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nction is a subject of quite separate, while the other relates with inseparable realities. Samavaya is said to be eternal, ( nitya ), one ( eka ) and all-pervasive ( sarvavya paka ).48
The Vedāntins and the Buddhists, the idealists, are against the view of the Naiyāyikas. The Buddbists assert the subjective view of relations. A relation, according to Dharmakirti, is a conceptual fiction ( sambandhah kal panīkştah ), like universal, and hence it is unreal. He also rejects the two possible ways of entertaining a relation in universal. They are dependence (päratuntrya sambandha ) and interpenetration ( rūpaslesa sambandha ).50
On the other hand, the Jainas, on the basis of non-absolute standpoint, try to remove the extreme externalism of the Naiyāyikas and the extreme illusionism or idealism of Buddhism and Advaitism. They maintain that a relation is a deliverance of the direct and objective experience. Relation is not merely an inferable but also an indubitaly perceptual fact. Without recognising relation, no object can be concrete and useful and atams would be existing unconnected.51
As regards the rejection of two possible ways of relation, the Jainas say that they should not be rejected. For, paratantrya-sumbandha is not mere dependence, as the Buddhists ascribe, but it unifies the relata52. Rūpaślesa is also untenable for purpose.58 The two points are here to be noted : the first is that according to Jainism, the relata never lose their individuality. They make internal changes having consistent internal relation with the external changes happening to them. In adopting this attitude the Jainas avoid the two extremes of the Naiyayikas' externalism and the Vedāntins internalism. Another point is that the Jainas consider Telation to be a combination of the relata in it as something unque or sui generis (jāt, antara ). It is a character or trait in which the natures of relata have not totally disappeared but are converted into a new form. For instance, nara-simha is a combination of the units of nara ( man ) and simha (lion).
