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sometimes present in the Man (who is spoken of as the moon) or in Camphor, Silver and such other things which are also called moon. 195 Likewise, in the second instance Santarakşita points out as a defact that there is no distinction between the probans ( the pain of mine has been caused by the falling insect), since the proban is a part of the Proposition itself. The same fact is asserted in different words in the Probans.196 Similarly, he indicates defects in other examples197 put forward by Patrasvamin and tries to prove the two steps of Pratijña and Hetu to be inadequate and incomp
lete.
This criticism is based on the conception that Jainas recognize only hetu Dh armakirti includes Paksa in Nigrahasthana and then divides hetu in three categories, viz. Paksadharmatva, Sapakṣasatva, and Vipakṣavy vṛtti. These are called Train@pya helu. Both, Draştanta and Upanaya are included in the Hetu of the Buddhists. But patrasvamin does not accept this view cn the ground that the Trirupa can also be found in Hetvābhāsa (fallacious middle term). Further he asserts lakṣa and Hetu as steps of hetu. Since he establishes Anyath inupapatti as the definition of hetu, how could he include the Pakṣa or Pratijn into other organs as Dharmakirti did? It was essential to him as well as other Jaina Acaryas, therefore, to recognise Pratijfia as a separate organ of Hetu.198
As regards the aspects of the nature of a probans, the Buddhists, like the Vaisesikas199 and Sankhyas, 200 assert that there are three aspects of a probans, vis. pakṣasativa (presence in the subject ), sapakṣasattva (presence in a homologues), and Vipakṣāsattva (absence from hetrologues). The Naiyayikas accept, in addition to the above three, two more aspects of the nature of probans viz. abadhitavisaytva (absence of a counter-balancing probans), and asatpratipakṣatva.201 Both. the Buddhists and the Jainas criticise the view of the Naiyayikas.202 The Buddhists include the abadhitaviṣaz atra in paksa and show the superfluity of asatpratipakṣatva. The three aspects of the
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