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( 181 ) Sadiiyāstitva, the so-called Tiryaksamanya (horizontal ), tep resents unity in the plurality of different individuals of the same class. 87 The word cow is used to denote a particular cow and it also refers to others of the same class, because of similarity.88 Likewise, Visesa is also of two kinds. Parvliva and Vyatireka. The former distinguishes the two modes of Same entity, while the latter makes a distinction between the two separate entities.
Thus each and every reality is universalized-cum-particularzed (samūnya.visesatmaka ) along with substance with modes (drávya paryayātmaka ). Here dravya represents the universal character and paryaya represents the particular character of a thing. The adjective Samanya-višeşītmaka indicates the apprehension of Tiryak samanyatmaka and Vyatirekasāmanyätmaka, while Dravyaparyāyātmaka points out the ürdhvatāsā mūnyūtmaka and Paryāyaviseşītmaka character of a reality. Though the qualily of sūmanyaviseşātmaka is included in the dravyaparyāyātmaka, its separate use indicates that no entity is beyond the limitation of dravyaparyāyalmakatva of utpadaryaya dhrauvyātmakatva. While Sāmīnyaviseşatmaka 'indicates the character of reality, the dravyaparyāyātmaka shows its dynamic nature. Thus in Jainism an entity is of a dual nature. Both these types of sāmānya have been dealt with by Santarakṣita, Karnakagomin and Arcața. They take the traditional example of a jar (ghata ) made of gold which can be changed into several modes, while preserving gold as a permament substance. 39
Another example has been given by Buddhist philosophers on behalf of Jainas. They say that the identical-in-difference (bhedabheda ) between the substance and the modes is accepted by the Anhrikas as the nature of reality.40 When a substance is spoken of as one, it is with reference to space, time and nature; when it is spoken of as different, it is with refe. rence to number, character, name and function. For instance, when we speak of a jar and its colour and its other attributes, there is difference of number, and name; there is also also a
