane meM kAraNa bnii| 43 DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI ke anusAra Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA janma isa prakAra huA? 1. zaurasenI se pazcimI hindI, nAgara apabhraMza se rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI pahAr3I boliyA~ / 2. paizacI apabhraMza se laha~dA aura paMjAbI | 3. brAcar3a apabhraMza se sindhI / 4. mahArASTrI apabhraMza se marAThI / 5. arddhamAgadhI apabhraMza se pUrvI hindI, 6. aura mAgadhI apabhraMza se bihArI, baMgAlI, ur3iyA aura asamiyA bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| 1. hindI bhASA, 1966, pR0 85. 2010_04

Page #51
44 prAkRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM janabhASA-prAkRta isa prakAra ina vibhinna staroM ko pAra karatI huI Adhunika yugIna bhAratIya bhASAoM taka phuNcii| samaya aura suvidhAoM ke anusAra usameM parivartana hote gaye aura navIna bhASAyeM janma letI gyiiN| isalie dezakAla bheda se ina sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kI vizeSatAyeM bhI pRthak-pRthak ho giiN| yahA~ una vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa karanA aprAsaMgika hogA, para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti inameM vizeSa dikhAI detI hai / R kA anya svaroM meM badala jAnA, ai, au ke sthAna para e, o ho jAnA, dvivacana kA lopa ho jAnA, Atmanepada kA rUpa adRzya ho jAnA, za aura Sa kA prAya: lopa ho jAnA, (kahIM-kahIM ye surakSita bhI haiM), saMyukta vyaJjanoM meM parivartana ho jAnA Adi kucha aisI vizeSatAyeM haiM jo prAyaH sabhI prAkRta meM mila jAtI haiN| prAkRta bhASA - janabhASA ko apane siddhAntoM ke pracAra-prasAra kA mAdhyama banAne vAloM meM sarvaprathama bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| ye siddhAnta jaba lipibaddha hone lage taba taka svabhAvataH bhASA ke pravAha meM kucha mor3a Aye aura saMkalita sAhitya usase aprabhAvita nahIM raha skaa| samakAlIna athavA uttarakAlIna ghaTanAoM ke samAveza meM bhI koI ekamata nahIM raha sakA / kisI ne sahamati dI aura koI usakI sthiti se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| phalataH pAThAntaroM aura mata-matAntaroM kA janma huaa| bhASA aura siddhAntoM ke vikAsa kI yahI amiTa kahAnI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa karane para yahI tathya sAmane AtA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya 2500 varSa se pUrva kA hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, parantu usake pUrva alikhita rUpa meM Agamika sAhitya-paramparA vidyamAna avazya rahI hogii| prAkRta bhASA kA adhikAMza sAhitya jainadharma aura saMskRti se sambaddha hai| usakI mUla paramparA zruta, ArSa athavA Agama ke nAma se vyavahRta huI hai, jo eka lambe samaya taka zruti paramparA ke mAdhyama se surakSita rhii| saMgItiyoM athavA vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi isa Agama paramparA kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAtA rahA hai para samaya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra cintana ke pravAha ko rokA nahIM jA skaa| phalata: usameM hInAdhikatA hotI rahI hai| 1. prAkRta jaina sAhitya prAkRta jaina sAhitya ke sandarbha meM jaba hama vicAra karate haiM to hamArA dhyAna dharma ke prAcIna itihAsa kI ora calA jAtA hai, jo vaidika kAla kiMvA usase 2010_04

Page #52
bhI prAcInatara mAnA jA sakatA hai| usa kAla ke prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko "pUrva' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai jisakI saMkhyA caudaha hai - utpAdapUrva, agrAyaNI, vIryAnuvAda, astinAstipravAda, jJAnapravAda, satyapravAda, AtmapravAda, karmapravAda, pratyAkhyAna, vidyAnuvAda, kalyANavAda, prANAvAya, kriyAvizAla aura lokvindusaar| Aja jo sAhitya upalabdha hai vaha bhagavAn mahAvIrarUpI himAcala se nikalI vAggaMgA hai, jisameM avagAhanakara gaNadharoM aura AcAryoM ne vividha prakAra ke sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| paramparAgata sAhitya uttarakAla meM yaha sAhitya do paramparAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA- digambara paramparA aura zvetAmbara prmpraa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra jaina sAhitya do prakAra kA hai - aMgapraviSTa aura aNgbaahy| aMgapraviSTa meM bAraha granthoM kA samAveza hai - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtRdharmakathA, upAsakAdhyayana, anta:kRddazAMga anuttaropapAdikadazAMga, praznavyAkaraNa aura dRssttivaad| dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiM - parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cuulikaa| pUrvagata ke hI utpAda Adi pUrvokta caudaha bheda haiN| ina aMgoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha aMgabAhya kahalAte haiM jinakI saMkhyA caudaha hai -- sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika, kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa, puNDarIka mahApuNDarIka aura nissiddhikaa| digambara paramparA ina aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya granthoM ko vilupta huA mAnatI hai| usake anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 162 varSa pazcAt aMgagrantha kramazaH vicchinna hone lge| mAtra dRSTivAda ke antargata Aye dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNI ke kucha adhikAroM kA jJAna AcArya dharasena ke pAsa zeSa thA, jise unhoMne AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko diyaa| usI ke AdhAra para unhoMne SaTkhaNDAgama jaise vizAlakAya grantha kA nirmANa kiyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM ye aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya grantha abhI bhI upalabdha haiN| aMgabAhya granthoM ke sAmAyika Adi prathama chaha granthoM kA antarbhAva kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizIthasUtroM meM ho gyaa| anuyoga sAhitya aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya granthoM ke AdhAra para jo grantha likhe gaye unheM cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, dravyAnuyoga aura crnnaanuyog| prathamAnuyoga meM aise granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai jinameM purANoM, caritoM aura AkhyAyikAoM ke mAdhyama se saiddhAntika tattva prastuta kiye jAte 2010_04

Page #53
haiN| karaNAnuyoga meM jyotiSa aura gaNita ke sAtha hI lokoM, sAgaroM, dvIpoM, parvatoM aura nadiyoM Adi kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi grantha isa vibhAga ke antargata Ate haiN| jina granthoM meM jIva, karma, naya, syAdvAda Adi dArzanika siddhAntoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, ve dravyAnuyoga kI sImA meM Ate haiN| aise granthoM meM SaTkhaNDAgama, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai| caraNAnuyoga meM muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke niyamopaniyamoM kA vidhAna rahatA hai| kundakundAcArya ke pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, vaTTakera kA mUlAcAra, zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| vAcanAe~ prAcIna kAla meM zrati paramparA hI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jo hara sampradAya ke AgamoM ko surakSita rakhA karatA thaa| samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra cintana kI vibhinna dhArAe~ usameM saMyojita hotI jAtI thiiN| saMgItiyoM athavA vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi ina AgamoM kA parIkSaNa kara liyA jAtA thA phira bhI cintana ke pravAha ko rokanA sarala nahIM hotA thaa| i) pATaliputra vAcanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zrutopadeza ko bhI isI prakAra kI zruti paramparA se surakSita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| sampUrNa zruta ke jJAtA niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu the jinheM zrutakevalI kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda titthogAlIpainnA ke anusAra uttara bhArata meM eka dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa par3A jisake pariNAmasvarUpa saMghabheda kA sUtrapAta huaa| durbhikSa kAla meM asta-vyasta hue zrutajJAna ko vyavasthita karane ke lie thor3e samaya bAda hI lagabhaga 162 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM eka saMgIti athavA vAcanA huI jisameM gyAraha aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA jA skaa| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke jJAtA mAtra bhadrabAhu the jo bAraha varSa kI mahAprANa nAmaka yogasAdhanA ke lie nepAla cale gaye the| saMgha kI ora se usake adhyayana ke lie kucha sAdhuoM ko unake pAsa bhejA gayA, jinameM sthUlabhadra hI sakSama grAhaka siddha ho ske| ve mAtra daza pUrvo kA adhyayana kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrva unheM vAcanAbheda se mila sake, arthata: nhiiN| 1 dhIre-dhIre kAla prabhAva se dazapUrvo kA bhI lopa hotA gyaa| 1. titthogAlI, 801-2. 2010_04

Page #54
digambara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 345 varSa bAda dazapUrvo kA viccheda huA / antima dazapUrva jJAnadhArI - dharmasena the / zvetAmbara paramparA bhI isa ghaTanA ko svIkAra karatI hai, para mahAvIra nirvANa ke 584 varSa bAda / usake anusAra dazapUrvajJAna ke dhArI antima AcArya vajra the / zrutilopa kA krama bar3hatA hI gayA / dazapUrvoM ke viccheda ho jAne ke bAda vizeSa pAThiyoM kA bhI viccheda ho gayA / digambara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 683 varSoM ke bAda ghaTita mAnatI hai para zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra Aryavajra ke bAda 13 varSoM taka AryarakSita yugapradhAna AcArya rahe / ve sAr3he nava pUrvoM ke jJAtA the| unhoMne vizeSa pAThiyoM kA kramazaH hrAsa dekhakara use cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| phira bhI pUrvoM ke lopa ko bacAyA nahIM jA skaa| ii) mAthurI vAcanA pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke pazcAt do durbhikSa aura par3e - prathama mahAvIra nirvANa ke 291 varSa bAda, Aryasuhasti sUri ke samaya, samprati ke rAjyakAla meM aura dvitIya 827 varSa bAda Arya skandila aura vajrasvAmI ke samaya / ina durbhikSoM ke kAraNa asta-vyasta huI Agama paramparA ko vyavasthita karane ke lie Arya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM eka vAcanA bulAI gaI / 1 isI samaya huI eka anya vAcanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jo AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM balabhI meM Ayojita kI gaI thI / 2 malayagiri ke anusAra anuyogadvAra aura jyotiSkaraNDaka isI vAcanA ke AdhAra para saMkalita hue haiN| 47 valabhI vAcanA mAthurI aura valabhI vAcanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda punaH valabhI meM AcArya devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM pariSad kI saMyojanA kI gaI aura usameM upalabdha Agama sAhitya ko lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| yaha saMyojanA mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 980 varSa bAda (san 453 I0) huI / zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya Agama isI pariSad kA pariNAma hai| isameM saMgha ke Agraha se vicchinna hone se avaziSTa rahe, parivartita aura parivardhita, truTita aura atruTita tathA svamati zvetAmbara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda mAnatI hai aura digambara paramparA 162 varSa bAda / kahAvalI, 298; kalyANavijaya muni -- vI.ni.saM. aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR0 104 - 17 2010_04

Page #55
se kalpita AgamoM ko apanI icchAnusAra pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA ....... zrI saMghAgrahAt ....... vicchinnAvaziSTAn nyUnAdhikAn truTitAtruTitAn AgamAlopakAn anukrameNa svamatyA saMkalayya pustakArUr3hAna kRtaaH| tato mUlato gaNadharabhASitAnAmapi tatsaMkalanAnantaraM sarveSAmapi AgamAn kartA zrI devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa eva jaatH|1 punaruktiyoM ko dUra karane kI dRSTi se bIca-bIca meM anya AgamoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gyaa| devardhigaNi ne isI samaya nandisUtra kI racanA kI tathA pAThAntaroM ko cUrNiyoM meM saMgRhIta kiyaa| kalyANavijaya jI ke anusAra valabhI vAcanA ke pramukha nAgArjuna the| unhoMne isa vAcanA ko pustaka lekhana kahakara abhihita kiyA hai| sampAdana kI dRSTi se cUrNiyA~ Adi bahuta upayogI haiN| digambara paramparA meM ukta vAcanAoM kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna digambara paramparA meM aMgajJAna ne kabhI sAmAjika rUpa nahIM liyaa| vahAM to vaha guru-ziSya paramparA se pravAhita hotA huA mAnA gayA hai| vastuta: vaha vAcanika paramparA bauddhoM kI saMgIti paramparA kI anukRti mAtra hai| vAcanAoM ke kAraNa Agama surakSita raha sake, anyathA ve aura bhI vikRta ho jaate| zruta kI maulikatA uparyukta vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se zvetAmbara paramparA ne dRSTivAda ko chor3akara samUce Agama sAhitya ko suvyavasthita karane kA yathAzakya prayatna kiyaa| parantu digambara paramparA ise svIkAra nahIM krtii| usakI dRSTi meM to lagabhaga sampUrNa Agama sAhitya kramaza: lupta hotA gyaa| jo AMzika jJAna surakSita rahA usI ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama Adi granthoM kI racanA kI gii| para ise bhI hama bilakula satya nahIM kaha skte| yaha adhika sambhava hai ki zrutAgamoM meM kiye gaye parivartanoM ko lakSyakara digambara paramparA ne unheM 'lupta' kaha diyA ho aura saMgharSa ke kSetra se dUra ho gaye hoN| DaoN0 viNTaranitsa bhI samUce AgamoM ko prAcIna nahIM sviikaarte| lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM ke bIca parivartana-parivardhana honA svAbhAvika hai| becaradAsa dosI ne mUlAgama aura upalabdha Agama meM antara spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki balabhI meM saMgRhIta aMga sAhitya kI sthiti ke sAtha 1. samaya sundaragaNIracita samAcArI zataka. 2. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA, pR. 543. 3. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR. 431-434. 2010_04

Page #56
bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya ke aMga sAhitya kI tulanA karane vAle ko do sautele bhAiyoM ke bIca jitanA antara hotA hai utanA antara-bheda mAlUma honA sarvathA sambhava ho| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM acelakatA ko sthAna-sthAna para upAdeya aura zraddhAspada mAnA hai tathA sacelakatA ko bhAva kI pradhAnatA kA tarka dekara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 jaikobI aura vebara bhI AgamoM meM parivartana-parivardhana ko svIkAra karate haiN| yaha isase bhI spaSTa hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM jo udAharaNa AgamoM se diye gaye haiM ve Aja upalabdha AgamoM meM aprApya haiN| ___ jo bhI ho, yaha nizcita hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa bAda jo ye Agama saMkalita kiye gaye, unameM parivartana-parivardhana avazya hue haiN| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra, uttarAdhyayana Adi granthoM meM varNita kucha viSaya spaSTata: uttarakAlIna pratIta hote haiN| unakA anta: - bAhya parIkSaNa kara samaya nirdhAraNa karanA atyAvazyaka hai| AgamoM meM "aDhe paNNatte'', "suyaM me AusaM teNa bhagavayA evamattha' Adi jaise zabda bhI parivartana-parivardhana ke sUcaka haiN| digambara paramparA upalabdha ina AgamoM ko unake maulika rUpa meM svIkAra kara letI to Aja AgamoM kA eka nikharA rUpa sAmane rahA hotaa| prAkRta sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa digambara paramparA meM paramparAgata zAstroM ke lie prAyaH 'zruta' aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'Agama' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zruta kA artha hai ve zAstra jinheM gaNadhara tIrthaGkaroM se sunakara racanA karate haiM aura 'Agama' kA artha hai paramparA se AyA huaa| donoM zabdoM kA tAtparya lagabhaga samAna hai isalie kahIM-kahIM donoM paramparAyeM ina donoM zabdoM kA upayoga karatI huI bhI dikhAI detI haiN| isI sandarbha meM aMga, paramAgama, sUtra, siddhAnta Adi zabdoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| bauddha tripiTaka ke samAna jainAgama ko bhI AcAryoM ne 'gaNipiTaka' kahA hai|3 ina zruta athavA AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kiyA aura use gautama gaNadhara ne yathArIti granthoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| yahA~ hama suvidhA kI dRSTi se prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko nimna bhAgoM meM vibhakta 1. jaina sAhitya meM vikAra, pR. 23. 2. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR. 543. 3. bhagavatI satra. 253. 2010_04

Page #57
sAhityA kara sakate haiM - (i) Agama sAhitya (ii) Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya (iii) karmasAhitya (iv) siddhAnta sAhitya (v) AcAra sAhitya (vi) vidhi-vidhAna aura bhakti sAhitya (vii) kathA sAhitya, aura (viii) lAkSaNika saahity| 1. Agama sAhitya prAkRta jainAgama sAhitya kI do paramparAoM se hama suparicita hai hii| digamba paramparA to use lupta mAnatI hai, parantu zvetAmbara paramparA meM use aMga, upAMra mUlasUtra, chedasUtra aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| unakA saMkSiA paricaya isa prakAra hai| ina dvAdazAMgoM kI racanA pUrva grantha paramparA para AdhAri rahI hai| aMga sAhitya ____ aMga sAhitya ke pUrvokta bAraha bheda haiM jinake kula padoM kA yoga 4150200 hai| inakI ullikhita viSaya sAmagrI aura upalabdha viSaya sAmagrI meM bara antara hai| 1. AcArAMga yaha do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM sattha pariNNA A nau adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM paaNc| prathama zrutaskandha meM pANipa sAdhuoM kA koI ullekha bhale hI na ho para usakA jhukAva acelakatA kI 3 avazya hai| ata: yaha bhAga prAcInatara hai| pANipAtrI sAdhuoM ke astitva / uttarakAlIna vikAsa kA pariNAma bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dvitIya zrutaska cUlikA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai jinakI saMkhyA pAMca hai| cAra cUlikAyeM AcAra 1. dekhiye, bha, mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, adhyAya 2010_04

Page #58
meM aura paJcama cUlikA vistRta hone ke kAraNa pRthak rUpa meM nizIthasUtra' ke nAma se nibaddha hai| yaha bhAga prathama zrutaskandha ke uttarakAla kA hai| isa grantha meM gadya aura padya donoM kA prayoga huA hai| isameM muniyoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA vizeSa varNana hai| mahAvIra kI caryA kA bhI vistRta ullekha huA hai| niyuktikAra kI dRSTi se dvitIya zrutaskandha sthavirakRta hai| mahAvIra kA jIvana bhI yahA~ camatkArAtmaka DhaMga se milatA hai| 2. sUyagaDaMga -- isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya kA vivecana hai| ise do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 adhyayana haiM - samaya, veyAliya, upasarga, strIparijJA, narakavibhakti, vIrastava, kuzIla, vIrya, dharma, samAdhi, mArga, samavazaraNa, yathAtathya, grantha AdAna, gAthA aura brAhmaNa - zramaNa nirgrantha / dvitIya zrutaskandha meM sAta adhyayana haiM - puNDarIka, kriyAsthAna, AhAraparijJA, pratyAkhyAnakriyA, AcArazruta, ArdrakIya tathA nAlandIya / prathama zrutaskandha ke viSaya ko hI yahA~ vistAra se kahA gayA hai| ataH niyuktikAra ne ise " mahA adhyayana" kI saMjJA dI hai| isa grantha meM mUlataH kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda Adi matoM kA prasthApana aura usakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha khaNDana - maNDana paramparA se jur3A huA hai| 3. ThANAMga isameM dasa adhyayana haiM aura 783 sUtra haiM jinameM aMguttaranikAya ke samAna eka se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka saMkhyAkrama ke anusAra jaina siddhAnta para AdhArita vastu saMsthAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI uttarakAlIna paramparAoM ko bhI sthAna milA hai| jaise naveM adhyayana ke tRtIya uddezaka meM mahAvIra ke 9 gaNoM kA ullekha hai| sAta nihnavoM kA bhI yahA~ ullekha milatA hai jamAli, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSThAmAhila / inameM prathama do ke atirikta sabhI nihnavoM kI utpatti mahAvIra ke bAda hI huI / pravrajyA, sthavira, lekhana- paddhati Adi se sambaddha sAmagrI kI dRSTi se yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA samaya lagabhaga caturtha paMcama I0 zatI nizcita kI jA sakatI hai| 4. samavAyAMga isameM kula 275 sUtra haiM jinameM ThANAMga ke samAna saMkhyAkrama se nizcita vastuoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yahAM koI krama to nahIM para usI 2010_04

Page #59
52 kA AdhAra lekara saMkhyAkrama sahasra aura koTAkoTi taka pahu~cI hai| ThANAMga ke samAna yahA~ bhI mahAvIra ke bAda kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| udAharaNata: 100veM sUtra meM gaNadhara indrabhUti aura sudharmA ke nirvANa se sambaddha ghttnaa| ThANAMga aura samavAyAMga kI eka viziSTa zailI hai, jisake kAraNa inake prakaraNoM meM ekasUtratA ke sthAna para viSayavaividhya adhika dikhAI detA hai| isameM bhaugolika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI bharI huI hai| inakI zailI aMguttaranikAya aura puggalapaNNatti kI zailI se milatI-julatI hai| 5. viyAhapaNNatti grantha kI vizAlatA aura upayogitA ke kAraNa ise 'bhagavatIsUtra' bhI kaha jAtA hai| isameM gaNadhara gautama ke 6000 prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara nibaddha haiN| adhikAMza prazna svarga, naraka, candra, sUrya Adi se sambaddha haiN| isameM 41 zataka haiM jinameM 837 sUtra haiN| prathama zataka adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| Age ke zataka isI kI vyAkhyA karate hae dikhAI dete haiN| yahA~ makkhali gosAla kA vistRta carita bhI milatA hai| buddha ko chor3akara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya aura parivrAjaka, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA paramparAbheda, svapnaprakAra, javaNijja (yApanIya) saMgha, vaizAlI meM hue do mahAyuddha, vanaspatizAstra, jIva prakAra Adi ke viSaya meM yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI detA hai| isameM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA racita nandisUtra kA bhI ullekha hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki isa mahAgrantha meM mahAvIra ke bAda kI lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI paramparAoM kA saMkalana hai| isakI viSaya-sUcI bhI bar3I lambI-caur3I hai| isameM gadyasUtra 5293 aura padyasUtra 160 haiN| 6. nAyAdhammakahAo isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa lokapracalita dharmakathAoM kA nibandha hai, jisameM saMyama, tapa, tyAga Adi kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| isa grantha / do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM nIti kathAoM se sambaddha unnIsa adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM meM dharmakathAyeM saMkalita haiN| zailI rocava aura AkarSaka hai| isameM meghakumAra, dhannA aura vijaya cora, sAgaradatta aura jinadatta kacchapa aura zRMgAla, zailaka muni aura zuka parivrAjaka, tumba, rohaNI, malli bhAkaMdI, durdara, amAtya temali, draupadI, puNDarIka, kuNDarIka, gajasukumAla, nandamaNiyAra Adi kI kathAyeM saMkalita haiN| ye kathAyeM ghaTanA pradhAna tathA nATakIya tattvoM se Apara haiN| sAMskRtika mahattva kI sAmagrI bhI isameM sannihita haiN| 2010_04

Page #60
7. uvAsagadasAo isameM dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM kramaza: Ananda, kAmadeva, culinIpriya, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakaulika, saddAlaputra, mahAzataka, nandinIpitA aura sAlatiyApitA ina dasa upAsakoM kA caritra-citraNa hai| ina zrAvakoM ko pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata ina bAraha aNuvratoM kA niraticAra pUrvaka pAlana karate hue dharmArtha sAdhanA meM tatpara batAyA hai| ise AcArAMga kA paripUraka grantha kahA jA sakatA hai| gRhasthAcAra ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se isakA vizeSa mahattva hai| 8. aMtagaDadasAo isa aMga meM aise strI-puruSoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne saMsAra kA anta kara nirvANa prApta kiyA hai| isameM ATha varga haiN| hara varga kisI na kisI mumukSu se sambaddha hai| yahA~ gautama, samudra, sAgara, gambhIra, gajasukumAla, kRSNa, padmAvatI, arjunamAlI, atimukta Adi mahAnubhAvoM kA caritra-citraNa upalabdha hai| paurANika aura caritakAvyoM ke lie ye kathAnaka bIjabhUta mAne jA sakate haiN| isakA samaya lagabhaga 2-3rI zatI honA caahie| 9. aNuttarovavAiyadasAo isa grantha meM aise mahApuruSoM kA varNana hai jo apane tapa aura saMyama se anuttara vimAnoM meM utpanna hue aura usake bAda ve muktigAmI hote haiN| yaha aMga tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama varga meM 20, dvitIya varga meM 13 aura tRtIya varga meM 10 adhyayana haiN| jAli, mahAjAli, abhayakumAra Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA prathama varga meM, dIrghasena, mahAsena, siMhasena, Adi teraha rAjakumAroM kA dvitIya varga meM, aura dhanyakumAra, rAmaputra, vehalla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA bhogamaya aura tapomaya jIvana kA citraNa tRtIya varga meM milatA hai| yahAM anuttaropapAtikoM kI avasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 10. paNhavAgaraNAI isameM praznottara ke mAdhyama se parasamaya (jainetaramata) kA khaNDana kara svasamaya kI sthApanA kI hai| isake do bhAga haiN| prathama bhAga meM hiMsAdika pApa rUpa AzravoM kA aura dvitIya bhAga meM ahiMsAdi pAMca vrata rUpa saMvara dvAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI sandarbha meM mantra, tantra aura cAmatkArika vidyAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| sambhavata: yaha grantha uttarakAlIna hai| 2010_04

Page #61
54 11. vivAgasuyaM isa grantha meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie bIsa kathAoM kA Alekhana kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAoM meM mRgAputra nandiSeNa Adi kI jIvana gAthAyeM azubha karma ke phala ko aura subAhu, bhadranandI Adi kI jIva gAthAyeM zubhakarma ke phala ko vyakta karatI haiN| varNanakrama se patA calatA hai ki yaha grantha bhI uttarakAlIna honA caahie| 12. diTThivAya zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra yaha grantha lupta ho gayA hai, jabaki digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama Adi Agamika grantha isI ke bheda-prabhedoM para AdhArita haiN| samavAyAMga meM isake pAMca vibhAga kiye gaye haiM - parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| isameM vibhinna darzanoM kI carcA rahI hogii| pUrvagata vibhAga ke utpAdapUrva Adi caudaha bheda haiN| anuyoga bhI do prakAra ke haiM - prathamAnayoga aura gnnddikaanuyog| cUlikAyeM kahIM battIsa aura kahIM pAMca batAyI gaI haiN| unakA sambandha mantra-tantrAdi se rahA hogaa| vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha eka vizAlakAya grantha rahA hogaa| upAMga sAhitya . vaidika aMgopAMgoM ke samAna jainAgama ke bhI uparyukta bAraha aMgoM ke bAraha upAMga mAne jAte haiN| parantu aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhA jAya to upAMgoM ke krama kA aMgoM ke krama se koI sambandha nahIM baitthtaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM upAMgoM kA varNana bhI nahIM aataa| isalie inheM uttarakAlIna mAnA jAnA caahie| ye upAMga isa prakAra haiM - 1. uvavAiya isameM 43 sUtra haiM aura unameM sAdhakoM kA punarjanma kahA~-kahA~ hotA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM 72 kalAoM aura vibhinna parivrAjakoM kA varNana milatA hai| 2. rAyapaseNiya isa grantha meM 217 sUtra haiN| prathama bhAga meM sUryAbhadeva kA varNana hai aura 1. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kA grantha bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, pAtharDI, 1975. 2010_04

Page #62
dvitIya bhAga meM kezI aura pradezI ke bIca jIva-ajIva viSayaka saMvAda kA varNana hai| isameM darzana, sthApatya, saMgIta aura nATyakalA kI viziSTa sAmagrI sannihita hai| 3. jIvAbhigama ___isameM 9 prakaraNa aura 272 sUtra haiM, jinameM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| TIkAkAra malayagiri ne ise ThANAMga kA upAMga mAnA hai| isameM astra, vastra, dhAtu, bhavana Adi ke prakAra diye gaye haiN| 4. paNNavaNA isa grantha meM 349 sUtra haiM aura unameM jIva se sambandha rakhane vAle 36 padoM kA pratipAdana hai -- prajJApanA, sthAna, yoni, bhASA, kaSAya, indriya, lezyA aadi| isake kartA Arya zyAmAcArya haiM, jo mahAvIra parinirvANa ke 376 varSa bAda avasthita the| ise samavAyAMgasUtra kA upAMga mAnA gayA hai| vRkSa, tRNa, auSadhiyA~, paMcendriyajIva, manuSya, sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM Adi kA varNana milatA hai| 5. suriyapaNNatti ___ isa grantha meM 20 pAhuDa aura 108 sUtra haiM, jinameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI gati Adi kA varNana milatA hai| isa para bhadrabAhu ne niyukti aura malayagiri ne TIkA likhI hai| 6. jambUdIvapaNNatti ___ yaha grantha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai - pUrvArddha aura uttraarddh| pUrvArddha meM cAra aura uttarArddha meM tIna vakSaskAra (pariccheda) haiM tathA kula 176 sUtra haiM jinameM jambUdvIpa, bharatakSetra, nadI, parvata, kulakara Adi kA varNana hai| yaha nAyAdhammakahAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| 7. candapaNNatti ... isameM bIsa prAbhRta haiM aura unameM candra kI gati Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| ise uvAsagadasAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| 8. nirayAvaliyA : nirayAvaliyA athavA kappiyA meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNTha, sukaNha mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, piuseNakaNha aura 2010_04

Page #63
mahAseNakaNha kA varNana hai| 9. kapyAvaDisiyA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM pauma, mahApauma, bhadda, subhadda, paumabhadda paumaseNa, paumagumma, naliNigumma, ANaMda va naMdaNa kA varNana hai| 10. puphiyA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM caMda, sUra, sukka, bahuputtiyA, putrabhadda gaNibhadda, datta, siva, bala aura aNADhiya kA varNana hai| 11. pupphacUlA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM -- siri, hiri, dhiti, kitti, buddhi, lacchI ilAdevI, surAdevI, rasadevI aura gndhdevii| 12. vahidasAo isameM bAraha adhyayana haiM - nisar3ha, mAani, vaha, vaNha, pagatA, juttI dasaraha, daDharaha, mahAdhaNU, sattaghaNU, dasaghaNU aura sydhnnuu| _ye upAMga sAMskRtika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| AThaveM upAMga se leka bArahaveM upAMga taka ko samaya rUpa meM 'nirayAvalio' bhI kahA gayA hai| mUlasUtra _ DaoN0 zubriga ke anusAra inameM sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza garbhita hai isalie inheM mUlasUtra kahA jAtA hai| upAMgoM ke samAna mUlasUtroM ka bhI ullekha prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| inakI mUlasaMkhyA meM bhI matabheda hai| koI inakI saMkhyA tIna mAnatA hai - uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dazavaikAlika aura kucha vidvAnoM ne piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti ko sammilita kara unake saMkhyA cAra kara dI hai| 1. uttarajjhAyaNa bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha sUtra prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| isakI tulana pAli tripiTaka ke suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi granthoM se kI gaI hai| isakA adhyayana AcArAMgAdi ke adhyayana ke bAda kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki isa racanA uttarakAla meM huI ho| uttarAdhyayana meM 36 adhyayana hai jinameM naitika, saiddhAntiva aura kathAtmaka viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| inameM kucha jinabhASita hai| 2010_04

Page #64
kucha pratyekabuddhoM dvArA prarUpita haiM aura kucha saMvAda rUpa meM kahe gaye haiN| 2. Avassaya isameM chaH nitya kriyAoM kA chaH adhyAyoM meM varNana hai| caturviMzatistava, vandana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / 3. dasaveyAliya ke lie isake racayitA Aryasambhava haiN| unhoMne isakI racanA apane putra kI thii| vikAla arthAt sandhyA meM par3he jAne ke kAraNa ise dasaveyAliya kahA jAtA hai| yaha dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM muni AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 57 4. piNDaniryukti isameM ATha adhikAra aura 971 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA Adi doSoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| 5. oghaniyukti isameM 811 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM pratilekhana, piNDa, upAdhi - nirUpaNa, anAyatanavarjana, pratisevanA, AlocanA aura vizuddhi kA nirUpaNa hai / chedasUtra sAmAyika, zramaNadharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko samajhane kI dRSTi se chedasUtroM kA viziSTa mahattva hai inameM utsarga (sAmAnya vidhAna), apavAda, doSa aura prAyazcitta vidhAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA 9 hai dasAsuyakkhandha, bRhatkalpa, vavahAra, nisIha, mahAnisIha aura paMcakappa athavA jItakappa / - 2010_04 1. dasAsuyakkhandha dasAsuyakkhandha athavA AyAradasA meM dasa adhyayana haiN| unameM kramazaH asamAdhi ke kAraNa zabaladoSa (hastakarma maithuna Adi), AzAtanA (avajJA), gaNisampadA, cittasamAdhi, upAsaka-pratimA, bhikSu pratimA, paryUSaNAkalpa, mohanIyasthAna aura AyAtisthAna (nidAna) kA varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvanacarita kI dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai / isake racayitA niryuktikAra se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN|

Page #65
2. bRhatkalpa isameM cha: uddeza haiM, jinameM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke nivAsa, vihAra, AhAra, Asana Adi se sambaddha vividha niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isake bhI racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| yaha grantha gadya meM likhA gayA hai| 3. vavahAra isameM dasa uddeza aura 300 sUtra haiN| unameM AhAra, vihAra, vaiyAvRtti, sAdhu-sAdhvI kA pArasparika vyavahAra, gRhagamana, dIkSAvidhAna Adi viSayoM para sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| isa grantha ke bhI kartA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| 4. nisIha isameM bIsa uddeza aura lagabhaga 1500 sUtra haiN| inameM gUrumAsika, laghumAsika aura gurucAturmAsika prAyazcitta se sambaddha kriyAoM kA varNana hai| 5. mahAnisIha isameM cha: adhyayana hai aura do cUlikAeM haiM jinameM lagabhaga 4554 zloka haiN| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha grantha adhika prAcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| vinaSTa mahAnisItha ko haribhadrasUri ne saMzodhita kiyA aura siddhasena tathA jinadAsagaNi ne use mAnya kiyaa| karmavipAka, tAntrika prayoga, saMghasvarUpa, Adi para vistAra se vahA~ carcA kI gaI hai| 6. jItakalpa isakI racanA jinadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne 103 gAthAoM meM kI hai| isameM AtmA kI vizuddhi ke lie jIta arthAt prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| isameM AlocanA, pratikramaNa, ubhaya, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, cheda, mUla, anavasthApya aura pArAMcika bhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| cUlikA sUtra cUlikAyeM grantha ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiN| inameM aise viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai jinheM AcArya anya kisI grantha-prakAra meM sammilita nahIM kara ske| nandI aura anuyogadvAra kI gaNanA cUlikAsUtroM meM kI jAtI hai| ye sUtra apekSAkRta arvAcIna haiN| nandIsUtra gadya-padya meM likhA gayA hai| isameM 90 gAthAyeM aura 59 gadyasUtra haiN| isakA kula parimANa lagabhaga 700 zloka hogaa| isake racayitA dUSyagaNi ke ziSya devavAcaka mAne jAte haiM, jo devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa 2010_04

Page #66
se bhinna haiN| isameM paMcajJAnoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| sthavirAvalI aura zrutajJAna ke bheda-prabheda kI dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai / anuyogadvAra meM nikSepa paddhati se jainadharma ke mUlabhUta viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| isameM naya, nikSepa, pramANa, anugama Adi kA vistRta varNana hai / granthamAna lagabhaga 2000 zloka pramANa hai, isameM adhikAMzataH gadya bhAga hai / prakIrNaka isa vibhAga meM aise grantha sammilita kiye gaye haiM jinakI racanA tIrthaGkaroM dvArA pravedita upadeza ke AdhAra para AcAryoM ne kI hai| aise Agamika granthoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 14000 mAnI gaI hai, parantu balabhI vAcanA ke samaya nimnalikhita dasa granthoM kA hI samAveza kiyA gayA hai causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, mahApaccakkhANa, bhattapaiNNA, taMdulaveyAliya, saMthAraka, gacchAyAra, gaNivijjA, deviMdathaha, aura maraNasamAhi / 'causaraNa' meM 63 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM arihanta, siddha, sAdhu evaM kevalikathita dharma ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai| ise vIrabhadrakRta mAnA jAtA hai| 'AurapaccakkhANa' meM vIrabhadra ne 70 gAthAoM meM bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| mahApaccakkhANa meM 142 gAthAyeM hai, jinameM vratoM aura ArAdhanAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'bhattapaiNNA' meM 172 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM vIrabhadra ne bhaktaparijJA, iMginI aura pAdopagamana rUpa maraNa bhedoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| 'taMdulaveyAliya' meM 139 gAthAeM hai aura unameM garbhAvasthA, strI svabhAva tathA saMsAra kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'saMthAraka' meM 123 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM mRtyuzayyA kA varNana hai| 'gacchAyAra' meM 130 gAthAyeM hai jinameM gaccha meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sadhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai / 'gaNivijjA' meM 80 gAthAyeM hai jinameM divasa, tithi, nakSatra, karaNa, muhUrta Adi kA varNana hai| deviMdathaha (307 gA.) meM devendra kI stuti hai| maraNasamAhi (663 gA.) meM ArAdhanA, ArAdhaka, AlocanA, sallekhanA kSamAyApana Adi para vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 59 - ina prakIrNakoM ke atirikta titthogAliya, ajIvakappa, siddhapAhuDa, ArAhaNa pahAA, dIvasAyarapaNNatti, joisakaraMDava, aMgavijjA, piMDavisohi, tihipaiNNaga, sArAvali, pajjaMtArAhaNA, jIvavihatti, kavacapakaraNa aura jogipAhuDa granthoM ko bhI prakIrNaka zreNI meM sammilita kiyA jAtA hai / 2010_04 Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya uparyukta ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para yathAsamaya niyukti bhASya, cUrNi

Page #67
60 TIkA vivaraNa, vRtti, avacUrNI paMjikA evaM vyAkhyA rUpa meM vipula sAhitya kI racanA huI hai| inameM AcAryoM ne Agamagata durbodha sthaloM ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa vidyA meM niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / niryukti sAhitya jisa prakAra yAska ne vaidika pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie nirukta kI racanA kI usI prakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne Agamika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie niyuktiyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| ye niryuktiyA~ nimnalikhita dasa granthoM para likhI gaI haiN| Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, sUryaprajJapti aura Rssibhaassit| inameM antima do niyuktiyA~ upalabdha nhiiN| ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA prAkRta padyoM meM huI haiN| bIca-bIca meM kathAoM aura dRSTAntoM ko bhI niyojita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI niyuktiyoM kI racanA nikSepa paddhati meM huI hai| isa paddhati meM zabdoM ke aprAsaMgika arthoM ko chor3akara prAsaMgika arthoM kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai| 'Avazyakaniyukti' meM cha: adhyayana haiM-- sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / isameM saptanihnava tathA bhagavAn RSabhadeva aura mahAvIra ke caritra kA Alekhana huA hai| isa niyukti para jinabhadra, jinadAsagaNi, haribhadra, koTyAcArya, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra, mANikyazekhara Adi AcAryoM ne vyAkhyA grantha likhe| isameM lagabhaga 1650 gAthAyeM haiM / 'dazavaikAlikaniryukti' (341 gA.) meM deza, kAla Adi zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra huA hai| uttarAdhyayananiyukti (607 gA.) meM vividha dhArmika aura laukika kathAoM dvArA sUtrArtha ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMganiryukti (347 gA.) meM AcAra, aMga, brahma, caraNa Adi zabdoM kA artha nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMganiryukti (205 gA.) meM matamatAntaroM kA varNana hai / dazAzrutaskandha niryukti meM samAdhi, sthAna, dasazruta Adi kA varNana hai| yaha niyukti bRhatkalpaniryukti ( 559 gA.) aura vyavahAraniryukti ke samAna alpamizrita avasthA meM upalabdha hotI hai| inake atirikta piNDaniryukti, oghaniryukti, paMcakalpaniryukti, nizIthaniyukti aura saMsaktaniyukti bhI milatI hai / bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se ina niyuktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| bhASya sAhitya niryuktiyoM meM pracchanna gUr3ha viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie bhASya likhe gaye / 2010_04

Page #68
jina Agama granthoM para bhASya milate haiM ve haiM -- Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa, paMcakalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, jItakalpa, oghaniyukti aura pinnddniyukti| ye sabhI bhASya padyabaddha prAkRta meM haiN| AvazyakasUtra para tIna bhASya milate haiM - mUlabhASya, bhASya aura vishessaavshykbhaassy| "vizeSAvazyakabhASya" AvazyakasUtra kA prathama adhyayana mAtra sAmAyika para likhA gayA hai phira bhI usameM 3603 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM AcArya jinabhadra (lagabhaga vi0 saM0 650-660) ne jaina jJAna aura tattvamImAMsA kI dRSTi se sAmagrI ko saMkalita kiyA hai| yoga, maMgala, paMcajJAna, sAmAyika, nikSepa, anuyoga, gaNadharavAda, AtmA aura karma, aSTanihnava, prAyazcittavidhAna Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| jinabhadra kA hI dUsarA bhASya 'jItakalpa' (103 gA.) para hai| jisameM prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai| isI para eka svopajJabhASya (2606 gAthAyeM) bhI milatA hai jisameM bRhatkalpa, laghubhASya, vyavahArabhASya, paMcakalpa, mahAbhASya, piNDaniyukti Adi kI gAthAyeM zabdaza: uddhRta haiN| bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiM jinhoMne ise chaH uddezoM aura 6490 gAthAoM meM pUrA kiyaa| isameM jinakalpika aura sthavirakalpika sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AhAra-vihAra, nivAsa Adi kA sUkSma varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAMskRtika sAmagrI se yaha grantha bharA huA hai| inhIM AcArya kA paMcakalpamahAbhASya (2665 gA.) bhI milatA hai| bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke samAna bRhatkalpa bRhadbhASya bhI likhA gayA hai para durbhAgya se abhI taka vaha apUrNa hI upalabdha huA hai| isa sandarbha meM vyavahArabhASya (dasa uddeza), oghaniyukti laghubhASya (322 gA.), oghaniyukti bRhadbhASya (2597 gA.) aura piNDaniyukti bhASya (46 gA.) bhI ullekhanIya hai| cUrNi sAhitya Agama sAhitya para niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM ke atirikta cUrNiyoM kI bhI racanA huI hai| para ve padya meM na hokara gadya meM haiM aura zuddha prAkRta bhASA meM na hokara prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita haiN| sAmAnyata: yahA~ saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta kA prayoga adhika huA hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsagaNi mahattara aura siddhasena sUri agragaNya haiN| jinadAsagaNi mahattara (lagabhaga vi0saM0 650-750) ne nandi, anuyogadvAra, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, bRhatkalpa, vyAkhyAprajJapti, nizItha aura dazAzruttaskandha para cUrNiyA~ likhI haiM tathA jItakalpa cUrNi ke kartA siddhasena sUri (vi0saM0 1227) haiN| inake atirikta 2010_04

Page #69
jIvAbhigama, mahAnizItha, vyavahAra, jambUdvIpaprajJapti Adi granthoM para bhI cUrNiyAM likhI gaI haiN| ina cUrNiyoM meM sAMskRtika tathA kathAtmaka sAmagrI bharI huI hai| TIkA sAhitya Agama ko aura bhI spaSTa karane ke lie TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiN| inakI bhASA pradhAnata: saMskRta hai para kathA bhAga adhikAMzataH prAkRta meM milatA hai| Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, nandI aura anuyogadvAra para haribhadrasUri (lagabhaga 700-770 I0) kI, AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para zIlAMkAcArya (vi0saM0 lagabhaga 900-1000) kI, uttarAdhyayana para ziSyahitA TIkA zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) kI tathA sukhabodhA TIkA devendragaNi aparanAma nemicandrasUri kI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta TIkAoM, vivaraNoM aura kRtiyoM kI to eka lambI saMkhyA hai jisakA ullekha karanA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hogaa| __karma sAhitya pUrvokta Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| ise paramparAnusAra zvetAmbara sampradAya svIkAra karatA hai parantu digambara sampradAya kinhIM kAraNoMvaza use 'lupta' huA mAnatA hai| usake anusAra lupta Agama kA AMzika jJAna muni paramparA meM surakSita rhaa| usI ke AdhAra para AcArya dharasena ke sAnnidhya meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA huii| SaTkhaNDAgama 'dRSTivAda' nAmaka bArahaveM aMga ke antargata agrAyaNI nAmaka dvitIya pUrva ke cayanalabdhi nAmaka pA~caveM adhikAra ke caturtha pAhuDa (prAbhRta) karma prakRti para AdhArita hai| isalie ise karmaprAbhRta bhI kahA jAtA hai| isake prArambhika bhAga satprarUpaNA ke racayitA puSpadanta haiM aura zeSa bhAga ko AcArya bhUtabali ne racA hai| inakA samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke 600-700 varSa bAda mAnA jAtA hai| satprarUpaNA meM 177 sUtra haiN| zeSa grantha 6000 sUtroM meM racita karma prAbhRta ke chaH khaNDa haiM- jIvaTThANa (2375 sUtra), khuddabandha (1582 sUtra), bandhasAmittavicaya (324 sUtra), vedanA (1449 sUtra), vaggaNA (982 sUtra aura mahAbandha (sAta adhikaar)| inameM karma aura unakI vividha prakRtiyoM kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| isa para nimnalikhita TIkAyeM racI gaI haiN| ina TIkAoM meM 'dhavalA' TIkA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI, anupalabdha haiN| inakI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai 1. SaTakhaNDAgama pustaka 1, prastAvanA, pR. 21-31. 2010_04

Page #70
63 i) prathama tIna khaNDoM para kundakundAcArya kI prAkRta TIkA (12000 zloka pramANa) ii) prathama pA~ca khaNDoM para zAstrakuNDakRta paddhatinAmaka prAkRta-saMskRta-kannaDa mizrita TIkA (12000 zloka prmaann)| iii) chaThe khaNDa para tumbUlAcAryakRta prAkRta paJjikA (60000 zloka pramANa iv) vIrasena (816 I0) kI prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita TIkA (72000 zloka pramANa) dRSTivAda ke hI jJAnapravAda nAmaka pA~caveM pUrva kI dasavIM vastu ke pejjadosa nAmaka tRtIya prAbhRta se 'kaSAyaprAbhRta' (kasAya pAhuDa) kI utpatti huii| ise 'pejjadosapAhuDa' bhI kahA gayA hai| AcArya guNadhara ne isakI racanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda kii| isameM 1600 pada evaM 180 kiMvA 233 gAthAyeM aura 15 arthAdhikAra haiN| isa para yativRSabha ne vikrama kI chaThI zatI meM chaH hajAra zloka pramANa cUrNisUtra rcii| usa para vIrasena ne san1874 meM bIsa hajAra zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhii| isa adhUrI TIkA ko unake ziSya jayasena (jinasena) ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA aura likhakara grantha samApta kiyaa| inake atirikta uccAraNAcAryakRta uccAraNavRtti, zAmakuNDakRta paddhatiTIkA, tumbUlAcAryakRta cUr3AmaNivyAkhyA tathA vappadevagurukRta vyAkhyAprajJaptivRtti nAmaka TIkAoM kA ullekha milatA hai para Aja ve upalabdha nahIM haiN| ina sabhI TIkA granthoM meM karma kI vividha vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI ne vikrama kI 11vIM zatI meM 'gomaTTasAra' kI racanA kii| ve cAmuNDarAya ke guru the jinheM gomaTTarAya bhI kahA jAtA thaa| gomaTTasAra ke do bhAga haiM- jIvakANDa (733 gA.) aura karmakANDa (972 gaa.)| jIvakANDa meM jIva, sthAna, kSudrabandha, bandhasvAmI aura vedanA ina pA~ca viSayoM kA vivecana hai| karmakANDa meM karma ke bheda-prabhedoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isI lekhaka kI 'labdhisAra' (261 gA.) nAmaka eka aura racanA milatI hai| lagabhaga AThavIM zatI meM likhI kisI ajJAta vidvAn kI 'paJcasaMgraha' (1309 gA.) nAmaka kRti bhI upalabdha huI hai| isameM karmastava Adi pA~ca prakaraNa haiN| prAya: ye sabhI grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiN| AcArya kundakunda, baTTakara aura zivArya ke sAhitya ko isameM aura jor3a diyA jAya to yaha samUcA sAhitya digambara sampradAya kA Agama sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai| 2010_04

Page #71
64 ina granthoM ke atirikta zivazarmasUri (vi. kI pA~cavIM zatI) kI karmaprakRti (475 gA.), usa para kisI ajJAta vidvAn kI sAta hajAra zloka pramANa cUrNi, vIrazekharavijaya kI Thiibandha (876 gA.) tathA khavagaseDhI-aura candarsi mahattara kA paJcasaMgraha (1000 gA.) viziSTa karmagrantha haiN| garSi (vi. kI 10vIM zatI) kA kammavivAga, ajJAta kavi kA karmastava aura bandhasvAmitva, jinavallabhagaNi kI SaDazIti, zivazarmasUri kA zataka aura ajJAta kavi kI saptatatikA ye prAcIna SaT karmagrantha kahe jAte haiN| jinaballabhagaNi (vi. kI 12vIM zatI) kA sArdhazataka (155 gA.) bhI smaraNIya hai| devendrasUri (13vIM zatI) ke karmavipAka (60 gA.), karmastava (34 gA.), bandhasvAmitva (24 gA.), SaDazIti (46 gA.) aura zataka (100 gA.) ina pA~ca granthoM ko 'navyakarmagrantha' kahA jAtA hai| jinabhadragaNi kI vizeSaNavati, vijayavimalagaNi (vi.saM. 1623) kA bhAvaprakaraNa (30gA.), harSakulagaNi (16vIM zatI) kA bandhahetUdayatribhaMgI (65 gA.) aura vijayavimalagaNi (17vIM zatI) kA bandhodayasattAprakaraNa (24 gA.) grantha bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya hai| siddhAnta sAhitya karmasAhitya ke atirikta kucha aura grantha haiM jinheM hama Agama ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| ina granthoM ke AcArya kundakunda (prathama zatI) ke pavayaNasAra (175 gA.), samayasAra (415 gA.), niyamasAra (187 gA.), paMcatthikAyasaMgahasutta (173 gA.), daMsaNapAhuDa (36 gA.), cArittapAhuDa (44 gA.), suttapAhuDa (27 gA.), bodhapAhuDa (62 gA.), bhAvapAhuDa (166 gA.), mokkhapAhuDa (106 gA.), liMgapAhuDa (22 gA.) aura sIlapAhuDa (40 gA.) pradhAna grantha haiN| inameM nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kI vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta karane kA mArga batAyA gayA hai| inakI bhASA zaurasenI hai| ____ anekAnta kA samyak vivecana karane vAloM meM AcArya siddhasena (5-6 vIM zatI) zIrSastha haiM jinhoMne 'sammaisutta' (167 gA.) racakara prAkRta meM dArzanika grantha praNayana kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| yaha grantha tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hainaya, upayoga aura anekaantvaad| abhayadeva ne isa para 2500 zloka pramANa tattvabodhAyinI nAmaka TIkA likhii| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| isI prakAra AcArya devasena kA laghunayacandra (67 gA.) aura mAiladhavala kA vRhannayacakra (423 gA.) bhI isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| kisI ajJAta kavi kA jIvasamAsa (286 gA.), zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) 2010_04

Page #72
kA jIvavicAra (51 gA.), abhayadevasUri kA paNNavaNAtaiyapayasaMgahaNI (133 pA.), ajJAta kavi kI jIvAjIvAbhigamasaMgahaNI (223 gA.), jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa kA samayakhittasamAsa (637 gA.), rAjazekharasUri kI kSetravicAraNA (367 gA.), nemicandrasUri kA pavayaNa sAroddhAra (1599 gA.), somatilakasUri (vi.saM. 1373) kA sattarisaya ThANapayaraNa (359 gA.), devasari kA jIvANasAsaNa 423 gA.) Adi racanAoM meM sapta tattvoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana milatA hai| , dharmopadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI prAkRta meM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| jIvanasAdhanA kI dRSTi se yaha sAhitya racA gayA hai| dharmadAsagaNI (lagabhaga 8vIM zatI) kI vaesamAlA (542 gA.), haribhadrasUri kA uvaesapada (1039 gA.) va saMbohaprakaraNa 1510 gA.), hemacandrasUri kI uvaesamAlA (505 gA.) va bhavabhAvaNA (531 i.), mahendraprabhasUri (saM. 1436) kI uvaesaciMtAmaNi (415 gA.), jinaratnasUri san 1231) kA vivekavilAsa (1323 gA.), zubhavardhanagaNI (saM. 1552) hai vaddhamANadesanA (3163 gA.), jayavallabha kA vajjAlaggaM (1330 gA.) tAdi grantha mukhya haiN| ina kRtiyoM meM jainadharma, siddhAnta aura tattvoM kA upadeza yA gayA hai aura AdhyAtmika unnati kI dRSTi se vratAdi kA mahattva batAyA gayA / ye sabhI kRtiyA~ jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racI gaI haiN| uttara pazcima ke jaina hityakAroM ne ardhamAgadhI ke bAda isI bhASA ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| 'yazruti' isakI zeSatA hai| / AcAryoM ne yoga aura bAraha bhAvanAoM sambandhI sAhitya bhI prAkRti meM kA hai| isakA adhikAMza sAhitya yadyapi saMskRta meM milatA hai para prAkRta bhI sise achUtA nahIM rhaa| haribhadrasUri kA jhANajjhayaNa (106 gA.) kumAra kArtikeya bArasAnuvekkhA (489 gA.), devacandra kA guNaNaTThANasaya (107 gA.), garatnavijaya kA khavagaseDhI (271 gA.) tathA vIrasekharavijaya kA mUlapakaiThiibandha 276 gA.) ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM yama, niyama Adi ke mAdhyama se tamArga-prApti ko nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya yogasAdhanA ko kisa kara vizuddha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mAdhyama banAyA jA sakatA hai isakA nidarzana AcAyoM ne ina kRtiyoM meM bar3I saphalatApUrvaka kiyA hai| AcAra sAhitya AcAra sAhitya meM sAgAra aura anagAra ke vratoM aura niyamoM kA vidhAna kA hai| vaTTakera (lagabhaga 3rI zatI) kA mUlAcAra (1552 gA.), zivArya gabhaga tatIya zatI) kA bhagavai ArAhaNA (2166 gA.) aura vasunandI (13vIM 2010_04

Page #73
zatI) kA uvAsayAjjhayaNaM (546 gA.) zaurasenI prAkRta meM race kucha viziSTa grantha haiM jinameM muniyoM aura zrAvakoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA vistRta varNana hai| isI taraha haribhadrasUri ke paMcavatthuga (1714 gA.), paMcAsaga (850 gA.), sAvayapaNNatti (405 gA.) aura sAvayadhammavihi (120 gA.), pradyumnasUri kI mUlasiddhi (252 gA.), vIrabhadra (saM. 1078) kI ArAhaNApaDAyA (990 gA.), devendrasUri kI saDDhadiNakicca (344 gA.) Adi jaina mahArASTrI meM race gaye pramukha grantha haiN| inameM muni aura zrAvakoM kI dinacaryA, niyama, upaniyama, darzana, prAyazcitta Adi kI vyavasthA batAyI gaI hai| ina granthoM para aneka TIkAyeM bhI milatI haiN| vidhividhAna aura bhaktimUlaka sAhitya prAkRta meM aisA sAhitya bhI upalabdha hotA hai jisameM AcAryoM ne bhakti pUjA, pratiSThA, yajJa, mantra, tantra, parva, tIrtha Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai kundakunda kI siddhabhakti (12 gA.) sudabhatti, carittabhatti (10 gA.), aNagArabhakti (23 gA.), Ayariyabhatti (10 gA.), paMcagurubhatti (7 gA.), titthayarabhatti (8 gA.) aura nibbANabhatti (27 gA.) vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| yazodevasUri ka paccakkhANasarUva (329 gA.), zrIcandrasUri kI aNuTTANavihi, jinavallabhagaNi kI paDikkaNa samAyArI (40 gA.), devabhadra kI pamasahavihipayaraNa (188 gA. aura jinaprabhasUri (vi.saM. 1363) kI vihimaggappavA (3575 gA.) isa sandA meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| dhanapAla kA RSabhapaMcAsikA (50 gA.), bhadrabAha ka uvasaggaharasthotta (20 gA.), nandiSeNa kA ajiyasaMtithuyi, devendrasUri ka zAzvatacaityAstava, dharmaghoSasUri (14vIM zatI) kA bhavastotra, kisI ajJAta kA kA nirvANa kANDa (21 gA.) tathA yogendradeva (chaThI zatI) kA nijAtmASTaka prasiddha stotra haiN| ina stotroM meM dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sAtha hI kAvyAtmaka tatva kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| rasAtmakatA to hai hii| paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya jainadharma meM 63 zalAkA mahApuruSa hue haiM jinakA jIvana carita kavira ne apanI lekhanI meM utArA hai| ina kAvyoM kA srota Agama sAhitya hai| ina prabandha kAvya kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| inameM kaviyoM ne dharmopadeza, karmaphala avAntara kathAyeM, stuti, darzana, kAvya aura saMskRti ko samAhita kiyA hai sAdhAraNataH ye sabhI kAvya zAntarasAnuvartI haiN| inameM mahAkAvya ke prAyaH sam lakSaNa ghaTita hote haiN| lokatattvoM kA bhI samAveza yahA~ huA hai| 2010_04

Page #74
paumacariya (8351 gA.) paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM prAcInatama kRti hai jisakI racanA vimalasari ne vi.saM. 530 meM kii| kavi ne yahA~ rAmacarita ko yathArthavAditA kI bhUmikA para khar3e hokara racA hai| usameM unhoMne atArkika aura anargala bAtoM ko sthAna nahIM diyaa| sabhI prakAra ke guNa, alaMkAra, rasa aura chandoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| gupta-vAkATaka yuga kI saMskRti bhI isameM paryApta milatI hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA parimArjita rUpa yahA~ vidyamAna hai| kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| isI taraha bhuvanatuMgasUri kA sItAcarita (465 gA.) bhI ullekhanIya hai| sambhavata: zIlAMkAcArya se bhinna zIlAcArya (vi.saM. 925) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (10800 zloka pramANa), bhadrezvarasUri (12vIM zatI), tathA Amrakavi (10vIM zatI) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (103 adhikAra), somaprabhAcArya (saM. 1999) kA sumaInAhacariya (9621 zloka pramANa), lakSmaNagaNi (saM. 1199) kA supAsanAhacariya (8000 gA.), nemicandrasUri (saM. 1216) kA supAsanAhacariya (1200 gA.), zrIcandrasUri (saM. 1191) kA munisubbayasAmicariya (10994 gA.) tathA guNacandrasUri (saM. 1139) aura nemicandrasUri (12vIM zatI) ke mahAvIracariya (kramaza: 12025 aura 2385 zloka pramANa) kAvya vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ye grantha prAyaH padyabaddha haiN| kathAvastu kI sajIvatA va caritra citraNa kI mArmikatA yahA~ spaSTata: dikhAI detI hai| dvAdaza cakravartiyoM tathA anya zalAkA puruSoM para bhI prAkRta racanAyeM upalabdha haiN| zrIcandrasUri (saM0 1214) kA saNatakumAracariya (8127 zloka pramANa), saMghadAsagaNi aura dharmadAsagaNi (lagabhaga 5vIM zatI) kA vasudevahiNDI (do khaNDa) tathA guNapAlamuni kA jambUcariya (16 uddeza) isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| ina kAvyoM meM jainadharma, itihAsa aura saMskRti para prakAza DAlane vAle aneka sthala haiN| / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda hone vAle anya AcAryoM aura sAdhakoM para bhI prAkRta kAvya race gaye haiN| tilakasUri (saM. 1261) kA pratyekabuddhacarita (6050 zloka pramANa) unameM pramukha hai| isake atirikta kucha aura paurANika kAvya milate haiM jo AcAryoM ke carita para AdhArita haiM jaise hemacandra Adi kI kAlakAcArya kthaa| jainAcAryoM ne aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para katipaya prAkRta kAvya bhI 2010_04

Page #75
68 race haiN| kahIM rAjA, mantrI, athavA zreSThI nAyaka haiM to kahIM santa mahAtmA ke jIvana ko kAvya ke lie cunA gayA hai| unakI divijaya, saMgha-yAtrAyeM tathA anya prAsaMgika varNanoM meM atizayoktiyA~ bhI jhalakatI haiN| vahA~ kAlpanika citraNa bhI ubharakara sAmane Aye haiN| aise sthaloM para itihAsavettA ko pUrI sAvadhAnI ke sAtha sAmagrI kA cayana karanA apekSita hai| hemacandrasUri kA dvAzrayamahAkAvya caulukyavaMzIya nareza kumArapAla ke carita kA aisA hI citraNa karatA hai| isa grantha ko par3hakara bhaTTikAvya, rAjataraMgiNI tathA vikramAMkadevacarita jaise grantha smRti - patha meM Ane lagate haiN| itihAsa ke nirmANa meM prazastiyoM aura abhilekhoM kA bhI mahattva hotA hai| zrIcandrasUri ke munisuvvayasAmicariya (saM0 1193 ) kI 100 gAthAoMkI prazasti meM saMgha, zAkambharI nareza pRthvIrAja, saurASTra nareza kheMgAra Adi kA varNana hai| sAhitya jahA~ mauna ho jAtA hai vahA~ abhilekha ke rUpa meM bAralI ( ajamera se 32 mIla dUra) meM prApta pASANastambha para khudI cAra paMktiyA~ haiM jinameM vIranirvANa saMvat 84 utkIrNa hai| azoka ke lekha - isake bAda ke haiN| unameM bhI prAkRS ke vividha rUpa dikhAI dete hai| samrAT khAravela kA hAthI gumphA zilAlekha, mathura aura prabhosA se prApta zilAlekha tathA ghaTiyAlA (jodhapura) kA zilAlekha (saM 918) isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya haiN| mUrti lekha bhI prAkRta meM milate haiM / / nATakoM kA samAveza dRzyakAvya ke rUpa meM hotA hai| isameM saMvAda, saMgIta nRtya aura abhinaya saMnihita hotA hai / saMskRta nATakoM meM sAdhAraNataH striyA~ vidUSaka tathA nimnavarga ke kiMkara, dhUrta, viTa, bhUta, pizAca Adi adhikAMza pAtra prAkRta hI bolate haiN| pUrNatayA prAkRta meM likhA nATaka abhI taka upalab nahIM huaa| nemacandrasUri kI saTTakakRti nayamaMjarI avazya milI hai jo karpUramaJjara ke anukaraNa para racI gaI hai| inameM prAkRta ke nATakoM aura saTTakoM ke vibhinna rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM vipula kathA sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| unakA mukhya uddezya karma, darzana, saMyama, tapa, cAritra, dAna Adi ke mahatta ko spaSTa karanA rahA hai| Agama sAhitya ina kathAoM kA mUla srota hai| Adhuni kathAoM ke samAna yahA~ vastu, pAtra, saMvAda, dezakAla, zailI aura uddezya rUpa meM kathA ke aMga bhI milate haiN| niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA Adi grantha meM upalabdha kathAyeM uttarakAlIna vikAsa ko iMgita karatI haiN| yahA~ apekSAkRta 2010_04

Page #76
sarasatA aura spaSTatA adhika dikhAI detI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya ko aneka prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM ke akathA, vikathA aura kathA ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| 1 kathA meM lokakalyANa kA hetu garbhita hotA hai isalie vaha upAdeya hai| zeSa tyAjya hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se kathA ke cAra bheda haiM-- AkSepaNI, artha, kAma aura mishrkthaa| dharmakathA ke bhI cAra bheda haiM- AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI aura nivednii| jainAcAryoM ne isI prakAra ko adhika apanAyA hai|2 pAtroM ke AdhAra para unheM divya, mAnuSa aura mizra kathAoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai|3 tIsarA vargIkaraNa bhASA kI dRSTi se huA hai- saMskRta, prAkRta aura mishr| udyotanasUri ne zailI kI dRSTi se kathA ke pA~ca bheda kiye haiM- sakalakathA, khaNDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA aura sNkiirnnkthaa|5 prAkRta sAhitya meM mizrakathAyeM adhika milatI haiN| ina sabhI kathA granthoM kA paricaya denA yahA~ sarala nhiiN| isalie viziSTa granthoM kA hI yahA~ ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai| kathAsaMgraha jainAcAryoM ne kucha aisI dharmakathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai jo sAhityakAra ke lie sadaiva upajIvya rahA hai| dharmadAsagaNi (10vIM zatI) ke upadezamAlAprakaraNa (542 gA.) meM 310 kathAnakoM kA saMgraha hai| jayasiMhasUri (saM0 1108) kA kahArayaNakosa (12300 zloka pramANa aura 50 kathAyeM) devendragaNi (saM0 1129) kA akkhANayamaNikosa (127 kathAnaka) Adi mahattvapUrNa kathAsaMgraha haiM jinameM dharma ke vibhinna AyAmoM para kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se dRSTAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiN| ye dRSTAnta sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie bahuta upayogI haiN| uparyukta kathAnakoM athavA lokakathAoM kA Azraya lekara kucha svatantra kathA sAhitya kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gayA hai jinameM dharmArAdhanA ke vividha pakSoM kI prastuti milatI hai| udAharaNata: haribhadrasUri (saM0 757-827) kI 'samarAiccakahA' aisA grantha hai jinameM mahArASTrI prAkRta gadya meM 9 prakaraNa haiM aura unameM samarAditya 1. dazavaikAlika, gA. 188; samarAicca kahA, pR. 2. 2. dhavalaTIkA, pustaka 1, pR. 104. 3. lIlAvaIkahA, 36. 4. samarAiccakahA, pR. 2; dazavaikAlika gAthA, 188. 5. kavalayamAlA. pa. 4. 2010_04

Page #77
70 aura girisena ke 9 bhavoM kA sundara varNana hai| isI kavi kA dhUrtAkhyAna (488 gA.) bhI apane DhaMga kI eka nirAlI kRti hai jisameM hAsya aura vyaMgyapUrNa manoraJjava kathAyeM nibaddha haiN| jayarAma kI prAkRta dhammaparikkhA bhI isI zailI meM racI gaI eka uttama kRti hai| yazodhara aura zrIpAla ke kathAnaka kI AcAryoM ko bar3e rucikara pratIta hue| sirivAlakahA (1342 gA.) ko nAgapurIya tapAgaccha ke ratnazekharasUri / saMkalita kiyA aura hemacandra (saM. 1428) ne use lipibaddha kiyaa| isI ve AdhAra para pradyumnasari aura vinayavijaya (saM. 1683) ne prAkRta kathA-racanA kii| sukozala, sukumAla aura jinadatta ke carita bhI lekhakoM ke lie upajIba kathAnaka rahe haiN| katipaya racanAyeM nArI pAtra pradhAna haiN| pAdaliptasUri racita taraMgavaIkahA isa prakAra kI racanA hai| yaha apane mUlarUpa meM upalabdha nahIM para nemicandragaNi isI ko taraMgalolA ke nAma se saMkSipta rUpAntarita kathAoM (1642 gA.) prastuta kiyA hai| udyotanasUri (saM. 835) kI kuvalayamAlA (13000 zlova pramANa) mahArASTrI prAkRta meM gadya-padya mayI campU zailI meM likhI gaI isI prakA kI anupama kRti hai jise hama mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiN| guNapAlamuni (saM. 1264 kA isidattAcariya (1550 granthAgrapramANa), dhanezvarasUri (saM0 1095) va surasuMdarIcariya (4001 gA.), devendrasUri (saM0 1323) kA sudaMsaNAcari (4002 gA.) Adi racanAyeM bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| ina kathA-granthoM meM nA meM prApta bhAvanAoM kA sundara vizleSaNa milatA hai| kucha kathA grantha aise bhI race gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha kisI para pUjA athavA stotra se rahA hai| aise granthoM meM zrutapaJcamI ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzi karane vAlA 'nANapaMcamIkahAo' grantha sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai| isameM 10 kathA aura 2804 gAthAyeM haiN| ina kathAoM meM bhavissayattakahA ne uttarakAlIna AcAra ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai| isake atirikta ekAdazIvratakathA(137 gA.) A grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiN| lAkSaNika sAhitya lAkSaNika sAhitya se hamArA tAtparya hai- vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, jyoti nimitta va zilpAdi vidhaayeN| ina sabhI vidhAoM para prAkRta racanAyeM milatI aNuyogadArasutta Adi prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM vyAkaraNa ke kucha siddhAnta parilA hote haiM para Azcarya kI bAta hai ki abhI taka prAkRta bhASA meM racA koI bhI prA 2010_04

Page #78
71 vyAkaraNa upalabdha nahIM huA / samantabhadra, vIrasena aura devendrasUri ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kA ullekha avazya milatA hai para abhI taka ve prakAza meM nahIM A paaye| sambhava hai, ve grantha prAkRta meM race gaye hoM / saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye, prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM caNDa kA svavRttisahita prAkRta vyAkaraNa (99 athavA 103 sUtra), hemacandrasUri kA siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana (1119 sUtra), trivikrama (13vIM zatI) kA prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana (1036 sUtra ) Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke vyAkaraNaviSayaka niyamoM-upaniyamoM kA sundara varNana milatA hai / 1 bhASA kA jJAna prApta karane ke liye koza kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| koza kI dRSTi se niruktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| unameM eka-eka zabda ke bhinna-bhinna arthoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kozakalA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI dRSTi se unako samajhanA Avazyaka hai| hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA (783 gA0 ) meM 397 dezaja zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jo bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa upayogI hai| isake atirikta dhanapAla (saM0 1029) kA pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA (279 gA.), vijayarAjendrasUri (saM0 1660) kA abhidhAnarAjendrakoza (cAra lAkha zloka pramANa) aura haragovindadAsa trivikamacanda seTha kA pAiyasaddamahaNNava ( prAkRta - hindI ) koza bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta karane - karAne ke lie chanda kA prayoga huA hai / naMdiyaDDu (lagabhaga 10vIM zatI) kA gAhAlakkhaNa (96gA0 ) ullekhanIya prAkRta chanda grantha hai| gaNita ke kSetra meM mahAvIrAcArya kA gaNitasArasaMgraha tathA bhAskarAcArya kI lIlAvatI prasiddha grantha haiN| ina donoM ke AdhAra se unameM ullikhita viSayoM ko lekara Thakkura pherU (13vIM zatI) ne gaNitasArakaumudI nAmaka grantha rcaa| unake anya grantha haiM-- ratnaparIkSA ( 132 gA0 ), dravyaparIkSA (149 gAthA ) dhAtUtpatti (57 gA0 ), bhUgarbhaprakAza Adi / yahA~ yativRSabha (chaThI zatI) kI tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM lekhaka ne jaina mAnyatAnusAra triloka sambandhI viSaya ko upasthita kiyA hai / yaha aThAraha hajAra zloka pramANa grantha hai| 1. vizeSa dekhiye, Adhunika yuga meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA adhyayana-anusandhAna DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina pR. 239-261. 2010_04

Page #79
72 jyotiSa viSayaka granthoM meM sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi aMgabAhya granthoM ke atirikta Thakkura pherU kA jyotissAra (98 gA.) haribhadrasUri kI laggasuddhi (133 gA.), ratnazekharasUri (15vIM zatI) kI diNasuddhi (144 gA.), hIrakalaza (saM. 1621) kA jyotissAra (900 dohA) Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| nimittazAstra meM bhauma, utpAta, svapna, aMga, antarikSa, svara, lakSaNa, vyaJjana Adi nimittoM kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| kisI ajJAta kavi kA jayapAhuDa (378 gA.), dharasena kA joNipAhuDa, RSiputra kA nimittazAstra (187 gA.), durgadeva (saM. 1084) kA riTThasamuccaya (261 gA.) Adi racanAyeM pramukha haiN| aMgavijjA eka ajJAtakartRka racanA hai jisameM 60 adhyAyoM meM zubhAzubha nimittoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 9-10 vIM zatI ke pUrva kA yaha grantha sAMskRtika sAmagrI se bharapa huA hai| karalakkhaNa (61 gA.) bhI kisI ajJAta kavi kI racanA hai jisa lakSaNa, rekhAoM Adi kA varNana hai| vAstu zilpa zAstra ke rUpa meM Thakkura pherU kA vAstusAra (9280 gA. pratiSThita grantha hai jisameM bhUmiparIkSA, bhUmizodhana Adi para vivecana kiyA gaya hai| isI kavi kI eka anya kRti ratnaparIkSA (132 gA.) hai jisameM padmarAga muktA, vidruma Adi 16 prakAra ke ratnoM kA utpatti-sthAna, AkAra, varNa, guNa doSa Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| unhIM kI dravyaparIkSA (148 gA.) meM sikkA ke mUlya, taula, nApa Adi para, dhAtUtpatti (57 gA.) meM pItala, tAMbA Adi dhAtuoM para tathA bhUgarbhaprakAza meM tAmra, svarNa Adi dravya vAlI pRthvI kI vizeSatA para vizad prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ye sabhI grantha vi.saM. 1372-75 ke bI race gaye haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne usakI hara vidhA ko samRddha kiyA hai| prastuta adhyAya sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa sabhI kA ullekha karanA to sambhava nahIM ho skaa| para ita to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta jaina sAhitya lagabhaga paccIsa sau va se sAhitya ke hara kSetra meM apane yogadAna se harA-bharA karatA A rahA hai| prAcI sAhitya, itihAsa aura saMskRti kA hara prAGgaNa prAkRta sAhitya kA Rnnii| usane lokabhASA aura lokajIvana ko aMgIkAra kara unakI samasyAoM ke samAdha/ kI dizA meM AdhyAtmika cetanA ko jAgRta kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, Adhuni sAhitya ke lie bhI vaha upajIvya banA huA hai| premAkhyAna kAvyoM ke vikA, meM prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| saMskRta campU a carita kAvya ke preraka prAkRta grantha hI haiN| kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA sarasa pratipAda 2010_04

Page #80
bhI yahA~ huA hai| darzana aura siddhAnta se lekara bhASAvijJAna, vyAkaraNa aura itihAsa taka saba kucha prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM nibaddha hai| usake samUce yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana abhI zeSa hai| saMskRta sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA ke samAna saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA aura isa kSetra ko bhI apane punIta yogadAna se alaMkRta kiyaa| yadyapi saMskRta bhASA meM sarvaprathama racanA karane vAle jainAcAryoM meM umAsvAti athavA umAsvAmI kA nAma bar3I zraddhA ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai para hama yahA~ samUce saMskRta jaina sAhitya ko vividha vidhAoM meM vargIkRta kara usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta karanA adhika upayogI samajha rahe haiN| sAtha hI vidhAoM kA jaisA krama prAkRta sAhitya meM hamane rakhA hai vahI krama yahA~ bhI apanA rahe haiN| cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya cUrNi sAhitya prAya: prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| kucha cUrNiyA~ aisI haiM jinameM saMskRta ke kucha gadyAMza aura padyAMza uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayanadhUrNi, AcArAMgacUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, nizIthacUrNi aura bRhatakalpacUrNi aise hI grantha haiM jinameM alpasaMskRta-mizrita prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai| __Agama sAhitya para jo TIkAtmaka athavA vivaraNAtmaka grantha likhe gaye haiM ve saMskRta meM haiN| isa prakAra kI pramukha TIkAyeM aura unake TIkAkAra isa prakAra haiM zloka pramANa jinabhadra (7vIM zatI) vizeSAvazyakabhASya svopajJavRtti 3603 " haribhadra (8vIM zatI) AvazyakavRtti dazavaikAlikavRtti jIvAbhigamavRtti prajJApanAvRtti nandivRtti anuyogadvAravRtti koTyAcArya (8vIM zatI) vizeSAvazyakabhASyavivaraNa 13700 " zIlAMka (9-10vIM zatI) AcArAMgavivaraNa 22000 " 12000 " 2010_04

Page #81
74 12850 " 3800 " sUtrakRtAMgavivaraNa zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) uttarAdhyayanaTIkA droNasUri (11-12vIM zatI) oghaniyukti vRtti abhayadeva (12vIM zatI) sthAnAMga vRtti / 14250 " samavAyAMga vRtti 3275 " vyAkhyA prajJapti vRtti 18616 " jJAtA dharmakathA vivaraNa upAsaka dazAMga vRtti anta:kRddazAMgavRtti anuttaraupapAtika dazAvRtti prazna vyAkaraNa vRtti vipAka vRtti aupapAtikavRtti malayagiri(11-12vIM zatI) bhagavatIsUtra-dvitIya zatakavRtti 3750 rAjapraznopAMgaTIkA 3700 jIvAbhigamopAMgaTIkA 16000 prajJApanopAMgaTIkA candraprajJaptyupAMgaTIkA 9500 sUryaprajJaptiTIkA 9500 nandasUtraTIkA 7732 vyavahArasUtravRtti 34000 bRhatpakalpapIThikAvRtti (apUrNa) 4600 AvazyakavRtti (apUrNa) 18000 piNDaniyuktiTIkA 6700 jyotiSkaraNDakaTIkA dharmasaMgrahaNIvRtti karmaprakRtivRtti paMcasaMgrahavRtti SaDazItivRtti 16000 w 0 5000 1000 8000 18850 2000 " 2010_04

Page #82
3780 5000 9500 4600 41500 " saptatikAvRtti bRhatsaMgrahaNIvRtti bRhatkSetrasamAsavRtti malayagirizabdAnuzAsana 5000 maladhArI hemacandra(12vIM zatI)AvazyakavRttipradeza vyAkhyA anuyogadvAravRtti 5900 " vizeSAvazyaka bhASya-vRhatvRtti 28000 " zataka vivaraNa upadeza mAlA sUtra upadezamAlAvRtti jIvasamAsavivaraNa bhavabhAvanA sUtra bhavabhAvanA vivaraNa nandi TippaNa nemicandra (1072 I.) uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhoTIkA 12000 zrIcandrasUri (12vIM zatI) nizIthacUrNi durgapadavyAkhyA nirayAvalikAvRtti 600 " jItakalpavRhaccUrNi kSemakIrti (1275 I.) bRhatkalpavRtti 42600 ". mANikyazekharasUri(15vIMzatI) AvazyakaniyuktidIpikA mahezvarasUri (15vIM zatI) AcArAMgadIpikA vimalasUri (1632 I.) uttarAdhyayanavyAkhyA 16255 samayasundarasuri (1634 I.) dazavaikAlikadIpikA 3450 jJAnavimalasUri (18vIM zatI) praznavyAkaraNa vRtti saMghavijayagaNi (1617 I.) kalpasUtra-kalpapradIpikA 3250 vinayavijaya upAdhyAya (1639I.) kalpasUtra subodhikA 5400 samayasundaragaNi (17vIM zatI) kalpasUtra-kalpalatA zAntisAgaragaNi (1650 I.) kalpasUtrakaumudI 3707 1120 " 7500 7700 " 2010 04

Page #83
76 karma sAhitya mUlaka sAhitya prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai para TIkA sAhitya saMskRta meM bhI milatA hai| zAma kuNDa ne karma prAbhRta aura kaSAya prAbhRta para prAkRta saMskRta-kannar3a mizrita bhASAoM meM bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA likhI para vaha Aja upalabdha nahIM / isI prakAra samantabhadra ne bhI karmaprAbhRta para 48000 zloka pramANa sundara saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI, para vaha bhI Aja nahIM miltii| upalabdha TIkAoM karmaprAbhRta (SaTkhaNDAgama) para vIrasena dvArA likhI prAkRta saMskRta- mizrita, dhavalA TIkA ullekhanIya hai jo 72000 zloka pramANa hai| isake bAda unhoMne kaSAyaprAbhRta kI cAra vibhaktiyoM para 20000 zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhI jo pUrI nahIM ho skii| usa adhUre kAma ko jayasena (jinasena) ne 40000 zloka pramANa meM likhakara pUrA kiyaa| 1 kaSAyapAhuDa kI racanA AcArya guNadhara (I. dvitIya zatI) ne tathA karmaprAbhRta (SaTkhaNDAgama) kI racanA puSpadanta bhUtabali (prathama zatAbdI) ne zaurasenI prAkRta meM kI thii| yahA~ kaSAyaprAbhRta para saMskRta meM likhI gaI vIrasenajinasenakRta jayadhavalA TIkA (zaka saMo 738) hI vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / yaha sATha hajAra zloka pramANa bRhatakAya grantha hai / ye donoM grantha digambara sampradAya se sambaddha haiN| uttarakAlIna paJcasaMgraha Adi karmagrantha inhIM ke AdhAra para likhe gaye haiN| SaDkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa kI bhASA zaurasenI hai jisakA pUrvarUpa hameM azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha ( I0 pU0 3rI zatI) meM milatA hai| dhavalA TIkA maNipravAla zailI (gadyAtmaka prAkRta tathA kvacit saMskRta) meM likhI gaI hai| usameM prAkRta ke tIna stara milate haiM - 1. sUtroM kI prAkRta jo prAcInatama zaurasenI ke rUpa meM hai, 2. udghRta gAthAoM kI prAkRta, aura 3. gadya praakRt| yahA~ zaurasenI prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kI katipaya vizeSatAyeM dRSTavya haiN| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke ye tIna stara usake bhASA vikAsAtmaka rUpa meM paricAyaka haiN| zaurasenI ke mahArASTrI prAkRta kA mizraNa uttarakAla meM milane lagatA hai / daNDI ke anusAra zaurasenI ne hI mahArASTra meM nayA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA jise mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA jAtA hai| vahI utkRSTa prAkRta hai ( mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH - kAvyAdarza) / setubandha Adi mahAkAvya isI bhASA meM likhe gaye (bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pR. 76-77) / zvetAmbara sampradAya kA karma sAhitya usake karmaprakRti, zataka, paJcasaMgraha SaDkhaNDAgama, pustaka 1, prastAvanA, pR0 38. 2010_04

Page #84
oo aura saptatikA nAmaka karmagranthoM para AdhArita hai| karmaprakRti para do saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM- eka malayagirikRta (12-13vIM zatI) vRtti (8000 zloka pramANa) aura dUsarI yazovijaya (18vIM zatI) kRta vRtti (13000 zloka prmaann)| paJcasaMgraha kI vyAkhyAoM meM do vyAkhyAyeM mahattvapUrNa haiM candrarSi mahattarakRta svopajJavRtti (9000 zloka pramANa) tathA malayagirikRta vRhadavRtti (18850 zloka prmaann)| choTI-moTI aura bhI TIkAyeM prakAzita huI haiN| siddhAnta sAhitya AcArya umAsvAti (vi. 1-2 zatI) prathama AcArya haiM jinhoMne prAkRta meM likhita siddhAnta sAhitya ko saMskRta meM sUtra-baddha kiyaa| unake tattvArtha-sUtra para hI uttarakAla meM sarvArthasiddhi, tattvArtharAjavArtika, tattvArthazlokavArtika Adi aneka vRhatkAya granthoM kI racanA huii| usake bAda AcArya kundakunda ke prAkRta granthoM para saMskRta meM aneka TIkAyeM racI gii| pravacanasAra aura samayasAra para amRtacandra (10vIM zatI) aura jayasena (12vIM zatI) kI TIkAyeM, niyamasAra para padmaprabha maladhArIdeva, pazcAstikAya para amRtacandra, jayasena, jJAnacandra, malliSeNa, prabhAcandra Adi kI TIkAyeM tathA aTThapAhuDa para zrutasAgara, amRtacandra, Adi kI TIkAyeM milatI haiN| jIvaviyAra para pAThaka ratnAkara (vi.saM. 1610), meghanandana (vi.saM. 1610), samayasundara tathA kSamAkalyANa (vi.saM. 1859) ne, jIvasamAsa para hemacandra (6627 zloka pramANa) ne, samayakhittasamAsa para haribhadrasUri, malayagirisUri va ratnazekharasUri ne, pavayaNasAruddhAra para siddhasenasUri (vi.saM. 1248) ne 16500 zloka pramANa aura udayaprabha ne 3203 zloka pramANa, tathA sattarisayaThANapayaraNa para devavijaya (vi.saM. 1370) ne 2100 zloka pramANa TIkAyeM likhI haiN| siddhAnta sAhitya meM TIkAtmaka granthoM kI saMkhyA avazya adhika hai para unameM maulikatA kI kamI nhiiN| kucha maulika grantha bhI haiN| jaise amRtacandrasUri kA puruSArtha siddhayupAya, va tattvArthasAra, mAghanandI (13vIM zatI) kA zAstrasAra samuccaya, tathA jinaharSa (vi.saM. 1502) kA viMzatisthAnakavicArAmRtasaMgraha (2800 zloka parimANa) ullekhanIya haiN| upadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI TIkAtmaka adhika hai| mUlata: ve prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiM para bAda meM una para saMskRta meM TIkAyeM huI haiN| jaise- uvaesamAlA para lagabhaga bIsa saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM jinameM siddharSi (vi.saM. 162) aura ratnaprabhasari (vi.saM. 1238) kI TIkAyeM agragaNya kahI jA sakatI hai| jayazekhara (vi.saM. 2010_04

Page #85
78 1462) kI prabodhacintAmaNi (1911 padya) somadharmagaNI, (vi.saM. 1503) kI upadezasaptatikA (3000 zloka pramANa), ratnamandiragaNI (vi.saM. 1517) kI upadezataraMgiNI, guNabhadra (9vIM zatI) kA AtmAnuzAsana, haribhadrasUri kA dharmabindu, vardhamAna (vi.saM. 1172) kA dharmaratnakaraNDaka, AzAdhara (1239 I.) ke sAgAradharmAmRta aura anagAra dharmAmRta, jayazekhara (vi.saM. 1457) kI samyavatvakaumudI, caritraratnagaNI (vi.saM.. 1499) kA dAnapradIpa, udayadharmagaNI (vi.saM. 1543) kA dharmakalpadrama, amitagati (lagabhaga 1000 I.) ke subhASitaratnasandoha Adi grantha mUlata: saMskRta meM haiN| unapara aneka TIkAyeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| nyAya sAhitya uttarakAla meM siddhAnta ne nyAya ke kSetra meM praveza kiyaa| AcAryoM ne use bhI paripuSTa kiyaa| samantabhadra (2-3rI zatI) kI AptamImAMsA, svayaMbhUstotra aura yuktyanuzAsana isa kSetra ke prAthamika aura viziSTa grantha haiN| AptamImAMsA para akalaMka (720-780 I.) kI aSTazatI, vidyAnadi (775-840 I.) kI aSTasahasrI, aura vasunandi (11-12vIM zatI) kI devAgama vRtti ullekhanIya hai| inake atirikta mallavAdI (350-430 I.) kA nayacakra, pUjyapAda devanandI (paMcama zatI) kI sarvArthasiddhi, siddhasena (6-9vIM zatI) ke sanmatitarka aura nyAyAvatAra, haribhadrasUri(705-775 I.) ke zAstravArtAsamuccaya, SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura anekAnta jayapatAkA, akalaMka (720-780 I.) ke nyAyavinizcaya, laghIyastraya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANa saMgraha, tattvArtha rAjavArtika, aSTazatI, vidyAnandi (775-850 I.) kI pramANa parIkSA, satyazAsana parIkSA, AptaparIkSA, tattvArthazlokavArtika, patraparIkSA, siddharSigaNi (9-10vIM zatI) kI nyAyAvatAraTIkA, mANikyanandi (10-11vIM zatI) kA parIkSAmukha, prabhAcandra (11vIM zatI) ke nyAyakumudacandra aura prameyakamalamArtaNDa, anantavIrya(11vIM zatI) kI prameyaratnamAlA, hemacandra (1089-1172 I.) kI pramANamImAMsA, anyayogavyavacchedikA, vAdidevasUri (12vIM zatI) kA pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdirAjasUri (12vIM zatI) ke pramANanirNaya aura nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, malliSeNa (13vIM zatI) kI syAdvAdamaMjarI, guNaratna (1343-1418 I.) kI SaDdarzanasamuccayaTIkA Adi grantha jaina nyAya ke AdhArastambha haiN| isa yuga meM anekAntavAda kI sthApanA tArkika DhaMga se kI jA cukI thI tathA pratyakSa aura parokSa kI paribhASAoM ko sthira kara diyA gayA thaa| navyanyAya ke kSetra meM yazovijaya (18vIM zatI) ke nayapradIpa, jJAnabindu, anekAnta vyAvasthA, tarkabhASA, nyAyaloka, nyAyakhaNDakhAdya Adi grantha 2010_04

Page #86
79 bhI ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsa meM ina dArzanika aura nyAya viSayaka granthoM kA eka viziSTa yogadAna hai| inameM tArkika paddhati ke mAdhyama se siddhAntoM ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| yoga sAhitya adhyAtma kI caramAvasthA ko prApta karane kA sundaratama sAdhana hai / saMskRta jaina lekhakoM ne isa para bhI khUba likhA hai| pUjyapAda kA iSTopadeza tathA samAdhizataka prAcInatama racanAyeM hoNgii| unake bAda haribhadrasUri sambhavataH prathama AcArya hoMge jinhoMne aura adhika jaina yoga viSaya granthoM ko saMskRta meM likhane kA upakrama kiyaa| unake pramukha grantha haiM - yogabindu (527 padya) yogadRSTi samuccaya (226 padya) aura brahmasiddhisamuccaya (423 padya ) / isI prakAra hemacandra (12vIM zatI) kA yogazAstra, zubhacandra ( 13vIM zatI) kA jJAnArNava aura ratnazekharasasUri (15vIM zatI) kA dhyAnadaNDakastuti tathA AzAdhara kA AdhyAtmarahasya Adi grantha saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiN| isI prakAra kI yoga viSayaka aura bhI kRtiyA~ haiN| yoga sAdhanA ke lie anuprekSAoM kA cintana Avazyaka hai| saMskRta meM dvAdazAnuprekSA nAma se tIna grantha milate haiM-- somadevakRta, kalyANakIrtikRta aura ajnyaatkrtRk| muni sundarasUri kA AdhyAtmakalpadruma, yazovijayagaNi kA AdhyAtmasAra aura AdhyAtmopaniSad, rAjamala (vi0 saM0 1641) kA AdhyAtmakamalamArtaNDa, somadeva kI adhyAtmataraMgaNI Adi grantha adhyAtma se sambaddha haiN| ina granthoM meM vana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyoM ko saMyamitakara parama vizuddhAvasthA ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA nAmaka prAkRta grantha para zubhacandra bhaTTAraka (1556 I.) kI saMskRta TIkA bhI upalabdha hai| AcAra sAhitya prAkRta ke samAna saMskRta meM bhI AcAra sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai / umAsvAti ( prathama - dvitIya zatI) kA tattvArthasUtra isa kSetra kI prathama racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| kucha vidvAn prazamaratiprakaraNa ko bhI unhIM kA grantha mAnate haiM / samantabhadra (dvitIya tRtIya zatI) kA ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, amitagati (vi.saM. 1050), kA zrAvakAcAra, amRtacandrasUri (1000 I.) kA puruSArtha siddhyupAya, somadeva kA upAsakAdhyayana, mAghanandi (vi0 saM0 1265) kA zrAvakAcAra, AzAdhara ke sAgara- anagAra dharmAmRta, vIranaMdI (12vIM zatI) kA AcArasAra, somaprabhasUri (12-13vIM zatI) kA sindUra prakaraNa aura zRGgAravairAgyataraMgaNI, devendrasUri (13vIM 2010_04

Page #87
zatI) kI saMghAcAravidhi, ratnazekharasUri (vi.saM. 1516) kA AcAra pradIpa (4065 zloka pramANa), rAjamalla (17vIM zatI) kRta lATIsaMhitA Adi grantha bhI AcAra viSayaka haiN| bhaktiparaka sAhitya inake atirikta saMskRta meM kucha aise grantha likhe gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha pUjA-pratiSThA Adi se rahA hai| inakI bhI saMkhyA kama nhiiN| ye grantha bhaktiparaka haiN| pUjyapAda kI bhaktiparaka racanAyeM isa kSetra meM sambhavata: prAcInatama rahI hoMgI jinakI racanA AcArya kundakunda kI bhaktiparaka kRtiyoM ke AdhAra para huii| samantabhadra kA devAgamastotra jinastutizataka va svayaMbhUstotra, siddhasena kI battIsiyA~, akalaMka kA akalaMkastotra, vappibhaTTi (743-838 I.) kA caturviMzatijinastotra, dhanaJjaya (8-9vIM zatI) kA viSApahArastotra, guNabhadra (9vIM zatI) kA AtmAnuzAsana, vidyAnandi (8-9vIM zatI), kA supArzvanAthastotra, amitagati (10vIM zatI) kRta subhASita ratnasaMdoha, vAdirAja (10-11vIM zatI) kRta ekIbhAva stotra, vasunandi (11vIM zatI) kRta jJAnArNava, AzAdhara (12-13vIM zatI) kRta sahasranAmastotra, arhaddAsa (13vIM zatI) kRta bhavyajanakaMThAbharaNa, padmanandi (14vIM zatI) kRta jarIpallIpArzvanAtha stotra, vairAgyazataka, vimalakavi (15vIM zatI)kRta praznottaramAlA, divAkaramuni (15vIM zatI)kRta zRGgAravairAgyataraMgaNI Adi grantha bhaktiparaka haiN| bhaktoM ne ina saMskRta grantho meM apane iSTadeva kI stuti kI hai| lagabhaga pratyeka grantha meM alaMkAroM ne kisI na kisI kI stuti kI hai jinakA abhI taka saMkalana nahIM ho paayaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM to vIrastuti nAma kA samUcA adhyAya hai| kucha grantha pratiSThAoM se sambaddha hai| "pratiSThAkalpa' nAma ke aise aneka granthoM ke ullekha milate haiM parantu unameM se hemacandra, hastimala aura harivijaya sUri ke hI pratiSThAkalpa abhI taka prakAza meM Aye haiN| inake atirikta vasunandi kA pratiSThAsArasaMgraha va AzAdhara kA pratiSThA sAroddhAra bhI mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| jainadharma meM mantra-tantra kI bhI paramparA rahI hai| sUrimaMtra jinaprabhasUri kA sUrimantrabRhatkalpa vivaraNa, siMhatilakasUri (13vIM zatI) kA mantrarAjarahasya, malliSeNa ke bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa, kAmacANDAlinIkalpa, sarasvatIkalpa, vinayacandrasUri kA dIpAlikAkalpa Adi mantra-tantrAtmaka racanAyeM prasiddha hai| paMcamerusiddhacakravidhAna, catuviMzati vidhAna Adi vidhiparaka racanAyeM bhI milatI haiN| vividha tIrthakalpa 2010_04

Page #88
81 ko bhI isI meM sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM jinaprabhasUri ne jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika varNana kiyA hai| paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya kA sambandha jainadharma meM mAnya mahApuruSoM se AtA hai| inameM unake carita, karmaphala, lokatattva, divyatattva, AcAratattva Adi kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ tIrthaGkaroM, caritanAyakoM, sAAdhakoM athavA rAjAoM ke jIvana caritra ko kAvyAtmaka AdhAra dekara upasthita kiyA gayA hai| maryAdA puruSottama rAmacandra kA kathAnaka sArvadezika aura sArvakAlika rahA hai| jaina kAvya dhArA meM bhI usakI aneka paramparAyeM sAmane AyIM aura unameM kAvya likhe gye| saMskRta meM likhe kAvyoM meM raviSeNa (vi0saM0 734) kA padmapurANa athavA padmacarita, (18023 zloka), jinadAsa (16vIM zatI), somasena, dharmakIrti, candrakIrti Adi vidvAnoM ke padmapurANa prasiddha haiN| mahAbhArata viSayaka paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM jinasena kA harivaMzapurANa (zaka saM0 705), devaprabhasUri (vi0 saM0 1270) kA pANDavacarita, sakalakIrti (15vIM zatI) kA harivaMzapurANa, zubhacandra (vi0 saM0 1608), vAdicandra (vi0saM0 1654) va zrIbhUSaNa (vi0saM0 1657) Adi ke pANDavapurANa pramukha haiN| isa kathA ko jainAcAryoM ne bar3I pragatizIlatA evaM bauddhikatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| tresaThazalAkA mahApuruSoM se sambaddha saMskRta sAhitya parimANa meM kahIM aura adhika hai| jinasena kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra (8vIM zatI) kA uttarapurANa (zaka saM0 770), zrIcandra kA purANasAra (vi0saM0 1080), dAmanandi (11vIM zatI) kA purANasAra saMgraha- muni malliSeNa kA triSaSTimahApurANa (vi0saM0 1104), AzAdhara kA triSaSTismRtizAstra (vi0saM0 1282), hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (vi0saM0 1228) Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| isI prakAra amRtacandra kA catuviMzatijinendra saMkSiptacaritAni (1238 I0), amaracandrasUri kA padmAnanda mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1294), vIranandi kA candraprabhacarita (11vIM zatI), mAnatuMgasUri kA zreyAMsanAthacarita (vi0saM0 1332), vardhamAnasUri kA vAsupUjyacarita (vi0saM0.1299), jJAnasAgara kA vimalanAthacarita (vi0saM0 1517), asaga kA zAntinAthapurANa (zaka saM0 910), mANikyacandrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita? 1. jitaprabhasUri, devasUri, bhAvacandrasUri Adi aneka lekhakoM ke bhI isa nAma se grantha milate haiN| 2010_04

Page #89
(vi0saM0 1276), vinayacandra sUri kA mallinAthacarita, munisuvratanAthacarita, kIrtirAja upAdhyAya kA neminAtha mahAkAvya (14vIM zatI), guNavijayagaNi kA neminAthacarita (vi0 saM0 1668), vAdirAjasUri (zaka saM0 947), mANikyacandrasUri, vinayacandrasUri, bhAvadevasUri Adi ke pArzvanAthacarita, asaga kA mahAvIracarita (vi0saM0 1045), sakalakIrti kA vardhamAnacarita Adi grantha bhI uttamakoTi ke haiN| cakravartiyoM para bhI aneka saMskRta kAvya likhe gaye haiN| caubIsa kAmadevoM meM nala bhI eka lokapriya viSaya rahA hai jisa para lagabhaga pandraha kAvya likhe gaye haiN| unake atirikta hanumAna, vasudeva, balirAja, pradyumna nAgakumAra, 2 jIvandhara aura jambUsvAmI para bhI zatAdhika saMskRta kAvyoM kA praNayana huA hai| jIvandhara kA AdhAra lekara kSatracUr3AmaNi, gadyacintAmaNi (vAdIbha siMha), jIvandharacampa (haricandra) tathA jambUsvAmIcarita kA AdhAra lekara paccIsoM grantha likhe gaye haiN| pratyekabuddhoM (karakuNDa, naggaI, nami aura durmukha) para zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika grantha likhe gaye haiM3 jabaki digambara paramparA meM kevala karakaNDu ko racanA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| __inake atirikta kAvya meM kucha aise bhI mahApuruSoM ke jIvanacaritoM ko apane lekhaka kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai jinakA sambandha mahAvIra, zreNika athavA jaina saMskRti se rahA hai| aise caritoM meM dhanyakumAra, zAlibhadra, pRthvIcandra, Adraka kumAra, jayakumAra, sulocanA, puNDarIka, varAMga, zreNika, abhayakumAra, gautama, mRgAputra, sudarzana, candanA, mRgAvatI, sulasA Adi vyaktiyoM para likhe gaye carita kAvyoM kI saMkhyA zatAdhika hai| AcAryoM ko bhI carita kAvyoM kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu, sthUlabhadra, kAlakAcArya vajrasvAmI, pAdaliptasUri, siddhasena vappibhaTTi, haribhadrasUri, somasundarasUri, sumatisambhava, hIrasaubhAgya, vijayadeva, bhAnucandragaNi, digvijaya, jinakRpAcandrasUri Adi aise hI pramukha AcArya kahe jA sakate haiM jinapara jaina vidvAnoM ne saMskRta kAvya likhe haiN| jainAcAryoM ne aitihAsika mahApuruSoM para bhI saMskRta mahAkAvya kA sRjana kiyA hai isase unake aitihAsika jJAna kA patA calatA hai| hemacandra ke kumArapAla 1. mahAsenAcArya sakalakIrti, zubhacandra, yazodhara Adi ke pradyumnacarita upalabdha haiN| 2. malliSeNa, dharmadhara, dAmanandi Adi ke nAgakumAracarita prApta haiN| 3. kummAputta aura ambaDa ko bhI pratyeka buddhoM se sambaddha kiyA jAtA hai| ____ 2010_04

Page #90
83 aura dvAzraya mahAkAvya (saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita), arisiMha kA sukRta saMkIrtana (vi0saM0 1278), bAlacandrasUri kA vasantavilAsa (vi0saM0 1334), nayacandrasUri kA hammIra mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1440), jinaharSagaNi kA vastupAlacarita (vi0saM0 1497), sarvAnanda kA jagaDUcarita (vi0 saM0.1350), prabhAcandra kA prabhAvakacarita (vi0saM0 1334), tathA merutuMgasUri kA prabandha cintAmaNi (vi0saM0 1361), Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM varNita rAjAoM ne jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai| isI prakAra aneka prazastiyA~, paTTAvaliyA~ gurvAvaliyA~, tIrthamAlAyeM, zilAlekha, mUrtilekha Adi bhI saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne sambhavata: kathA granthoM kI sarvAdhika racanA kI hai| yadyapi ye kathAyeM ghaTanA-pradhAna adhika haiM, parantu unameM eka vizeSa lakSya dikhAI detA hai| yaha lakSya hai - AdhyAtmika carama sAdhanA ke utkarSa kI praapti| isa sandarbha meM lekhakoM ne AgamoM meM varNita kathAoM kA Azraya to liyA hI hai, sAtha hI nIti kathAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM laukika kathAoM kA bhI bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| hariSeNa kA bRhatkathA koSa (vi0 saM0 955), prabhAcandra tathA nemicandra ke kathAkoza, somacandragaNi kA kathA mahAdadhi (vi0saM0 1520), zubhazIlagaNi kA prabandha paJcazatI, sakalakIrti Adi ke vratakathAkoSa, guNaratnasUri kA kathArNava, aneka kaviyoM ke puNyAzrava kathAkoza Adi racanAyeM zreSTha saMskRta kAvya ko prastuta karatI haiN| inameM tatkAlIna pracalita athavA kalpita kathAoM ko jaina dharma kA puTa dekara nibaddha kiyA hai| dharmAbhyudaya, samyaktvakaumudI, dharmakalpadruma, dharmakathA, upadezaprAsAda, saptavyasana kathA Adi kathAtmaka granthoM meM vrata pUjAdi se sambaddha kathAoM kA saMkalana hai| dharmaparIkSA nAma ke bhI aneka kathA grantha isI viSaya se sambaddha milate haiN| siddharSi kI upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA (vi0saM0 962) tathA nAgadeva kA madanaparAjaya (lagabhaga 15vIM zatI) jaise kucha grantha aise bhI prApta hote haiM, jo rUpaka zailI meM karmakathA kahane kA upakrama karate haiN| dharma ke kisI pakSa ko prastuta karane ke lie sAhitya athavA itihAsa se kisI vyakti kA carita uThA liyA gayA aura use apane DhaMga se prastuta kara diyA gyaa| yazodhara kA caritra aisA hI krama hai jo lekhakoM ko bar3A priya lgaa| somadeva (10vIM zatI) ne use yazastilakacampU meM nibaddha kara aura bhI rucikara banA diyaa| dazoM grantha saMskRta sAhitya meM isa kathA kA AdhAra lekara race gaye 2010_04

Page #91
84 haiN| ahiMsA ke mAhAtmya ko yahA~ abhivyakti kiyA gayA hai| lagabhaga bIsa grantha 'zrIpAlacarita' ke milate haiM jinameM siddhacakra ke mAhAtmya ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bhaviSyadattakathA, maNipaticarita, sukozalacarita, sukumAlacarita, jinadattacarita, guNavarmacarita, campaka zreSThIkathA, dharmadattakathA, ratnapAlakathA, nAgadattakathA, Adi saikar3oM grantha milate haiM jinameM isa prakAra kI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dharma aura saMskRti ko udghATita kiyA gayA hai| kucha aise bhI kathA grantha haiM jinameM mahilA varga ko pAtra banAyA gayA hai| ratnaprabhAcArya (13vIM zatI) kI kuvalayamAlAkathA, jinaratnasUri (vi0 saM0 1340 kI nirvANalIlAvatIkathA, mANikyasUri (15vIM zatI) kI mahAbalamalayasundarI Adi zatAdhika kathAgrantha prasiddha hue haiN| isI prakAra tithi, parva, pUjA, stotra, vrata Adi se sambaddha saikar3oM kathAye haiM jinheM jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA hai| vikramAditya kI kathA bhI bahuta lokapriya huI hai| kucha dhUrtAkhyAna aura nItikathAtmaka sAhitya bhI milatA hai| jinase jIvana kI saphalatA ke sUtra sambalita kiye jAte haiN| lalita vAGmaya jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta ke lalita vAGmaya ko bhI bahuta samRddha kiyA hai| unhoMne mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, nItikAvya, sandezakAvya, nATaka Adi aneka vidhAoM para apanI lekhanI calAyI hai| mahAsenasUri kA pradyumnacarita (10vIM zatI), vAgbhaTa kA neminirvANa kAvya (10vIM zatI), vIranandi (11vIM zatI) kA candraprabhacarita, asaga kA vardhamAnacarita (10vIM zatI), haricanda kA dharmazarmAbhyudaya (13vIM zatI), jinapAlagaNi (13vIM zatI) kA sanatkumAracarita, abhayadevasUri (vi0saM0 1278) kA jayantavijaya, vastupAla (13vIM zatI) kA naranArAyaNananda, arhatdAsa (13vIM zatI) ke munisuvrata kAvya, purudevacampU aura bhavyakaNThAbharaNa, jinaprabhasUri kA zreNikacarita (vi0saM0 1356), munibhadrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita (vi0saM0 1410), bhUrAmala kA jayodaya mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1994) Adi mahAkAvya paramparAgata mahAkAvyoM ke lakSaNoM se alaMkRta haiN| unakI bhASA bhI prAJjala aura ojamayI hai| dhanaJjaya (8vIM zatI) kA dvisandhAna mahAkAvya aura meghavijayagaNi kA saptasandhAna mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1760), jayazekharasUri kA jainakumAra sambhava (vi0saM0 1483), dhanapAla (1vIM zatI) kI tilakamaJjarI, vAdIbhasiMha (1015-1150 I0) kI gadya cintAmaNi, somadeva kA yazastilakacampU (vi0 saM0 1016), haricanda kA jIvandharacampa Adi kAvya bhI saMskata sAhitya ke AbhaSaNa 2010_04

Page #92
kahe jA sakate haiN| sandeza kAvyoM meM pArzvabhyudaya (jinasenAcArya, 8vIM zatI) nemidUta (vikrama 14vIM zatI), jainameghadUta (merutuMga, 14vIM zatI), zIladUta (caritra sundaragaNi, vi0saM0 1484), pavanadUta (vAdicandra, vi0saM0 1727), cetodUta, meghadUta samasyAlekha, indradUta, candradUta Adi kAvyoM meM gItitattva vastukathA kA Azraya lekara sundara DhaMga se sa~joye gaye haiN| jainastotra sAhitya to aura bhI samRddha haiM usake bhaktAmarastotra kalyANamandira stotra, jinasahasranAma to atyanta prasiddha haiN| nATaka ke kSetra meM bhI jainAcAryoM kA kama yogadAna nhiiN| unhoMne paurANika, aitihAsika, rUpaka aura kAlpanika vidyAoM meM nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| rAmacandra (13vIM zatI) ke satya haricandra, nalavilAsa, mallikAmakaranda, kaumidI mitrANaMda, raghuvilAsa, nirbhayabhIma vyAyoga, rohiNI mRgAMka, rAghavAbhyudaya, yAdavAbhyudaya aura vanamAlA, devacandra kA candravijaya prakaraNa vijayapAla kA draupadI svayaMvara, rAmabhadra kA prabuddharohiNeya, yazapAla kA moharAja parAjaya (13vIM zatI) yazacandra kA mudrita kumudacandra, hastimalla(13-14vIM zatI) ke aMjanA-pavanaMjaya, subhadrAnATikA, vikrAntakaurava, maithilIkalyANa, vAdicandra kA jJAna sUryodaya(vi0saM0 1648) Adi dRzyakAvya eka ora jahA~ nATakIya tattvoM se bhare hue haiM vahIM unameM jaina tattvoM kA bhI paryApta aMkana hai| ina sabhI kAvyoM meM yadyapi zRGgAra Adi rasoM kA yathAsthAna prayoga huA hai para pramukha rUpa se zAnta rasa ne sthAna liyA hai| jayasiMha sUrikRta hammIramardana, ratnazekharasUrikRta prabodhacandrodaya, meghaprabhAcAryakRta madana parAjaya bhI uttama koTi kI nATya kRtiyA~ haiN| lAkSaNika-sAhitya lAkSaNika sAhitya ke antargata vyAkaraNa, koza, alaGkAra, chanda, saMgIta, kalA, gaNita, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, zilpa ityAdi vidhAyeM sammilita hotI haiN| jainAcAryoM ne ina vidhAoM ko bhI upekSita nahIM hone diyaa| vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM devanandi (6vIM zatI) kA jainendra vyAkaraNa aura usa para likhI aneka vRttiyA~ pAlyakIrti (9vIM zatI) kA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa aura una para likhI vRttiyA~, hemacandra kA siddhahemacandra zabdAnuzAsana aura usa para likhI aneka vRttiyA~ sarvavidita haiN| unhoMne jainetara sampradAya ke AcAryoM dvArA likhita vyAkaraNa granthoM para bIsoM TIkAyeM likhI haiM jo apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa haiN| guNanandI, somadeva, abhayanandI, pAlyakIrti, guNaratna, bhAvacandra vidya Adi AcArya isa kSetra ke pradhAna paNDita ___ 2010_04

Page #93
86 koza ke kSetra meM dhanaJjaya (11vIM zatI) kI dhanaJjayanAmamAlA aura anekArtha nAmamAlA, hemacandra kI abhidhAna cintAmaNi nAmamAlA aura nighaNTu zeSa tathA una para aneka vRttiyA~, dharasena (13-14vIM zatI) kA vizvalocana koza Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana, vAgbhaTa kA vAgbhaTAlaMkAra (12vIM zatI), narendraprabhasUri kA alaGkAra mahodadhi (vi0saM0 1280), vinayacandrasUri kI kAvya zikSA (13vIM zatI) Adi aneka alaGkArazAstra ullekhanIya haiN| kAvyakalpalatA, nATyadarpaNa, alaGkAra cintAmaNi, alaGkArazAstra, kAvyAlaGkAra sAra Adi aura bhI prasiddha alaGkAra grantha haiN| jyotiSa ke kSetra meM praznapaddhati, bhuvanadIpaka, Arambhasiddhi, bhadrabAhusaMhitA kevalajJAnahorA, yantrarAja, trailokyaprakAza, horAmakaranda, zakunazAstra, meghamAlA, hastakANDa, nAr3IvijJAna, svapnazAstra, kevalajJAna prazna cUr3AmaNi, sAmudrikazAstra, Adi zatAdhika grantha haiN| isI prakAra Ayurveda ke kSetra meM aSTAGgasaMgraha, puSpAyurveda, madana kAma ratna, nAr3I parIkSA, aSTAGgahRdaya vRtti, yoga cintAmaNi, Ayurveda mahodadhi, rasa cintAmaNi, kalyANa kAraka, jvara parAjaya Adi grantha atyanta upayogI haiN| somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRta, haMsadeva kA mRgapakSIzAstra aura durlabharAja kA hastI parIkSA nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta jainasAhitya ke amUlya maNi hai| ina granthoM se jainAcAryoM kA vaidUSya dekhA jA sakatA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya meM janajIvana meM pracalita kathAoM kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| usameM lokopayogI sAhitya ke sRjana para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| purANa, carita, kathA, rAsA, phAgu ityAdi aneka vidhAoM para jainAcAryoM ne apanI sphuTa racanAyeM likhI haiM jinakA saMkSipta ullekha hama nIce kara apabhraMza meM prAcInatama 'purANa' sAhitya meM svayambhU (7vIM-8vIM zatI) kA paumacariu sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai| unakA riTThaNemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) bhI upalabdha hai| harivaMzapurANa nAma kI anya kRtiyAM bhI milatI haiM jo dhavala (10-11vIM zatI) aura yaza:kIrti (15vIM zatI) dvArA likhI gaI haiN| inake atirikta puSpadanta (10vIM zatI) ke tisaTThimahApurisaguNAlaMkAru (mahApurANa), jasaharacariu aura NAyakumAracariu, dhanapAla dhakkar3a kA bhavisayattakahA (10vIM zatI), kanakAmara kA karakaNDacariu (10vIM zatI), dhAhila kA paumasiricariu (10vIM zatI), haribhadra kA saNatkumAracariu (10vIM zatI), vIra kA jambUsAmicariu (11vIM 2010_04

Page #94
zatI), nayanandi kA sudaMsaNacariu, narasena kA sirivAlacariu, padmakIrti kA pAsaNAhacariu purANa athavA carita kAvya ke sundara nidarzana haiN| apabhraMza ke kucha 'premAkhyAnaka' kAvya haiM jinakA prabhAva hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM para bhalIbhAMti dekhA jA sakatA hai| aise kAvyoM meM sAdhAraNa siddhasena kI vilAsavatIkathA tathA ralha kI jinadattacaupaI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| 'khaNDa kAvyoM' meM somaprabhasUri kA kumArapAlapratibodha, varadatta kA vajrasvAmIcarita, harideva kA mayaNaparAjayacariu, abdula rahamAna kA sandeza rAsaka, raidhU kA Atmasambodhana kAvya, udayakIrti kI sugandhadazamIkathA, kanakAmara kA karakaNDacariu Adi grantha pramukha haiN| 'rAsa' sAhitya to mukhyataH jainoM kA hI hai| unakI saMkhyA lagabhaga 500 taka pahu~ca jAyegI / 'rUpaka' kAvyoM meM mayaNaparAjayacariu, mayaNajujjha, santoSatilakajayamAla, manakarabhArAsa Adi granthoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 87 apabhraMza meM 'AdhyAtmika' racanAyeM bhI milatI haiN| yogIndu ( 6vIM zatI) ke paramappayAsu aura yogasAra, rAmasiMha (hemacandra se pUrva) kA pAhuDadohA, suprabhAcArya kA vairAgyasAra, mahacanda kA dohApAhuDa, devasena kA sAvayadhammadohA, Adi grantha isI se sambaddha haiN| saikar3oM grantha to abhI bhI sampAdaka vidvAnoM kI ora nihAra rahe haiN| yahA~ prAkRta, saMskRta tathA apabhraMza bhASA meM racita jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa athavA ullekha mAtra kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH sAhitya kI hara vidhAoM meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai / vaha aisA bhI nahIM ki kisI eka kAla athavA kSetra se baMdhA ho| unhoMne to eka ora jahAM saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM likhA hai vahIM dUsarI ora tamila, telagU, kannar3a, hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, baMgalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI prArambha se hI sAhitya-sarjanA kI hai| ina sabakA vizeSa Akalana karanA abhI zeSa hai| lagabhaga ina sabhI bhASAoM aura kSetroM meM jaina sAhityakAra hI Adya praNetA rahe haiN| jainetara sAhityakAroM ko unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva se jo preraNA milI hai vaha bhI unake sAhitya meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| anya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA jaina sAhitya tamila jaina sAhitya I0pU0 kI zatAbdiyoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ke paira kAphI majabUta 2010_04

Page #95
ho cuke the| usakI sthiti kA pramANa tamila bhASA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM khojA jA sakatA hai| tolakATipayam tamilabhASA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna vyAkaraNa grantha hai jise kisI jaina vidvAn ne likhA thaa| kurala kAvya tamila bhASA meM likhe nIti granthoM kA agraNI rahA hogaa| isake racayitA AcArya kundakunda aparanAma elAcArya mAnejAte haiN| eka anya jaina gantha nAlaDiyAra kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai jo nIti ganthoM meM mahattvapUrNa hai| tamila sAhitya meM pAMca mahAkAvya haiM - zilappadikArama, valayApani, cintAmaNi, kuNDalakezi aura mnnimekhlai| inameM se prathama tIna jaina lekhakoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM aura antima do bauddha lekhakoM kI dena hai| nariviruttama bhI saMsAra kI dazA kA citraNa karane vAlA eka uttama jaina kAvya hai| ina bRhat kAvyoM ke atirikta pAMca laghukAvya bhI haiM jo jaina kaviyoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM - nIlakezi, cUr3AmaNi, yazodhara kAviyam, nAgakumAra kAviyam tathA udayapAna kthai| vAmanamuni kA merUmaMdarapurANakathA, ajJAta kaviyoM ke zrIpurANa aura kaliMguttupparani jaina grantha bhI ullekhanIya haiN| chanda zAstra meM yApyarUMgalamkArikai, vyAkaraNazAstra meM neminAtham aura nannUlU, koza kSetra meM divAkara nighaNTu, piMgala nighaNTu, aura cUr3AmaNi nighaNTu tathA prakIrNa sAhitya meM tirUnUrantAdi aura tirukkalambagam, gaNita sAhitya meM aiMcUvaDi tathA jyotiSa sAhitya meM jinendra mauli grantha tamila bhASA ke sarvamAnya jaina grantha haiN| telagU jaina sAhitya tamila aura kannar3a kSetra meM jainadharma kA praveza usake itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla meM hI ho gayA thaa| taba yaha svAbhAvika hai ki Andhrapradeza meM usase pUrva hI jainadharma pahu~ca gayA hogaa| rAjarAja dvitIya ke samaya meM Andhrapradeza meM vaidika Andolana kA prabhAva yahA~ taka huA ki usa samaya taka ke samUce kalAtmaka aura sAhityika kSetra ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara diyA gyaa| telagU sAhitya ke prAcInatama kavi nanaya bhaTTa ne 11vIM zatI meM isa tathya ko apratyakSa rUpa meM apane mahAbhArata meM svIkAra kiyA hai| zrIzaila pradeza meM jainadharma kA astitva rahA hai| telagU ke samAna malayAlama meM bhI jaina sAhitya kama milatA hai para jo bhI milatA hai vaha kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| kannar3a jaina sAhitya karnATaka pradeza meM jainadharma prArambha se hI lokapriya rahA hai| gaMga, kadamba, rASTrakUTa, cAlukya Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM, sAmantoM, senApatiyoM aura mantriyoM 2010_04

Page #96
89 ko usane prabhAvita kiyA tathA janasAdhAraNa bhI usake lokaraMjaka svarUpa se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rahA / zravaNavelagolA, podamapura, kopaLa, punnADa, humaca Adi prAcIna jaina sthala inake pratIka haiM / yahA~ kI mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM jainadharma kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai / pramukha jaina sAhityakAra bhI isI kSetra meM hue haiN| AcArya kundakunda, umAsvAmI yA umAsvAti samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnanda, anantavIrya, prabhAcandra, jinasena, guNabhadra, vIrasena, somadeva Adi AyAca ke nAma agragaNya haiN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka jainAcAryoM ne kannar3a sAhitya kI racanA kii| mahAkavi kavitAguNArNava pampa ( I0 941), kavicakravartI ponna ( I0 950), kaviratna ratna ( I0 993), vIramArtaNDa cAmuNDarAya ( I0 978 ), gadya-padyavidyAdhara zrIdhara ( I0 1049), siddhAntacUr3AmaNi divAkaranandi ( I0 1062), zAntinAtha ( I0 1068), nAgacandra ( I0 1100), kanti ( I0 1100), nayasena ( I0 1112), rAjAditya ( I0 1110), kIrtivarmA ( I0 1125), brahmaziva ( I0 1130), karNapArya ( I0 1140), nAgavarmA (I0 1145), somanAtha ( I0 1150), vRttavilAsa ( I0 1160), nemicanda (I0 1170), voppaNa ( I0 1180) aggala ( I0 1189), AcaraNa (I0 1195 ), bandhuvarmA ( I0 1200), pArzvanAtha ( I0 1205), janna ( I0 1230), guNavarmA ( I0 1235), kamalabhAva (I0 1235), mahAvala ( I0 1254) Adi kaviyoM ne kannar3a sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kI / vyAkaraNa, gaNita, jyotiSa, Ayurveda Adi sabhI kSetroM meM Adhunika kAla taka jaina lekhaka kannar3a bhASA meM sAhitya-sRjana karate rahe haiN| samUce jaina kannar3a sAhitya kI vistRta rUparekhA denA yahA~ sambhava nhiiN| yaha usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| marAThI jaina sAhitya marAThI sAhitya kA prArambha bhI jaina kaviyoM se huA hai| unhoMne 1661 I0 se lekhana kArya adhika Arambha kiyaa| jinadAsa, guNadAsa, megharAja, kAmarAja, sUrijana, guNanandi, puSpasAgara, mahIjandra, mahAkIrti, jinasena, devendrakIrti, kalalappA, bharamApana Adi jaina sAhityakAroM ne marAThI meM sAhitya taiyAra kiyaa| yaha sAhitya adhikAMza rUpa se anuvAda rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai / gujarAtI jaina sAhitya gujarAtI bhASA kA bhI vikAsa apabhraMza se huA hai| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI se apabhraMza aura gaMjarAtI meM pArthakya dikhAI dene lgaa| gujarAta prArambha se hI 2010_04

Page #97
90 jainadharma aura sAhitya-saMskRti kA kendra rahA hai| hemacandra Adi aneka jaina AcArya gujarAta meM hue jinhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM sAhitya-sRjana kiyaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI meM jaina kaviyoM ne rAso, phAgu, bArahamAsA, kakko, vivAhalu, caccarI, AkhyAna Adi vidhAoM ko samRddha karanA prArambha kiyaa| isake pUrva udyotanasUri (779 I0) kI kuvalayamAlA tathA dhanapAla kI bhavissayatta kahA prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke prasiddha kAvya haiM jo gujarAtI ke lie upajIvya kahe jA sakate haiN| zAlibhadrasUri (1185 I0) kA bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa prathama prApya gujarAtI kRti hai| usake bAda dhammu kA jambUrAsa, vinayaprabha kA gautamarAsa, pathasUthI kA sirithUlibhadda, rAjazekharasUri kA neminAtha phAgu, prAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya kI zreSTha kRtiyAM haiN| isa kAla meM adhikAMza lekhaka jaina hue haiN| bhaktikAla meM 15vIM zatI meM bhI jaina granthakAra hue haiN| zAligurAsa, gautamapRcchA, jambUsvAmI vivAhalo, jAvaDa bhAvaDarAsa, sudarzana zreSThirAsa Adi grantha isI zatI ke haiN| lAvaNyasamaya 16vIM zatI ke pramukha sAhityakAra the| vimalaprabandha bhI isI samaya kI racanA hai| rAsa, caritra, vivAhalo, pavAr3o Adi anya sAhitya bhI isI samaya likhA gyaa| 17vIM zatI ke jaina sAhitya meM nemivijaya kA zIlavatIrAsa, samaya sundara kA naladamayantIrAsa, Anandaghana kI Ananda caubIsI aura Anandaghana bahottarI pramukha haiN| isI samaya lokavArtA sAhitya tathA rAsa aura prabandha bhI likhe gye| 18-19vIM zatI meM bhI sAdhuoM ne isI prakAra kA sAhitya likhaa| udayaratna, nemivijaya, devacanda, bhAvaprabhasari, jinavijaya, gaMgavijaya, haMsaratna, jJAnasAgara, bhAnuvijaya Adi jainasAhityakAra ullekhanIya haiN| ina sabhI ne gujarAtI bhASA meM vividha sAhitya likhA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya hindI sAhitya kA to prArambha hI jaina sAhityakAroM se huA hai| usakA AdikAla kaba se mAnA jAya yaha vivAda kA viSaya avazya rahA hai para svayambhU aura puSpadanta ko nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA jinake sAhitya meM apabhraMza se haTakara hindI kI nayI pravRttiyA~ dikhAI detI haiN| munirAmasiMha, mahayaMdiNa muni, Ananda tilaka, devasena, nayanandi, hemacanda, dhanapAla, rAmacanda, haribhadrasUri, AmabhaTTa Adi jaina kavi ullekhanIya haiN| karakaNDacariu, sudarzanacariu, neminAhacariu Adi apabhraMza sAhitya bhI isI kAla kA hai| rAso, phAgu, beli, prabandha Adi vidhAya bhI yahA~ samRddha huI haiN| zAlibhadrasUri (san 1184) kA bAhubalirAsa, jinadattasUci ke carcarI, kAlasvarUpa phulakam aura upadeza rasAyana sAra, jinapadmasUri (vi0saM0 2010_04

Page #98
1257) kA thUlibhaddaphAga, dharmasUri (vi0saM0 1266 ) kA jambUsvAmIcaritra, abhayatilaka (vi0saM0 1307 ) kA mahAvIrarAsa, jinaprabhasUri kA padmAvatI devI caupaI aura ralha kA jinadatta caupaI vizeSa ullekhanIya grantha haiN| hindI sAhitya ke madhyakAla meM bhI jainAcAryoM ne prabandha, carita kathA, purANa, rAsA, rUpaka, stavana, pUjA, caupaI, cUnar3I, phAgu, beli, bArahamAsA Adi sabhI prakAra kA sAhitya sRjana kiyA / sAhityakAroM meM banArasIdAsa, dyAnatarAya, kuzalalAbha, bhUdharadAsa, daulatarAma, rAyamalla, jayasAgara, upAdhyAya, sakalakIrti, lakSmIvallabha, rUpacanda pANDe, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, vRndAvana, brahmajayasAgara, devIdAsa, ThakurasI Adi zatAdhika jaina kaviyoM ne hindI sAhitya ko samRddha kiyaa| rahasyabhAvanA kI dRSTi se yaha kAla dRSTavya hai / 1 91 isI prakAra baMgalA, ur3iyA, AsamiyA, paMjAbI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI jaina sAhitya kI vibhinna paramparAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| unhoMne apanI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhitya kI paramparA lagabhaga 2500 varSa se avirala rUpa se pravAhita hotI A rahI hai| usameM sAmayika gatividhiyA~ aura sAhityika tathA sAmAjika Andolana ke svara bhI mukharita hue haiN| samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lagabhaga hara vidhA ke janmadAtA jainasAhityakAra hI hue haiN| unake yogadAna kA lekhA-jokhA abhI bhI zeSa hai| vidvAnoM ko isa ora vizeSa dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi samUcA jaina sAhitya prakAza meM A jAya to nizcita hI naye mAnoM kI sthApanA aura purAne pratimAnoM kA svarUpa badala jAyegA / bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yaha avadAna sAMskRtika, dArzanika, bhASika, sAhityika, Adi sabhI kSetroM meM anupama rahA hai| ye sAre kSetra apekSAkRta abhI kama hI adhyayana ke viSaya ho sake haiN| zodhakoM ke lie isameM aparimita kSetra hai| sAtha hI tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie bhI yahA~ sAmagrI prabhUta mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| vistAramaya se yahA~ hama isa viSaya ko virAma de rahe haiN| 1. vizeSa dekhie - madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kAvya meM rahasyabhAvanA, DaoN0 puSpalatA jaina kA zodhaprabandha | 2010_04

Page #99
2010_04

Page #100
2010_04