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majjappamadaṭṭhāna" is an aspect of Himsa and notepate category. This list omits Parigraha altogether.
These references lead us to two observations: (i) According to the Parsvanatha tradition, there were four vows, and (ii) Nigantha Nataputta formulated five vows dividing the last into two Akulila and Aparigraha. The defects in these references are: (i) they do not follow the traditional Juna order of precedence, and (ii) the Parigraha, which is placed as the last way of falling into sin, is ignored in Pali Literature. The compilers of the Pali Tipitaka either were not well acquainted with the reformation of Nigantha Nataputta or they did not consider it very important.
The omission of Parigraha in all the references in the Pali Canon is significant. Parigraha is the most important Jaina contribution to Indian Ethics. It was altogether a new concept when it was first included in Parivanatha's doctrine. It embraced all aspects of indiscipline and abstinence from it and was recognized as the removal of the very root of all immorality. It was founded on the role which desire and craving played in human affairs. But the moral significance of Parsvanatha tradition was not adequately understood by the Buddha or his followers, for, if they did, they would have observed how the vow relating to Parsvanatha agreed with the Second Noble Truth of Buddhism as a diagnasis of suffering.
The Nikayas also recorded the Jaina notion with regard to Himsa, its causes, and their remedies. The Majjhima Nikaya says that Niganthas uphold three ways of committing Himsa viz, (i) by activity (kṛta). (ii) by commission (karita) and (iii) by approval of the deed (anumodana). To get a violence committed or to approve a violence committed is about the same as to commit violence by one's self, for one is involved in the activity directly or indirectly and shares it. Therefore, one who refrains from Himsa will not utter even a word hich is likely to give pain to another, will not commit any ct which may cause injury to another, will not harbour any thoughts prejudical to another, will not make anybody else
