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It would be helpful to remember that the nature of realityis determined in Jainism by refering to the dravya ( matter Kşetra (place ), kala ( time) and bhava ( state ). This is the positive factor. The negative factor is that of refering to the negative counterpart ( nisedia-pratimukha ) or a particular object such as the absence of ghatatva (jarness ) in cloth and. vice versa. This negative factor constitutes the full-fledged. nature of the Jar as the positive one.
According to the conception of Syādvūda, both identity and difference must exist in reality. But opponents categorically deny this claim on the ground that a dual character can never exist in an entity. The critics of Syädvāda object to it on the basis that Syādvāda gives rise to the following erroneous results78 : (i) Virodha or self-contradiction, like hot and cold, (ii) Vaiyadhikaranya or absence of a common abode, (iii) Anavastha or regressus ad infinitum, (iv) Sankara or confusion. (v) V yatikara or exchange of natures, (vi) Samsaya or doubt. (vii) A pratipatti or non-apprehension, and (viii) Uvayadosa or fallacies on both sides. Out of these defects Virodhadosa is considered by them to be the most glaring. The Jainas do not accept that there is any sell.contradiction in Syüdväda. They put forth three possible forms in which virodha can occur :
(i) Vadhyaghatakabhava or destructive opposition, like mongoose ( nakula) and the serpent ( ahi ).
(ii) Sahānavasthanabhūva or the non-congruent opposition, like $yama and pita in a ripe mango.
(iii) Pratibadhya pratibandhakabhāva or the obstructive oppo. sition, like the moonstone which protects the sun's rays. And they maintain that these forms of virodhas cannot effect their theories of reality. They also say that an entity is anantadharmatmaka (having innumerable characters ) which cannot be perceived at once by ordinary men until and unless, we conceive the problem through negative and positive aspe. cts (bhavabhāvātmakatattvena ), identity-in-difference (bhedabhedena) eternality-in-non-eternality (nityānityatmakenal
