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essential for realisation of Self (Pr. 170). Purity is of two kinds: internal and external. External purity consists in maintaining cleanliness and purity of food, clothes, drink etc. and internal or spiritual purity (bhāvanāśauca) consists of annihilation of passions. (Pr. 171). Selfcontrol (samyama) is of seventeen kinds, viz., abstaining from five types of asraya, control over five senses; victory over four kinds of passions and control of mental, vocal and physical activities (Pr 172). Renunciation consits in renunciation of all wordly attachments, relations, wealth, pleasures and 'l-ness' and 'Mineness'. An ascetic who has abandoned all wordly objects, is called Nirgrantha-freed from all sorts of worldly knots of attachment. (pr. 173). Truthfulness is speaking in conformity with the words of Jinas and avoiding lies even in wordly transactions. It consists in ever abandoning all forms of falsehood and even talk which hurts others. It is of four kinds, viz., speaking in confirmity with the Scriptures and straitforwardness in deeds, thoughts and words. (Pt.174). Austerity implies the renunciation and rejection of all kinds of desires, indifference to pleasures of this world and quietly enduring various physical troubles. Austerity is of two kinds: external and ternal. The former emphasises on the physical, outer asepet while the latter one inner aspect. External austerity is of six kinds, viz. anagana, unodarətä, vịttisamkşepaņa, rasaparityāga, kāyaklega and samllinatā. (pr.175). Anagana consists in fasting either for a limited period of time or till the separatation of the soul from the body. This austerity is prescribed to exterminate attachment towards body to perform meditation. Unodaratā is taking limited, pure and suitable food without any greed. A monk should not take full or over meal. The observence of this austerity is to have control over the senses and sleep which hinder meditation. Vịttisamksepa means pre-determination of the monk regarding the number of houses to be visited for taking alms etc., and eating indifferently even tasteless food. This austerity uproots the attachment for food. Rasaparityāga is renouncing delicious and tasty food such as milk curd, ghee, oil, sugar and salt etc. It reduces, the sexual desires of the monk. Kāyaklega means putting of the body to certain discomfort, employing certain uneasy and stern postures and not to be disappointed by adverse climatic conditions. Samllīnatā is staying in a lonely place, not craving for house, or wordly comforts, engaging oneself in pure meditation. Internal austerity is also of six kinds (Pr. 176). viz., prāyaŚcitta, dhayāna, vaiyávrtya, vinaya, kāyotsarga and svādhyāya. PrayaŚcitta is confession before one's teacher or Ācārya for the transgressions committed by sādhu, either by negligence or in adverse condition. Dhyāna is concentration of a mind on Atman or on certain principles. It is divided into auspicious and inauspicious. Arta and Rudra dhyānas are inauspicious. They are therefore, to be avoided. Dharma
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