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र सचित्र उत्तराध्ययन सूत्र
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fait 378ZPR ( 364 )
Attributes always co-exist and modes (paryaaya) continue to change. One attribute has only one mode at a time; many modes at once are impossible. However, there can be infinite modes in a substance if we count one mode each of infinite attributes. The continuity of change is in context of a single attribute.
Modes (paryaaya) are mainly of two kinds-Vyanjana paryaaya (physical modes)-these are changes or special activity of sectional attributes of a substance; and Arth paryaaya (qualitative modes)-changes in all attributes other than sectional attributes of a substance. The said change or transformation is of two kinds-innate (svabhaava) and triggered (vibhaava). The innate change occurs without any external influence and triggered change occurs due to external influence.
Verse 10—The characteristic of time (kaal) is to flow. The material cause of transformations that take place in every substance including soul and matter is that substance itself but the motive cause is believed to be time. In case of transformation in time too, it is its own motive cause.
Kaal (time) is a substance; but not an Astikaaya, because it is unitary and not an aggregate of sections. Time is described as a mode of soul and matter in Bhagavati Sutra (13/14). There are said to be infinite Samayas (ultimate fractional unit) of time.
According to the Shwetambar tradition the conventional time units like day, night etc., are confined to area inhabited by humans (Adhai Dveep). According to Digambar tradition it envelopes the Lok (occupied space) and is in particle form. Like a heap of gems, on every section (pradesh) of Lokakaash (occupied space) one particle of time (kaalaanu) rests.
Verse 32-33—To obstruct the inflow of karmas is samvar chaaritra (conduct that blocks inflow of karmas). Shedding off or destroying the accumulated karmas through austerities'is nirjara chaaritra (conduct that destroys karmas). Both these definitions of conduct are available in this chapter. But the ultimate purification is done by austerity only-chayarittakaram chaarittam (Verse 33) and charittena niginhaai tayena parisujjhai (Verse 35).
