Bangal Ka Aadi Dharm

Author(s): Prabodhchandra Sen, Hiralal Duggad
Publisher: Vallabhsuri Smarak Nidhi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/007285/1

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zrI vallabha sUri jainasAhitya mAlA-puSpa 3 baMgAla kA Adi dharma mUla baMgalA lekhaka : zrI prabodhacandra sena ema. e. anuvAdaka:paMDita zrI hIrAlAla jI dUgar3a jaina, vyAkhyAna-divAkara, vidyAbhUSaNa nyAyatIrtha, nyAyamanISI, snAtaka prastAvanA lekhaka :pro0 pRthvIrAja jana ema. e. Shri Vallabha Suri Smaraka Nidhi, 89 Tambakanta, Bombay 3.

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Shree Vallabha Suri Jain, Literature Series Pushpa 3 baMgAla kA Adi dharma mUla baMgalA lekhaka :zrI prabodhacandra sena ema0 e0 anuvAdaka :paM0 zrI hIrAlAla jI dUgar3Ana, vyAkhyAna-divAkara, vidyAbhUSaNa. nyAyatIrtha, nyAyamanISI snAtaka

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zubha AzIrvAda :jainAcArya zrI vijayasamudra sUri Agama - prabhAkara muni zrI puNyavijaya jI prakAzaka : zrI vallabha sUri smAraka nidhi daha tAmbAkAMTA, bambaI 3 smAraka nidhi samiti : zrI ratnacanda cunIlAla dAliyA zrI ramaNalAla nagInadAsa pArikha zrI mohanalAla dIpacanda caukasI zrI jagajIvanadAsa zivalAla zAha vi0 saMvat 2015 } 1000 prati mUlya -sATha nae paise { IsavI 1658 mudraka :- -zrI zyAmasundara, girI priMTarja, TAkI roDa, ambAlA zahara |

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do zabda pustaka paricaya isa pustaka meM tIna lekhoM kA samAveza hai| ye tIna legya baMgAladeza ke prAcIna itihAsa para prakAza DAlate haiN| isa liye yadi yaha kahA jAya ki ye tonoM lekha eka dUsare lekha kI viSayapUrti meM sahAyaka haiM to koI atizayokti na hogii| isa dRSTi ko sAmane rakha kara hI gaMgA-jamunA-sarasvatI saMgamarUpa ina lekhoM ko isa pustaka meM saMkalana kiyA haiN| ina lekhoM kA vyorA isa prakAra hai : 1. baMgAla kA Adi dharma lekhaka zrI prabodha candra sena ema. e. anuvAdaka zrI hIrAlAla dUgar3a / 2. baMgAla meM jaina purAtattva sAmagrI-lekhaka zrI hIrAlAla duugdd'| 3. Jaina Antiquities in Manbhum (mAnabhUma meM jaina prAcIna sAmagrI) by P.C. Roy Chowdhary M.A.B.L. lekhoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prathama ke do lekha hindI bhASA meM haiM tathA tIsarA lekha aMgrejI bhASA meM hai| 1. "baMgAla kA Adi dharma" nAmaka lekha baMgAlI bhASA kI mAsika patrikA 'vicitrI' meM baMga saMvata 1340 (vikrama saMvata 1660) jyeSTha mAsa ke aMka pR0 654 se 673 meM baMgalA bhASA meM prakAzita huzrI thA / isa lekha ko lekhaka :-'prophesara prayodha candra sena ema. e.

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- (kha) baMgAlI jainetara vidvAna haiN| Apa ne isa lekha meM 'baMgAladeza kA prAcIna dharma kauna sA thA' isa kA aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3A khAja pUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| bhArata kI rASTrabhASA vartamAna meM hindI hone se lAre dezavAsI isa lekha se lAbhAnvita hoM, isa vicAra se maiMne isa lekha kA kucha Avazyaka sudhAroM ke sAtha rASTrabhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai| sAtha hI jahAM jahAM isa lekha ko adhika spaSTa karane kA AvazyakatA pratIta huI hai vahAM vahAM maiM ne apanI tarapha se TippaNiyAM bhI de dI haiN| merA vicAra hai ki ina TippaNiyoM se isa lekha kI praur3hatA, pramANikatA, rocakatA, tathA sundaratA meM vRddhi huI hogii| merI dhAraNA hai ki isa lekha se itihAsajJa vidvAnAM ko vizeSa rUpa se jaina dharma kI prAcInatA sambandhI sAmagrI upalabdha hogii| 2. "baMgAla meM jaina purAtattva sAmagro' (pariziSTa rUpa meM) prathama tathA aMtima ina donoM lekhoM ke sambandha ko jor3ane ke liye maiM ne ise likhA hai| isa meM jainadharma ke donoM mUrtipUjaka (zvetAmbaradigambara) saMpradAyoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrti sambandhI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM spaSTIkaraNa hai aura yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki purAtattvajJa vidvAna "jaina mUrtiyoM sambandhI zodha-khoja meM vizeSa sAvadhAnI aura tatparatA se kAma leN| 3. "Jaina Antiquities in Manbhum" isa lekha ke lekhaka eka baMgAlI vidvAna haiN| jina kA nAma po0 sI0 rAya caudharI hai / yaha legva aMgrejI kI "Amrit Bazar Patrika'' meM prakAzita huA thA / vahAM se sAbhAra uddhRta kiyA hai / isa lekha meM

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(ga) likhA hai ki baMgAladeza meM sarvatra jaina mandiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa tathA jaina tIrthaMkaroM, kI prAcIna mUrtiyAM bikharI par3I haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM parantu aneka jainamandira tathA jainatIrthaMkaroM, yakSa-yakSaNiyoM Adi kI mUrtiyAM akhaMDita rUpa meM bhI aneka sthAnoM para bikharI par3I haiN| abhI taka itihAsajJoM ne isa saba prAcIna sAmagrI kI upekSA kI hai| isa kI zodhakhoja se tathA ina para aMkita lekhoM ko par3hane aura abhyAsa karane se jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa para sundara prakAza pdd'egaa| namra nivedana Aja bhAratIya sarakAra tathA itihAsajJa vidvAnoM ne bauddha aura brAhmaNa, vaidika aura paurANika itihAsa kI khoja ke liye bhagIratha parizrama uThAyA hai tathA unake prAcIna smArakoM ke saMrakSaNa ke liye mukta hAthoM se dhanarAzI bhI vyaya kI hai| jisa ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja bauddha-vaidika-paurANika saMpradAyoM kA vistRta itihAsa vidvAnoM ke sAmane upalabdha hai| vartamAna bhArata sarakAra ne bauddhadharma ko sArvajanika rUpa de kara bauddhadharma kI paccIsasau varSIya jayaMti bar3e samAroha ke sAtha manAI hai aura "sAranAtha kA bauddha-gayA mandira" (jo ki sarakAra ke hastAMtargata thA) bauddhoM ko sauMpa kara udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai| tathA "mahAdeva-sAranAtha" ke prAcIna mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA hai| ina donoM kAryoM meM sarakAra ne apane nijI koSa se karor3oM rupayA kharca karane kI udAratA bhI dikhalAI hai| parantu kheda kA viSaya hai ki jainadharma jo bhArata kA eka prAcIna dharma hai usake prAcIna pramANika itihAsa kI khoja kI ora itihAsajJa vidvAnoM ne tathA bhArata-sarakAra ne jaisA cAhiye vaisA dhyAna nahIM diyA / ataH itihAsajJa vidvAnoM ko tathA bhArata sarakAra ko cAhiye ki ve isa prAcInadharma ke itihAsa kI khoja ke liye pUrI udAratA

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( gha ) kA paricaya deM | tathA paMjAbadeza ke kAMgar3A - kile meM jo prAcIna jaina mandira kAMgar3A ke jaina rAjAoM ne nirmANa kiyA thA isa samaya bhagnAvasthA meM par3A hai aura sarakAra ke kabje meM hai / somanAtha mahAdeva tathA sAranAtha- gayA ke mandiroM ke samAna bhArata sarakAra ko nijI koSa se jIrNoddhAra karA kara bhArata ke jainA kI pratinidhi saMsthA AnaMdajI kalyANajI kI per3hI ko sauMpane kI udAratA bhI avazya karanI cAhiye / isase adhika hairAnI kI bAta to yaha hai ki jainasamAja kA lakSya bhI isa ora nahIM ke barAbara hai / ataH jainasamAja kI aisI lAparavAhI bhI koI kama khaTakane kI bAta nahIM hai / merI to yaha icchA hai ki bhArata ke pratyeka prAMta ke jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa sabaMdhI zAdhakhoja ke liye itihAsajJa vidvAnoM ko zIghrAtizIghra prayAsa karanA cAhiye aura bhAratIya sarakAra ko isake liye pUrI-pUrI sahAyatA karanI cAhiye / isa se na mAtra jainadharma kA vAstavika prAcIna itihAsa hI prakAza meM AyegA parantu bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna itihAsa meM jo khAmiyAM haiM unameM bhI saMzodhana hokara bhAratIya itihAsa adhika pramANika banegA aura samRddha banegA / jisa se bhAratavarSa ke gaurava meM abhivRddhi hogI / ambAlA nagara 27-6-58 } hIrAlAla dUgar3a

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prastAvanA lagabhaga cAra varSa pUrva paMjAbakesarI, bhAratadivAkara, ajJAnatimirataraNa, kalikAlakalpataru, zrI zrI 1008 jainAcArya zrImad vijayavallabha sUrIzvara jI kA bambaI kI virATa nagarI meM 84 varSa kI avasthA meM svargavAsa huA / Apa kA samasta jIvana samAja, dharma evaM rASTra kI sevA bhAvanA se ota-prota thaa| jainasamAja meM aise bahuta kama AcArya hue haiM jinhoMne vyavahAra evaM nizcaya kA sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI sundara samanvaya kara hamAre gRhastha jIvana ko anekarUpeNa samunnata banAne kA bhagIratha prayAsa kiyA ho / gurudeva ne ghora virodha kA sAmanA karate hue bhI zikSA pracAra, samAja sudhAra aura jaina sAhitya prasAra kA anavarata udyAga kiyaa| unhoMne eka pravacana meM kahA thA, "Dabbe meM banda jJAna dravyazruta hai, vaha AtmA meM Ae tabhI bhAvazruta banatA hai / jJAnamandira kI sthApanA se santuSTa na hovo, usakA pracAra ho, vaisA udyama karo!" yaha eka tathya hai ki gurudeva aihika jIvana kI aMtima ghar3iyoM se kucha samaya pUrva bhI samAja ke kAryakartAoM se deza videza meM jainadharma saMbaMdhI uccakoTi ke sAhitya ke pracAra kI yojanA para vicAra aura kAryakartAoM kA isa viSaya meM mArgadarzana kara rahe the| aise divyAtmA gurudeva ke prati saccI zraddhAJjali arpita karane va unakI aMtima abhilASA ko mUrtarUpa dene ke lie zrI vallabha sUri smAraka nidhi kI sthApanA aura paisAphaMDa kI yojanA jainasamAja ke lie saubhAgya evaM gaurava kA viSaya haiN| yaha samiti isa se pUrva aMgrejI meM do puSpa samAja kI sevA meM bheMTa kara cukI hai :1. Mahavira 2. Jainism. donoM kA ucita svAgata huA hai

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(ca) kyoMki unameM saMkSepa rUpa se jainadharma evaM itihAsa para zikSita janatA ke lie samucita prakAza DAlA gayA thaa| aba " baMgAla kA Adi dharma" nAmaka tRtIya puSpa samAja ke sAmane upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai / isa nibaMdha ke lekhaka zrI prabodhacandra sena ema0 e0 ne aitihAsika, dArzanika evaM dhArmika pramANoM dvArA baMgAla ke dhArmika itihAsa para jJAna vardhaka, rocaka, tathyapUrNa tathA hRdayaGgama prakAza DAlA hai | nibaMdha AdyopAnta paThanIya hai| pAThaka isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce vinA nahIM raha sakeMge ki lekhaka ne 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiJcita' ke svarNima siddhAnta kA pUrNarUpeNa pAlana kiyA hai| unhoMne apane pakSa kI siddhi ke lie akATya yuktiyAM evaM adhikArapUrNa uddharaNa die haiN| zrI kalpasUtra kA kauna vAcaka athavA zrotA nahIM jAnatA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra aneka upasargoM ko sAhasa-pUrvaka sahana karate hue rAr3ha bhUmi athavA pazcima baMgAla gae the / hysAMga ne yadyapi jainadharma ke viSaya meM spaSTa ullekha nahIM kiyA parantu unake ullekhoM se nizcayAtmaka anumAna vidvAnoM ke lie azakya nahIM / prajJAcakSu vidvAna paMDita sukhalAlajI isa bAta ko spaSTa siddha kara cuke haiM ki 'nirgrantha' zabda jaina zramaNoM kA hI dyotaka hai| hyaM sAMga ne inakA astitva vaizAlI, uttarabaMgAla, kaliMga va dakSiNa baMgAla meM batAyA hai / lekhaka kA adhyayana vizAla, anusaMdhAnAtmaka evaM sUkSma hai / unhIM ne baMgAla meM vaidika brAhmaNa, bauddha, zaiva, vaiSNava va jainadharma ke vikAsa hrAsa kA prAgaitihAsika kAla se prAmANika varNana kiyA hai / lekhaka kA yaha niSkarSa samyaka hai ki kaliMgAdhipati khAravela ke samaya baMgAla meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra rahA hogaa| prAcIna pAlIsAhitya kA adhyayana kara lekhaka ne yaha bhI siddha kiyA hai ki usameM vaMgadeza kA varNana nahIM hai aura yadi hai bhI to bhramamUlaka, parantu jaina sAhitya meM aMga,

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(cha) baMga, lADha ke nAma sUrya-prakAzavat spaSTa haiN| pRSTa 35 para lekhaka kA niSkarSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| ve spaSTarUpeNa likhate haiM ki IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha se tRtIya zatAbdI azoka ke zAsanakAla taka baMgAladeza meM jaina va AjIvaka dharma kI pradhAnatA thii| baMgAladeza meM Arya sabhyatA kA padArpaNa bAda meM huaa| IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI taka vaidika Arya graMthoM meM baMga janapada kA Arya bhUmiyoM meM ullekha nahIM miltaa| pAThakoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve pRSTa 47 para die gae sArAMza ko avazya dhyAna-pUrvaka pddh'eN| isa se hameM navIna anusaMdhAna kI bhI preraNA prApta hogii| itihAsa vidyArthI hindI meM isa nibaMdha ke prakAzana kA nizcayarUpeNa svAgata kreNge| jainadharma kabhI bhArata kI sImAoM ke bAhara bhI vyAta thaa| bhArata meM to hara prAnta meM isa kA pracAra thA / baMgAla, bihAra, ur3IsA isa ke prAcIna pradhAna kendra mAne jA sakate haiN| sammeya athavA sammeta zikhara para 24 meM se 20 tIrthaMkaroM kA nirvANa huA thA / yaha Ajakala pArasanAtha hila ke nAma se baMgAla ke haz2ArI bArA jilA meM hai| pahale yaha kaliMga meM thaa| aba isa parvata ke caraNa baMgAla meM haiM / 'purAne samaya meM yaha baMgAla se madrAsa taka phailA huA thA' (T. L. Shah :--Ancient India vol III P. 101) aisI mAnyatA hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu bhI baMgAla ke eka brAhmaNa kula meM sanna hue the| zrI TI0 ela0 zAha ne Ancient India vol III P. 341 para likhA hai ki jagat prasiddha AcArya kAlikasUri (B.C. 74) tathA unakI bahina sAdhvI sarasvato baMgAla ke the aura vahAM se avantI Ae jahAM rAjA garddhabhila ne sato sAdhvI para atyAcAra kiyA thA bRhat kalpasUtra meM likhA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAdhu pUrva meM aMga va magadha taka vihAra karate the| isa prakAra baMgAla va nikaTastha pradeza meM jainadharma kA kabhI vyApaka pracAra thaa|

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(ja) isa nibaMdha kA mUla baMgAlI se hindI meM anuvAda mere mitra vyAkhyAna-divAkara, vidyAbhUSaNa, paMDita zrI hIrAlAla jI dUgar3a; nyAyatIrtha nyAyamanISI snAtaka ne kiyA hai| anuvAda karate samaya sthAna sthAna para jJAnavardhaka prAmANika TippaNiyAM de kara unhoMne lekha ke mahattva ko vRddhigata kiyA hai| isa prakAra yaha sone para suhAge kA kAma ho gayA hai| pariziSTa rUpa meM jaina mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM khojapUrNa lekha likhakara anuvAdaka mahodaya ne graMtha kI mahattA dugunI kara dI hai / paMDita jI kA sAhityika prayAsa' jainadharma ke adhyayana ke prati unakI ruci va satyAnveSaNAtmaka dRSTi stutya hai| sAtha meM aMgrejI kA lekha "Jaina Antiquities in Manbhum" isa pustikA ke mahattva ko aura bhI cAracAMda lagAtA hai| maiM samajhatA hUM ki isa puSpa meM sAgara ko gAgara meM bhara diyA gayA hai| zrI vallabha sUri smAraka nidhi bambaI isa viSaya meM vadhAI kI adhikAriNI hai| mujhe vizvAsa hai isa pustaka kA hindI sAhityika kSetra meM acchA sanmAna hogaa| ) prophesara pRthvIrAja jaina ema0 e0, zAstrI, ambAlA zahara zrI AtmAnanda jaina kAlija ambAlA zahara 20-6-1958 saMyukta maMtrI-zrI AtmAnanda jaina mahAsabhA paMjAba /

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baMgAla kA Adi dharma IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke dvitIya caraNa ke prArambha meM bauddha cInI yAtrI hya uu sAMga ne bhAratavarSa meM Akara isa ke bhinna bhinna pradeza meM caudaha varSa [I. sa. 630 se 644 ] taka paribhramaNa kiyA thA / usa ke dvArA likhita vivaraNa se usa samaya ke bhAratavarSa ke dharma-saMpradAyoM ke viSaya meM aneka bAteM jAnI jA sakatI haiN| pUrva bhAratavarSaM tathA baMgAla deza ke dharma sampradAyoM kI avasthA sambandhI usane jo kucha likhA hai yahAM usa ke pradhAna vivaraNa ko hama saMkSepa se likhate haiM 1 1. vaizAlI - yaha rAjya vartamAna bihAra ke uttara pradeza meM tirahuta vibhAga meM avasthita thA / muz2apharapura jile ke hAjIpura mahakame ke antargata varttamAna besAra nAmaka gAva meM prAcIna vaizAlI nagarI ke dhvaMsAvazeSa maujUda hai / hya uu " sAMga ke vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM yahAM ke vAsI vizeSa dharmaparAyaNa the tathA bauddha ora abauddha saba eka sAtha milajula kara vAsa karate the / yahA para bauddhAM kI saMsthAeM [saMghArAma mandira Adi] kaI sau kI saMkhyA meM thIM / parantu usa saMsthAoM ke atirikta bAkI saba dhvaMsa ho cukI bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA bhI eka dama kama thIM / kintu : * cInI yAtrI ne apane yAtrA vivaraNa meM bauddhadharma ke sivAya bauddhoM ke mandiroM ko devamandiroM ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA hai / ina devamandiroM meM jaina mandiroM tathA paurANika saMpradAyoM ke mandiroM kA samAveza hotA hai / ( anuvAdaka ). samaya tIna cAra thIM tathA bauddha devamandiroM

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kI avasthA ina kI. apekSA acchI thii| aura ina kI saMkhyA bhI kama na thI (there are some tens of Deva temples) paurANika brAhmaNadharma ke bahuta saMpradAya the kintu nigraMthoM (arthAt jainoM) kI saMkhyA hI saba se adhika thii| . . 2. magadha-(vartamAna paTanA aura gayA jilA) yahAM ke vAsI bauddhadharma ko mAnane vAle the| yahAM para bauddhoM ke pacAsa saMghArAma [bauddha bhikSAoM ke rahane ke sthAna] the, evaM una meM dasa hajAra bauddha bhikSu vAsa karate the| ve bhikSu adhikatara mahAyAnapaMthI [bauddhoM ke eka saMpradAya ko mAnane vAle] the / devamandiroM tathA paurANika brAhmaNa dharmAvalambiyoM kI saMkhyA kama thii| magadha meM jaina saMpradAya ke sambandha meM hya sAMga ne spaSTatayA kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyaa| kintu usa ke vivaraNa se hI jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna rAjagRha tathA. giribraja (paTanA jilA antargata aAdhunika rAjagira) nagara ke samIpa vipula nAmaka parvata para eka stUpa thA evaM yahAM para bahuta nigraMtha (jaina sAdhu) vAsa karate the tathA tapasyAdi karate the| ve loga sUryodaya se le kara sUryAsta taka sUryAbhimukha ho kara dharma sAdhanA karate the (Beal II 158 Walters II 154, 155) / isa ke atirikta nAlaMdA meM bhI (paTanA jile meM bihAra mahakame ke antargata bar3agAMva nAmaka sthAna) nigraMthoM kA AvAgamana thA / aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / (Beal II, 168) 3. IraNa parvata-(mugera jilA) magadha se pUrva dizA kI tarapha eka bar3e bhArI AraNya ko pAra kara hya sAMga ne lagabhaga

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praveza kiyA dasa bAraha bauddha I0 sa0 638 ko IraNa parvata nAmaka deza meM (Walter II, 178 and 335 ) / yahAM para isa ne saMghArAma tathA cAra hajAra se adhika bauddha bhikSu dekhe / ina meM adhikAMza hInayAna saMpradAya ke sammiti zAkhA ke anuyAyI the / paurANika brAhmaNa dharma ke vibhinna saMpradAyoM ke bAraha devamandira bhI usa ne dekhe the / yahA~ para hysAMga ne eka kiyA thA / varSa taka vAsa saMkhyA bhI do jainoM ke sambandha 4. campA - ( bhAgalapura jilA ) deza meM aayaa| yahAM para bhI aneka adhikAMza dhvaMsa dazA prApta kara cuke vAle bhikSu sabhI hInayAna paMthI the / adhika thI / devamandira prAyaH bIsa the / meM isa ne kucha nahIM likhA / kintu usa samaya campA meM jaina dharmAvalambI nahIM the ; aisA mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai / kyoMki hyU sAMga bauddha thA, isaliye usa ne bauddhadharma kA hI vizeSatayA varNana kara anya saMpradAyoM ke sambandha meM saMkSipta ullekha mAtra kiyA hai / aisI avasthA meM usa kI maunatA se aisA nizcita karanA ucita nahIM hai / yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhane yogya hai ki Adhunika kAla mandira hai / meM bhI bhAgalapura zahara meM eka prasiddha jaina IraNa parvata se yaha campA bauddha saMghArAma the kintu the / tathA ina meM rahane sau se kucha 5. kajaMgala - (Adhunika rAjamahala ) hya N sAMga campA se kajaMgala meM AyA / yahAM para usane chaH sAta saMghArAma tathA tIna sau se adhika * campApurI meM zrI vAsupUjya bhagavAn jainoM ke bArahaveM tIrthaMkara kA ati prAcIna jaina mandira hai / (anuvAdaka)

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(bauddha) bhikSu evaM dasa devamaMdira dekhe the| jaina saMpradAya sambandhI sa ne kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA / 6. pauMDravardhana - ( uttara baMgAla ) hyA sAMga kajaMgala se pauMDravardhana meM aayaa| yahAM para isane bIsa saMghArAma tathA tInahajAra se adhika bauddha bhikSu dekhe / ina meM se adhikatara hInayAna paMthI the / zeSa mahAyAna paMthI the / prAyaH eka sau devamaMdira the evaM brAhmaNa dharmAvalambI bhinna bhinna saMpradAyoM meM vibhakta the / parantu nigraMthoM (arthAt jaina dharmIvalambiyoM ) kI saMkhyA hI saba se adhika thI / pauMDravardhana nagara se kucha dUra para eka stUpa thA hya uu sAMga ne likhA hai ki yaha stUpa azoka ne nirmANa karavAyA thA evaM bhagavAna tathAgata buddha ne isa sthAna para tIna mAsa nivAsa kara dharma pracAra kiyA thA / 7. kAmarUpa - (AsAma ke antargata gohATI pradeza) cInI yAtrI pauMDravardhana se pUrva kI yAtrA kara eka bar3I nadI ( karatoyA) ko pAra kara kAmarUpa rAjya meM pahu~cA / usa ne likhA hai ki "kAmarUpa ke nivAsI sabhI devopAsaka haiM / kAmarUpa meM bauddhadharma kA pracAra kabhI bhI na ho sakA tathA kAmarUpa meM eka bhI bauddhasaMghArAma nahIM banA / jo bauddhaloga kAmarUpa meM nivAsa karate the ve loga gupta rIti se dharmopAsanA karate the / " kintu brAhmaNa dharma ke pratyeka saMpradAya ke anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA atyadhika thI *jaina muni nirgratha ke nAma se prasiddha the / jisa kA artha "gAMTha binA" arthAt rAga-dveSa kI gAMTha ke binA kA hotA hai (Uttradhyayna Lecture Adhyayna XII 16, XVI 2. Acaranga, Pt II, Adhyayna III, 2 and Kalpa-Sutra Sut 130 etc.) (anuvAdaka)

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aura devamaMdira bhI saiMkar3oM kI saMkhyA meM the| 'jainadharma sambaMdhI ima ne kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA / saMbhavataH bauddhadharma ke samAna jainadharma kA bho usa samaya taka kAmarUpa meM pracAra na huA ho / 8. samataTa-(zrIhaTTa Adhunika silaheTa-tripurA Adi pradeza) kAmarUpa se dakSiNa dizA ko yAtrA karane ke bAda hya sAMga samataTa meM aayaa| yahAM para bauddha tathA abauddha ubhaya saMpradAyoM ko mAnane vAle loga vAsa karate the| tIsa se adhika bauddha saMghArAma the evaM una meM prAyaH do hajAra bhitu vAsa karate the| ye saba bhikSu sthavira saMpradAya ke anuyAyI the| bhinna bhinna saMpradAyoM ke prAyaH eka sau devamaMdira the kintu nigraMthoM kI saMkhyA hI sama se adhika thii| samatA kI rAjadhAnI (kamAMta, kumilA ke nikaTavartI bar3akAmatA) ke samIpa eka stUpa thaa| hya"sAMga ke matAnusAra use samrATa azoka ne nirmANa karavAyA thaa| evaM isI sthAna para buddha deva ne sAta dina dharma pracAra kiyA thaa| 6. tAmralipti-(medinIpura aMtargata Adhunika tamalUka) samataTa se pazcima dizA meM yAtrA kara hya sAMga tAmralipti meM aayaa| yahAM para dasa bauddha saMghArAma the tathA una meM prAyaH eka hajAra bauddha bhikSu vAsa karate the| devamaMdira pacAsa se adhika the| tAtralipti nagarI ke samIpa eka stUpa thaa| tathA hya sAMga ke matAnusAra ise bhI samrATa azoka ne banavAyA thaa| 10. karNa suvarNa-(murzidAbAda jilA) samataTa se uttara dizA kI yAtrA kara vaha karNa suvarNa meM aayaa| yahAM para dasa bauddha saMghArAma the aura una meM do hajAra se adhika bauddha bhikSu nivAsa karate the| ye

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sabhI hInayAna saMpradAya ke sammati zAkhA ke anuyAyo the / bhinna bhinna devopAsaka saMpradAyoM ke maMdira prAyaH pacAsa kI saMkhyA meM the| karNa suvarNa nagara ke nikaTa meM hI "raktamRtikA" nAmaka eka bahuta bar3A aura prasiddha bauddha saMghArAma thA tathA iso saMghArAma ke nikaTa kaI stUpa the| cInI yAtrI ke matAnusAra ina saba sthAnoM meM buddhadeva ne dharma pracAra kiyA thA evaM usake bAda samrATa azoka ne pratyeka sthAna para eka eka karake stUpa nirmANa karavAye the| 11. proDra-(ur3IsA) karNa suvarNa se yAtrI oDra deza meM gayA vahAM para eka sau se adhika bauddha saMghArAma the evaM dasa hajAra mahAyAna paMthI bhikSu the / mandiroM kI saMkhyA usa ne pacAsa likhI hai| isa ke sivAe jisa-jisa sthAna para buddhadeva ne dharmapracAra kiyA thA una saba sthAnoM para dasa azoka stUpa bhI avasthita the| 12. kaMgoda-(gaMjAma jilA) yahAM ke sabhI nivAsI devopAsaka the| isa deza meM bauddha evaM bauddha saMghArAma nahIM the| devamadira eka sau se adhika the| 13. kaliMga-(ur3IsA ke dakSiNa) yahAM bauddhoM kI saMkhyA bahuta hI kama thii| yahAM para yAtrI ne kevala dasa saMghArAma aura pAMca sau mahAyAna paMthI bhikSu dekhe the| abauddha hI atyAdhika saMkhyA meM the| ina meM bhI nigraMthoM kI saMkhyA hI saba se adhika thii| devamaMdira eka sau kI saMkhyA meM the| dharma saMpradAyoM ke isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se spaSTatayA jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prathama bhAga meM pUrva bhAratavarSa * (tathA baMgAla) meM paurANika hindU, bauddha aura jaina tInoM saMpradAyoM kA

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eka samAna pracAra thA / usa samaya baMgAla prAMta yA baMgadeza meM bauddhadharma kI kevala do zAkhAeM arthAt hInayAna evaM mahAyAna vidyamAna thiiN| yaha bAta cInI yAtrI ke vivaraNa se spaSTa jJAta hotI hai| kintu aisA anumAna hotA hai ki usa samaya baMgAla deza meM bauddhadharma dhIre-dhIre kSINa avasthA ko prApta hotA jA rahA thaa| kyoMki rAsAMga ne svayaM hI likhA hai ki kisI kisI sthAna para (yathA vaizAlI aura campA meM) bauddha saMghArAma adhikAMza dhvaMsa dazA prApta kara cuke the| hyU sAMga ke pUrvavartI cInI yAtrI phAhiyAna ne tAmralipti nagarI meM do varSa taka (I0 sa0. 406 se 411) vAsa kiyA thaa| usa ne likhA hai ki usa samaya tAmralipti nagara meM bauddha dharma kA yatheSTha prabhAva thaa| evaM usa nagarI meM bauddha saMghArAma bAIsa kI saMkhyA meM the| parantu hyU sAMga ke samaya meM mAtra dasa saMghArAmoM kI hI saMkhyA thii| ataeva yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki do sau tIsa varSoM (I0 sa0 406 se 636) ke andara tAmralipti meM bauddhadharma kI bahuta kucha avanati ho cukI thii| hyU sAMga ke vivaraNa se eka bAta aura dhyAna dene yogya hai ki IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kAmarUpa kaMgoda tathA kaliMga ina tIna pradezoM meM bauddhadharma kA vizeSa pracAra na ho pAyA thA / pUrva-bhAratavarSa meM brAhmaNadharma, bauddhadharma tathA jainadharma meM paraspara bahuta zatAbdiyoM taka prabala pratiyogitA (saMgharSa) calatI rahI thii| isI kAraNavaza ukta tInoM pradezoM meM bauddhadharma pradhAna sthAna prApta nahIM kara sakA thaa| evaM isa pratiyogitA ke phalasvarUpa tAmralipti meM phAhiyAna ke samaya se lekara hya sAMga ke samaya taka prAyaH ar3hAI sau varSoM ke andara bauddha saMpradAya itanA durbala ho gayA thaa|

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hya sAMga ke vivaraNa se jAnA jAtA hai ki IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM pUrva bhAratavarSa meM jainadharma yatheSTha prabala thaa| ukta cInI yAtrI bauddha thA, isa liye usa ne bauddhadharma kA hI vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai| jaina va brAhmaNadharma sambandhI saMkSipta vivaraNa de kara hI kArya nipaTAyA hai tathApi dekhA jAtA hai ki vaizAlI, pauMDravardhana, samataTa evaM kaliMga ina cAra pradezoM meM jaina saMpradAya kI saMkhyA hI saba se adhika thii| magadha meM bhI bahuta jaina the| isa ke atirikta (baMgAla ke) anyAnya pradezoM meM yatheSTha saM yA meM jaina nahIM the aisA mAnanA yathArtha mAlUma nahIM hotaa| ina saba pradezoM meM (uparokta cAra pradezoM kI apekSA) jainoM kI saMkhyA kama hone ke kAraNa hya sAMga mauna rahA ho aisA jJAta hotA hai| - brAhmaNadharma saMpradAyoM ke sambandha meM bhI vaha mauna sA hI hai, kyoMki kisa pradeza meM kitane devamandira the itanA hI kevala ullekha kiyA hai| kisa saMpradAya kI kitanI janasaMkhyA evaM kisa yadyapi cInI yAtrI ne nigraMthoM kA anya sthAnoM para vizeSatayA varNana nahIM kiyA, tathApi jahAM kahIM vaha yaha ullekha karatA hai ki bauddha dharma ke sAtha sAtha anya dharma bhI pracalita the, vahIM samajhanA cAhiye ki jaina-saMpradAya bhI unameM se. eka thA / usakI cuppI kA yaha artha nahIM lagAnA cAhiye ki pUrvo bhArata tathA baMgAla ke dUsare bhAgoM meM jaina na the| jaise ki rAjagRha ke varNana meM hya sAMga ne jainoM kA koI varNana nahIM kiyA parantu usa ne vipula parvata kI coTI para eka stUpaM ke samIpa kaI nigraMthoM ko dekhA thaa| rAjagRha jainoM kA bahuta bar3A. tIrtha sthAna hai tathA. bahuta parimANa meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM isa sthAna para AsapAsa bikharI huI milatI haiM vaibhAra giripara aneka jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM surakSita haiN| tathA jaise rAjagRha bauddha sAhitya ... saddha hai vaise hI jaina sAhitya meM bhI prasiddha hai| (anuvAdaka)

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& saMpradAya ke kitane maMdira the, isa viSaya meM vaha sarvathA mauna hai / tathApi usa samaya: baMgAladeza meM brAhmaNadharma ke kauna kauna se saMpradAya vidyamAna the, isa viSaya kI thor3I bahuta sAmagrI to avazya hI hamAre pAsa hai / isa lekha meM isa viSaya para vistRta AlocanA karane ko hamAre pAsa sthAna nahIM hai / tathApi saMkSepa se do cAra pramANa de kara hI basa kareMge / hama jAnate haiM ki karNasuvarNa kA adhipati zazAMka zaiva dharmAnuyAyI thA, tathA usa kA paramazatru evaM karNasuvarNa vijetA kAmarUpa rAjA bhAskara varmana bhI zivopAsaka thaa| kintu karNasuvarNaMpati jayanAga parama bhAgavata arthAt vaiSNava thA T) (E.P. Ind. XVIII. P. 6 3) mu * hai ve vaiSNava the | baMgAla meM jina gupta samrAToM ne rAjya kiyA una ke zAsanakAla meM brAhmaNa dharma kA baMgAla meM khUba pracAra huA thaa| isa bAta kI satyatA kA yatheSTa pramANa usa samaya ke tAmrapatra Adi aitihAsika sAmagrI hai| una logoM ke zAsana kola meM baMgAladeza meM bahuta devamandira pratiSThita hue the / isa bAta kI puSTi ke liye aneka pramANa upalabdha haiM / dAmodarapura se prApta tAmrapatroM (cauthe aura pAMcaveM) se jAnA jAtA hai ki samrATa buddhagupta ( I0 sa0 477, se 466) evaM tRtIya kumAragupta ( I0 saM0 543) ke rAjyakAla meM pauMDravardhana- bhukti meM kokAmukha svAmI ke liye eka tathA zvetavarAha svAmI ke liye do mandira nirmANa kie gaye the / zuzuniyA parvata lipi (E.P. Ind. XIII 133 ) se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI meM puSkaraNA (bAMkur3A jil| antargata varttamAna pokharaNa nAmaka grAma) kA adhipati candravarmmana cakrasvAmI ( arthAta viSNu) kA upAsaka thA / :

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guprayuga meM (I0 sa0 316 se 550) baMgAla deza meM brAhmaNadharma kI avasthA kaisI thii| arthAt kisa kisa devatA ke liye maMdira-nirmANa aura upAsanA hotI thI; isa viSaya kI saMkSipta AlocanA kI hai| phAhiyAna ke vivaraNa se yahI anumAna hotA hai ki usa samaya isa deza meM bauddhadharma bhI yatheSTha prabala thA tathA saMbhavataH sAtavIM zatAbdI kI apekSA prabalatara hI thaa| duHkha kA viSaya hai ki phAhiyAna ne (I0 sa0 405 se 411) baMgAladeza ke dharma saMpradAyoM ke viSaya meM vistRta ullekha nahIM kiyaa| usa ne mAtra campA (bhAgalapura) aura tAmralipti kA sAmAnya vivaraNa hI likhA hai (Legge. P. 100) / guptayuga meM baMgAladeza meM jaina saMpradAya kI avasthA kaisI thii| isa viSaya kA koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM pAyA jAtA / kintu usa samaya bhI nizcaya hI baMgAla meM jainadharma kA khUba adhika prabhAva thaa| nahIM to ghasAMga ke samaya baMgAla meM jaina dharma kA itanA prabhAva honA saMbhava na thA / pahAr3apura meM (rAjazAhI jile se) prApta hue tAmrapatra se mAlUma hotA hai ki I0 sa0 476 meM nAthazarmA evaM rAmI nAmaka brAhmaNa dampatI ne pauMDravardhana (bagur3A jilAMtargata vartamAna mahAsthAnagar3ha) nikaTavartI "baTagohAlI" (Adhunika gomAlabhiTA pahAr3apura ke samIpa) nAmaka sthAna meM jaina vihAra kI pUjA arcanArtha sahAyatA karane ke uddeza se kucha bhUmi dAna dI thii| usa samaya usa vihAra meM zramaNAcArya nigraMtha guhanandI ke ziSya praziSya maujUda the (E.P. Ind. XX. P. P. 61. 63) / isa se jJAta hotA hai ki guptayuga meM baMgAla

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11 deza meM jainadharmaM mAtra supratiSThita hI nahIM thA kintu dhanavAna brAhmaNa bhI jainadharma aura jainAcAryoM ke prati anurAga pragaTa karate the evaM AvazyaktA ke lie bhUmidAna kara sahAyatA karate the / isa kA vizeSa ullekha karane kA prayojana yaha hai ki baTagohAlI kA yahI jaina vihAra IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke antima bhAga meM pauMDravardhana nagara ke samIpa avasthita thA tathA sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM hya uu sAMga ne pauMDravardhana pradeza meM bahuta 5. bhI nitha dekhe the / saMbhavataH IsA pUrva 300 varSa meM pATalIputra nagara meM jaina bacA liye gaye kyoMki saMpradAya kI eka sabhA nimaMtrita kI gayI thI, evaM isa sabhA meM jainoM ke dharmazAstra samUha ko bhalIbhAMti vargIkaraNa tathA surakSita kiyA gayA aura - usa ke uttarakAla meM ina zAstroM ke lupta hone kA prasaMga Ane para bhI ye lupta hone se gupta samrATa ke abhyudaya ke - carama samaya I0 sa0 454 gujarAta ke antargata vallabhI nagarI meM eka aura sabhA nimaMtrita kI gayI / jisa meM jainadharma zAstroM ko phira se surakSita va lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| yahI zAstra samUha varttamAna jainadharma kA itihAsa racane ke lie itihAsakAroM ke liye pradhAna sAdhana hai| pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM isa zAstrasamUha kI koI navIna racanA nahIM kI gayI thI kintu prAcIna zAstra samUha ko hI mAtra lipibaddha kiyA gayA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki isa zAstra samUha se hI bahuta prAcIna itihAsa jAnA jA sakatA hai / kintu sthAna sthAna para ina graMthoM meM uttarakAlIna prabhAva bhI dIkha par3atA hai /

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12 nAma " kalpasUtra isI zAstra samUha meM saba se pravAna graMtha kA hai / isI graMtha meM jainadharma kI bhinna bhinna zAkhA prazAkhAoM ke nAma jAne jA sakate haiM / unhIM zAkhAoM meM se yahAM para tAnraliptikA koTivarSiyA paur3avardhaniyA evaM (dAsI) kaTikA khaTikA vizeSatayA ullekhanIya haiM 1. tAtraliptimedinIpura jilAMtaragata tamalUka kA prAcIna nAma hai / 2. prAcIna koTivarSa nagara dinAjapura jile meM avasthita thA / 3. pauMDavardhana nagara bagur3A jilA antargata mahAsthAnagar3ha nAmaka sthAna para ava sthita thA / aisI vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA hai / 4. kavvarTa nagara kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhIma kI digvijaya ke prasaMga para milatA hai / varAhamihara ke "bRhatasaMhitA" nAmaka grantha meM bhI kaTa janapada ! BSP kA ullekha hai / yaha janapada , ka "rAda" arthAt pazcima baMgAla meM tamralipti ke samIpa hI avasthita thA / tAmralipti, kaTa, koTivarSa evaM pauMr3avardhana ye cAroM sthAna guptayuga meM vizeSa prasiddha the / isa kI puSTi ke liye pracura pramANa upalabdha haiM / pUrvokta jaina : " kalpasUtra graMtha" I0 sa0 454 meM samrATa kumAragupta ke zAsana kAla meM ( I0 sa0 425 se 455) lipibaddha huA thA / isa lie aisA anumAna karanA anucita nahIM hai ki gupta samrATa ke zAsana kAla meM baMgAladeza meM tAmralipti, koTivarSa Adi cAroM *hiMto godAsehito kAsava guttehiMto itthaNaM godAsagaNe nAmaM gaNe nibhgae tarasaNaM imAmro cattArI sAhA evamAhiJjaM ti te jahA tAmalittiyA koDIvarasinA, pauMDavaddhaniyA, dAsI khabbaDiyA / ( kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI) (anuvAdaka)

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13 sthAnoM meM jainadharma vizeSa prabala thA / pUrvokta pahAr3apura ke tAmrapatra se vaTagohAlI nAmaka sthAna meM avasthita jisa jaina vihAra kA patA milA hai vaha pauMDravardhana nagara se adhika dUra nahIM thaa| ataeva isa bAta ko mAnA jA sakatA hai ki baTagAhAlI vihAra ke nigraMtha jaina pauMDravardhaniyA zAkhA ke anuyAyI the / evaM isa samaya se kucha uttaravartI kAla meM hya sAMga ne pauMDavardhana meM jina samasta nigraMthoM ko dekhA thA, ve bhI isI zAkhA ke anuyAyI the| phAhiyAna evaM hya sAga donoM ne hI ta.mrAlapti nagara meM nivAsa kiyA thA aura una meM se kisI ne bhI jaina saMpradAya ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM likhaa| kintu Apa ko jJAta ho gayA hai ki tAmralipti jainoM kA eka bar3A kendra thA / isI liye hama pahale kaha Aye haiM ki hya sAMga kI maunatA se koI siddhAMta nizcita karanA ucita nahIM hai / evaM jina saba sthAnoM kA varNana karate samaya usa ne jainoM ke sambandha meM kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA una saba sthAnoM meM bhI thor3e bahuta jaina avazya hI the aisA mAnA A sakatA hai| ...... .. ___ hama dekhate haiM ki guptayuga meM baMgAladeza meM jaina,bauddha, vaiSNava tathA zaiva ye cAroM dharma saMpradAya hI adhika pratiSThA sahita vidyamAna the| yahAM para eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki ye dharma-saMpradAya kisa prakAra aura kisa samaya baMgAladeza meM vistAra pAye, aura kisa dharma ne sarva prathama isa deza meM pradhAnatA prApta kI ? duHkha kA viSaya hai ki baMgAla deza kA guptayuga se pahale kA itihAsa

Page #25
14 : bar3e hI andhakAra meM hai / isa samaya jo kucha bhI itihAsa taiyAra karane kI sAmagrI hamAre sAmane maujUda hai yadi idhara udhara se saMgraha karake usa samaya ke itihAsa kI racanA kI jAve to bhI dharma sambandhI itihAsa kI sAmagrI kA to hamAre pAsa bhAva sA hI hai / isa liye guptakAla ke pUrvavartI kaI zatAbdiyoM kA dharma viSayaka itihAsa racane kA prayAsa karanA kaThina avazya hai / tathApi usa samaya pUrvokta dharma saMpradAya baMgAla meM avirAma pracAra pA rahe the isa viSaya meM kiMcitamAtra bhI saMdeha nahIM hai / vaiSNava dharma kA prAcIna nAma bhAgavata dharma thA / isa dharma kI utpatti ati prAcIna kAla meM huI thI / IsA se pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM grIka dUta medhAtthanisa ne mathurA ke pradeza meM isI dharma kA vizeSa prabhAva pAyA thaa| IsA ke pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI meM takSazilA ke grIka rAjA (Antialcidas) paMcama zugarAja ne bhAgabhadra kI vidizA sthita rAja sabhA meM helyuDorAsa nAmaka dUta ko bhejA thA / isI yavana (arthAt grIka) dUta ne bhAgavata dharma grahaNa kiyA thA / isa parama bhAgavata yavana helyuDorAsa ke prasaMga se uttaravartI kAla meM parama vaiSNava yavana haridAsa kI kathA bhI svataH hai / hama pahale likha cuke haiM ki magadha ke guptasamrATa sabhI bhAgavata dharmAnuyAyI the / IsA pUrva caturtha zatAbdI se IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI taka puSkaraNAdhipati candravarmana cakrasvAmI kA upAsaka thA / baMgAla meM bhAgavata athavA vaiSNava dharma kA yahI prathama pramANa hai / smaraNa ho jAtI

Page #26
15 7. ma hama' pahale kaha Aye haiM ki IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM uttarabaMgAla meM kokAmukha devatA ke liye eka maMdira nirmANa kiyA gayA thA / yaha kokAmukha saMbhavataH ziva kA eka rUpa hI thA yadi aisA hI ho to isI ko baMgAla meM zivadharma kA prathama aitihAsika pramANa samajha kara grahaNa karanA caahie| isa se uttara kAla meM karNasuvarNa ke rAjA zazAMka evaM karNasuvarNa vijetA bhAskaravana ye donoM hI zaiva the / vartamAna meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki baMgAladeza meM zaivadharma ne apanA prabhAva kaise phailAyA thA / yaha dharma bhAratavarSa kA eka prAcIna dharma hai| siMdhu dezAntaragata mohanajodaDo nAmaka sthAna se zivaliMga, zivamUrti Adi aitihAsika yuga se bhI pahale ke aneka zaivadharma ke pramANa pAye gaye haiM / Rgaveda ke devatA rudra ko kaI loga ziva hI svIkAra karate haiM / kisI kisI vidvAna kA yaha mata haiM ki baMgAla ke prAcInatama adhivAsI zraMga, baMga pauMDra Adi tribe ke jana samAja meM tAMtrika liMgapUjA pracalita thI / isI liMga pUjA ke sAtha prAgaitihAsika zaivadharma kA yoga honA koI vicitra bAta nahIM hai / yadi aisA hI ho taba kahanA hogA ki zaivadharma baMgAla kA Adi dharma thA / jisa zaivadharma kA bhAratavarSa meM pracalana azoM meM prAcIna zaivadharmaM se svataMtra thaa| kintu aitihAsika-yuga ke pAyA jAtA hai vaha aneka isI uttaravakta zaivadharma 1 isa nava zaivadharma kA ko navazaiva nAma diyA jA sakatA hai / suspaSTa pramANa IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke kuSANa rAjA ke sikke meM

Page #27
pAyA jAtA hai| pAtaMjana mahAbhASya meM zivopAsanA kA ullekha hai / isa ullekha ke samaya se kitanA pahine athavA kitanA bAda meM isa dharma ne baMgAla meM praveza kiyA thA isa ke pipaya meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI kuSANayuga meM hI mahAyAna evaM hInayAna ina donoM bauddha saMpradAyoM kI utpatti huI thii| hama loga isa bAta ko jAna cuke haiM ki sasAMga ke samaya meM baMgAladeza meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna ina donoM saMpradAyoM ke hA da.ddha the| kuSANa yuga meM vauddhoM ke jisa navIna saMpradAya kA utpatti huI thI usI kA nAma mahAyAna thaa| inhIM mahAyAna bauddhoM ne prAcInapaMthA bauddhoM ko hInayAna nAma diyA / ataeva yaha bAta mAna sakate hai ki hya, sAMga ke samaya baMgAla meM jA hInayAna saMpradAya thA vahI baMgAla kA prAcInatara bauddha saMpradAya thaa| mahAyAna saMpradAya ne avazya hI kuSANa yuga ke bAda baMgAla meM pracAra pAyA thaa| kintu mahAyAna bauddhadharma ne baMgAla meM kaise praveza kiyA isa viSaya ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane ke liye hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai| guptayuga meM baMgAladeza meM zaiva, vaiSNava Adi paurANika dharmoM ke sivAya vaidika brAhmaNa dharma bhI pracalita thaa| samrATa prathama kumAragupta ke (I0 sa0 415 se 455) samaya ke do tAmrapatroM dvArA (I0 sa0 443 aura 448) hama jAna sakate haiM ki usa samaya pauMDravardhana-mukti meM (arthAt uttara baMgAla meM) brAhmaNa loga agnihotra paMcamahAyajJa-prabhRti vaidika kriyA karma karate the| isa vaidika brAhmaNa dharma ne baMgAla meM kisa samaya praveza kiyA isa viSaya ko alocanA karane kI AvazyaktA hai|

Page #28
hama bhAgavata, zaiva Adi paurANika dharmoM kI saMkSipta aAlocanA kara cuke haiN| aba Age cleN| IsA kI pUrvavartI kaI zatAbdiyoM se hI baMgAla meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika dharma bhI pracalita the / aisI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke liye kaI kAraNa upalabdha haiN| IsA pUrva prathama (dUsare matAnusAra dvitIya) zatAbdI meM kaligAdhipati khAravela ne untara evaM dakSiNa bhArata meM eka vistRta sAmrAjya sthApita kiyA thA / usa kI hAthIguphA lipi [zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha jainadharmAvalambI thA evaM jainadharma kI unnati ke liye vaha vizeSa prayatnazIla thaa| apane rAjya ke terahaveM varSa meM usa ne kaliMga nagara meM jaina saMpradAya kI eka sabhA nimaMtrita kI thI tathA isa sabhA meM jainazAstra samUha kI alocanA kI gayI thii| isI varSa usa ne jaina muniyoM kA zvetavastra bheMTa kiye the| isa se eka varSa pahale nandarAjA dvArA kaliMga se le jAyI gayI huI eka jainamarti ko yaha magadha se punare dvAra kara vApisa kaliMga meM lAyA thaa| ina saba pramANoM se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya kaliMga rAjya jainadharma kA eka pradhAna-kendra thaa| ataeva jisa samaya kaliMga meM jainadharma kA itanA prAdhAnya thA usa samaya baMgAladeza meM bhI jainadharma kA bahuta prabhAva thA aisA svIkAra karanA anucita na hogaa| yahAM isa bAta ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki hya sAMga ne bhI kaliMgadeza meM jaina-saMpradAya kA hI prabhAva saba se adhika dekhA thaa| aisA ullekha kiyA hai| tathA usa samaya baMgAladeza ke nAnA sthAnoM meM bhI jainoM kA prabhAva khUba hI adhika thA / upayukta hAthIguphA ke lekha se yaha bAta bhI jAnI jAtI

Page #29
18 hai ki samrATa khAravela ke zAsanakAla meM kaliMga meM brAhmaNoM kA abhAva nahIM thA tathA samrATa svayaM jainadharmAnuyAyI hote hue bhI usa ne brAhmaNoM ke prati yatheSTa dAkSiNyatA batalAI thI / hAthIguphA ke lekha meM bauddhoM kA kucha bhI ullekha nahIM hai / IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM prAyaH samasta bhAratavarSa meM maurya samrATa azoka kA (I0 pU0 272 se 232) sAmrAjya thA / usane apane zAsana ke terahaveM varSaM (I0 pU0 260) kaliMga rAjya ko vijaya kiyA thA (Rock Edict XIII ) | baMgAladeza azoka ke rAjyAdhikAra meM thA yA nahIM, isa kA koI bhI pratyakSa pramANa abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huA | kintu baMgAladeza usake rAjyAdhikAra meM thA aisA anumAna karane ke liye yatheSTha parokSa pramANa haiM / prathama azoka ne svayaM hI do AdezoM meM (R. E. II, XIII) apane sAmrAjya ke bAhara samIpavartI ( saMlagna) rAjyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| una samIpavartI rAjyoM meM cola, pAMDya, satyaputra, keralaputra evaM tAmraparNI ( arthAt siMhala ) ye pAMca deza hI dakSiNa bhArata meM avasthita the / anyAnya samIpavartI rAjyoM meM koI bhI rAjya bhAratavarSa meM nahIM thA / sabhI rAjya bhAratavarSa ke bAhara pazcima dizA meM avasthita the / dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai ki donoM bAra meM se eka bAra bhI azoka ne dUsare samIpavartI rAjyoM meM pUrva - bhAratavarSa (tathA baMgAla) ke kisI bhI janapada kA ullekha nahIM kiyA / ataeva saMbhavataH anumAna hotA hai ki baMgAladeza azoka ke sAmrAjya meM hI thA / aura yaha bAta bhI svAbhAvika hI hai ki magadha ke saMlagna prAMtavartI hone se baMgAladeza ke liye virATa zaktizAlI maurya sAmrAjya se AtmarakSA karanA saMbhava nahIM thA / hama pUrva likha ye haiM ki

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IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hyU sAMga ne pauMDravardhana, samataTa, karNasuvarNa, tAmralipti evaM oDra ina sthAnoM meM kaI bauddha stUpa dekhe the tathA usa samaya yahI dhAraNA pracalita thI ki inhIM saba sthAnoM meM buddhadeva dharma pracAra karane Aye the| isI liye bAda meM azoka ne una sthAnoM meM stUpa banavAye the / sAtavIM zatAbdI kI yaha pracalita dhAraNA kahAM taka satya hai arthAt buddhadeva ne pauMDravardhana, samataTa, karNasuvarNa ityAdi sthAnoM meM dharmapracAra kiyA thA yA nahIM, evaM ye saba stUpa vAstavika meM azoka dvArA nirmANa kiye gaye the yA nahIM isa bAta kA vartamAna samaya meM niHzaMsaya rUpase nirNaya karanA saMbhava nahIM hai / tathApi baMgAladeza meM azoka ke zAsana tathA stUpa nirmANa sambandhI sAtavIM zatAbdI kI pracalita dhAraNA sarvathA asatya bhI nahIM kahI jA sakatI / isa kA prathama kAraNa yaha hai ki azoka ne apane sAmrAjya ke sivAya dUsare rAjyoM ke vivaraNa meM baMgAla ke kisI bhI janapada kA ullekha nahIM kiyA; dUsare divyAvadAna graMtha ne ati spaSTatApUrvaka pauMDravardhana nagara ko azoka ke rAjya meM varNana kiyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM; ukta graMtha meM anyatra bhI likhA hai ki pUrva dizAMtaragata "pauMDravardhana" nAmaka nagara, usa ke bAda "paur3akakSa" nAmaka parvata tatpazcAt siimaaNt| yaha sImAnta kisa kA aura kisa samaya kA hai isa viSaya kA kucha bhI ullekha nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha bAta buddhadeva ke muha se kahalAI gayI hai to bhI anumAna hotA hai ki "pauMDrakakSa" parvata azoka ke sAmrAjya tathA usa samaya ke bauddha prabhAva kA sImAnta mAnA jAtA hogaa| yadi aisA hI ho to anumAna karanA cAhiye ki pauMDravardhana

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20 ke pUrvavartI-kAmarUpa azoka ke sAmrAjya se aura bauddha jagata kI sImA se bAhara thA, evaM isI liye sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hyU sAMga ne kAmarUpa meM bauddhadharma kA prabhAva nahIM dekhA thaa| pauMDravardhana azoka ke sAmrAjya meM thA isake pramANa azokAvadAna prabhRti anyAnya bauddha racanAoM se bhI pAye jAte haiM / siMhala ke mahAvaMza nAmaka bauddha graMtha se jJAta hotA hai ki tAmralipti bhI azoka ke sAmrAjya meM thI / azokAvadAna meM bho isake anukUla pramANa milate haiN| inhIM saba pramANa se mAnanA par3atA hai ki baMgAla meM azoka ne rAjya kiyA thA / isa meM saMdeha nahIM hai / _aba vicAra yaha karanA hai ki azoka ke zAsanakAla meM (I0 pU0 272 se 232) baMgAladeza meM kauna kauna se dharma pracalita the| isa meM saMdeha nahIM hai ki usa samaya bauddhadharma pracalita thA; yaha bAta isa samaya kisI se bhI ajJAta nahIM hai ki azoka ne samasta bhAratavarSa meM evaM bhAratavarSa ke bAhara bhI bahuta dezA meM dharmapracAra kiyA thA / ataeva baMgAla meM bhI isa kA pracAra kArya calA thaa| kaliMga yuddha ke samaya kaliMgadeza meM bahuta brAhmaNa, zramaNa tathA anyAya saMpradAya ke loga nivAsa karate the| ina ke sivAya azoka ne svayaM hI likhA hai ki "bhAratavarSa meM eka mAtra yavana janapada ke sivAya aisA koI sthAna nahIM ki jahAM brAhmaNa aura zramaNa na hoM; evaM jahAM ke nivAsI kisI na kisI saMpradAya ke anuyAyA na hoN|" ataeva kaliMgadeza ke samAna baMgAla meM bhI bahuta brAhmaNa aura zramaNa the| siMhala ke mahAvaMza aura dIpavaMza nAmaka donoM graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ne pUrvadizA meM suvarNabhUmi arthAt brahmadeza meM bhI dharma pracAraka bheje the| ataeva usa ke samaya

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meM baMgAla deza meM sarvatra hI bauddhadharma ne avazya pracAra pAyA thA, isa meM saMzaya nahIM hai| tathA hya sAMga ke samaya baMgAla ke pUrva tama prAMta samataTa meM bhI bahuta bauddha saMghArAma, bauddha bhikSu eva azoka stUpa vidyamAna honA koI vicitra bAta nahIM hai / kintu azoka ke pracAra ke phalasvarUpa baMgAla meM bauddhadharma ne kahAM taka prasAra pAyA thA yahI nizcaya karane kA hamArA yahAM mukhya prayojana thA / anyAnya dezoM ke samAna kaliMga meM bhI usa ne bauddhadharma kA pracAra kiyA thA kintu itanA karane para bhI kaliMgadeza meM bauddhadharma vizeSa pracAra na pA sakA thaa| hama likha. cuke haiM ki jaina samrATa khAravela eva cInIyAtrI hya sAMga ke samaya meM bhI kaliMga meM jainadharma hI pradhAna thaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM vahAM para bauddhoM kI saMkhyA khUba hI kama thii| hama dekheMge ki azoka ke pUrvavartI yuga meM bhI kaliga meM jainadharma kA hI prabhAva adhika thA / kaliMga ke samAna baMgAla meM bhI azoka dvArA bauddhadharma kA pracAra hone para bhI bauddhadharma adhika prasAra na pA sakA thaa| hya sAMga - ke samaya baMgAla ke pUrva tama prAMta meM arthAt samataTa meM bahuta bauddha the kintu jainoM kI saMkhyA hI saba se adhika thii| samataTa ke samAna pauMDra varghana meM bhI jainoM kI saMkhyA hI saba se . adhika thii| hama pahale likha cuke haiM ki guptayuga meM baMgAla meM jainoM kA prabhAva khUba hI adhika thA evaM pauMDravardhana, koTivarSa, tAmralipti tathA kava~Ta bhI jenA ke hI pradhAna kendra the| __ Ananda kA viSaya hai ki azoka ke samaya meM bhI pauMDavardhana meM jainoM kA hI vizeSa prabhAva thA; isa ke aneka pramANa

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22 upalabdha haiM / divyAvadAna, azokAvadAna, sumAgadhAvadAna prabhRti bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ke zAsanakAla meM pauMDra vardhana meM nigraMthoM kI ho adhikatA thI, evaM nigraMtha aura saddhama ( arthAt bauddha) saMpradAya meM prabala pratiyogitA (saMgharSa) calatI thii| hama Age dekheMge ki pauMDravardhana prabhRti sthAnoM para jainadharma kA prasAra azoka se bahuta pUrva hI prAraMbha huA thA / yahAM para vizeSa ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki azoka ke zAsanakAla meM pauMDravardhana meM mAtra jaina aura bauddhadharma hI pracalita nahIM the kintu gozAla maMkhalIputra dvArA (I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI) calAyA huA Ajovakadharma bhI pracalita thA / mAtra itanA hI nahIM kintu divyAvadAna kI eka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya pauMDravardhana meM aThAraha hajAra se bhI adhika AjIvaka the / azoka ke zAsanakAla meM bhAratavarSa meM AjIvakadharma kI pratiSThA ke viSaya meM anya svataMtra pramANa bhI upalabdha haiN| eka Adezapatra ( Piller Edict VII) meM azoka ne likhA hai ki usa ne boddha, jaina, Ajovaka Adi sakala saMpradAyoM ke upakArArthaM dharmAcAriyoM ko niyukta kiyA hai| isa ke sivAya hameM aura bhI jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ne khalatika ( gayA jilAMtargata " barAbara " ) nAmaka parvata meM AjIvakoM ke liye tIna guphAeM nirmANa kI thiiN| azoka ke pautra dazaratha ne bhI khalatika parvata ke nikaTa hI nAgAjjuna nAmaka patra meM AjIvakoM ke liye aura bhI tIna guphAeM nirmANa karavAI thIM / ataeva isa meM saMdeha nahIM hai ki IsA pUrva tosarI zatAbdI meM

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magadha meM zrAjIvaka saMpradAya kA yatheSTha prabhAva thA / tathA usa samaya pauMDravardhana prabhRti baMgAladeza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM bhI una kA sadbhAva honA koI vicitra bAta nahIM hai| baMgAla meM AjIvakadharma ne kaba praveza kiyA evaM isa saMpradAya kI vizeSatA kyA thI isa viSaya kI yathAsthAna AlocanA kreNge| yahAM para to mAtra itanA hI likhane kA prayojana hai / yaha bAta nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hotI ki uttaravartI kAla meM AjIvakadharma kaise aura kaba bhAratavarSa aura baMgAla se lupta huA, tathApi AjIvaka saMpradAya dhIre dhIre jainasaMpradAya meM mila gayA hogA aisA anumAna karane ke lie kucha pramANa upalabdha hai| IsA pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM maurya rAjyavaMza ke saMsthApaka candragupta ke zAsanakAla meM (I0 pU. 322 se 268) bhAratavarSa meM bauddhadharma se jainadharma kI prabalatA adhikatara thI aisA svIkAra karanA par3atA hai / eva candragupta svayaM bhI saMbhavataH jaina dharmAvalambI thaa| usa ke zAsanakAla meM jainadharma ne dakSiNa bhArata aMtargata sudUra karNATakadeza paryaMta vistAra prApta kiyA thA / yadi jainasAhitya dekhA jAya to candragupta caubIsa varSa zAsana karane ke bAda siMhAsana tyAga kara karNATaka meM calA gayA thA eva vahAM para vartamAna maisUra ke antargata "zravaNabelagolA nAmaka sthAna meM jaina bhikSu rUpa meM usa kI mRtyu huI thI / isa jaina pravAda ko aitihAsika loga svIkAra nahIM karate / jo ho, yaha bAta sahaja meM hI anumAna kI jA sakatI hai ki jisa samaya . jainadharma sudUra karNATaka paryaMta vistRta thA ...evaM candragupta ke

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24 samAna ekachatra samrATa kI pRSThayoSakatA ko prApta kiye hue thA usa samaya isa dharma ne magadha ke samIpavartI baMgAladeza meM bhI pradhAnatA lAbha kI thI / hama pUrva meM likha Aye haiM ki tAmralipti, koTivarSa, pauMDravardhana aura kanvarTa ina cAra sthAnoM ke nAma se jaina muniyoM kI cAra zAkhAeM thiiN| isa liye ina saba sthAnoM meM jainadharma kA prAdhAnya azoka ke pUrva hI pratiSThita ho cukA huA thA aisA svIkAra karanA anucita na hogA / kyoMki hama yaha bhI jAna cuke haiM ki azoka ke zAsana kAla meM bhI pauMDravardhana meM jaina ( evaM AjIvaka) dharma kA yatheSTha prabhAva thA tathA IsA kI sAtavI zatAbdI meM hyU sAMga ke samaya meM bhI pauMDravardhana meM jaina saMpradAya bauddha saMpradAya se prabalatara thA; ataeva yaha kahanA hogA ki azoka ke samaya bauddhadharma ke vizeSa rUpa se pracArita hone ke pahale se hI candragupta ke samaya baGgAladeza meM jainadharma ne vizeSa rUpa se pratiSThA prApta kI thI / mauryavaMza kA pUrvavata magadha kA nanda rAjavaMza bhI jainadharma ke prati vizeSa anurakta thA (Oxford History smith p. 75 ) hameM kaliMgarAja khAravela ke hAthIguphA kI lipi (zilAlekha) se jJAta hotA hai ki nandavaMzIya koI rAjA kaliMga se eka jinamUrti magadha meM le AyA thA / itihAsajJoM kI dhAraNA hai ki yahI nanda rAjA purANa ke "sarvakSatrAMtaka" " ekarATa " mahApadma nanda ke sivAya anya koI nahIM thA / mahApadma nanda hI ne saMbhavataH kaliMga jaya kiyA thA ; jo ho / hAthIguphA lipi ke isa vivaraNa se yahI siddhAnta nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai ki IsA ke pUrva cauthI

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25 zatAbdI meM magadha kA nanda rAjavaMza jaina dharmAnuyAyI thA / tathA usa samaya jainadharma ne vaizAlI aura magadha se sudUra kaliMga paryaMta vistAra prApta kiyA thA / ataeva aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya baMgAladeza bhI jainadharma ke prabhAva se bAhira nahIM thA / isa ke bAda hama isa bAta ko bhI siddha kareMge ki hamArA yaha anumAna nirardhaka nahIM hai / ina ke rAjyakAla nandavaMza ke pUrva magadha kA hayaka rAjavaMza bhI jainadharma kA vizeSa anurAgI thA / isI vaMza kA suvikhyAta rAjA bimbasAra ( zreNika) evaM tatyutra ajAtazatru ( kUnika ) jainadharma ke aMtima tIrthaMkara vaizAlI ke vardhamAna (mahAvIra ) ke sAtha vaivAhika sUtra meM Avaddha the / (Camb Hist, P 157) bimbasAra tathA ajAtazatru ( I0 pU chaThI zatAbdI) bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM vizeSa vikhyAta haiN| kyoMki inhoM ke zAsanakAla meM magadha ke vaizAlI sAmrAjya kI nIva par3I thI / evaM meM bauddha, jaina tathA AjIvaka ye tInoM hI pradhAna saMpradAya bhArata varSa meM saMgharSa pUrvaka pracAra pA rahe the / kyoMki bauddhadharma ke pravartaka gautamabuddha I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI jainadharma ke antima tIrthaMkara vardhamAna-mahAvIra (janma I0pU0 566 kaivalya 557 nirvANa-mRtyu 527) evaM AjIvakadharma ke pravartaka gosAla maMkhalIputra ( kaivalya I0 pU0 556) ne inhIM logoM ke zAsanakAla meM hI apane apane dharmoM kA pracAra * bhagavAna vardhamAna kI mAtA trizalA tathA zroNika kI rAnI celanA Apasa meM sagI bahineM thI evaM rAjA ceTaka kI donoM putriyAM thIM / (anuvAdaka)

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kiyA thaa| vimbasAra evaM ajAtazatru; buddha tathA mahAvIra donoM ke prati zraddhAvAna the tathA ina donoM dvArA pracArita dharma ke prati inakA anurAga thaa| parantu ajAtazatru saMbhavataH bAda meM jainadharma ke prati hI ati AkRSTa ho gayA thaa| (camb. Hist. p. p. 160-161 & 163) / ajAtazatru kA putra udaya athavA udAyI bhI I0 pU0 456 se 453) saMbhataH jainadharmAvalambI hI thA (camb. Hist, P. 164) / ajAtazatru evaM udAyI ke samaya se hI jainadharma bauddhadharma se prabalatara ho kara candragupta maurya ke samaya taka prAyaH samagra bhAratavarSa meM jainadharma kA prabhAva ho adhika thA aisA jJAta hotA hai| tathA aisA mI anumAnita hotA hai ki isI samaya hI jainadharma baMgAladeza meM apanI pradhAnatA sthApana karane meM samartha huA thaa| Ananda kA viSaya hai ki isa anumAna ke anukUla yatheSTha pramANa bhI upalabdha haiN| yahAM isa viSaya para saMkSepa rUpa se kucha alocanA karane kI AvazyaktA pratIta hotI hai| buddha deva ne svayaM athavA unake ziSya praziSyoM ne baMgAladeza meM kabhI bhI vizeSarUpa dharma pracAra kiyA ho isa viSaya kA niHsaMzaya (zaMkA rahita) koI bhI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| vastutaH saba prAcIna bauddha sAhitya meM baMgAladeza ke sambandha meM kisI viSaya para bhI koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| baMgAladeza ke liye prAcIna bauddha sAhitya kI aisI nIravatA (cuppI) itihAsajJoM ke nikaTa avazya vismaya kA kAraNa ho jAtA hai| baMgAladeza ke sambandha meM prAcIna bauddha sAhitya meM jo do eka ullekha pAye jAte haiM una kI kiMcita AlocanA

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karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| bauddha saMyuktanikAya ke tIna sthAnoM meM varNana hai ki eka samaya bhagavAna buddha 'sumbha' (arthAt sumha) ke sedaka athavA setaka nAmaka nigama (arthAt nagara) meM vihAra karate the / "telapatta" jAtaka meM likhA hai ki "sumbhara?" arthAt sumharASTra meM desaka nAmaka nigama ke nikaTavartI kisI vaNa meM vAsa karate samaya bhagavAn buddha ne janapada kalyANI sutta ke sambandha meM apane ziSyoM ke nikaTa eka kathA kahI thii| sedaka athavA desaka saMbhavataH eka hI hoNge| ina donoM kathAoM se yaha dhAraNA hotI hai ki kisI samaya sumha deza arthAt dakSiNa rAr3ha meM dharma pracAra karane ke liye buddhadeva Aye the| kheda kA viSaya hai ki baMgAladeza meM buddhadeva ke dharma pracAra karane kA aura koI bhI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| bauddha pAlI sAhitya meM baMgIza evaM upasena baMgantaputta ina do bauddha bhikSuoM kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai| buddhaghoSa kI manorathapUraNI nAmaka TIkA meM baMgantaputta zabda kA artha kiyA huA hai ki "baMganta brAhmaNa kA putr"| kintu baMganta brAhmaNa se kyA samajhanA cAhiye so kucha samajha meM nahIM aataa| ataeva baMgIza tathA baMgantaputta ke sAtha baMgAladeza kA kucha saMparka thA yA nahIM, isa ke liye kucha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| mAtra aMguttaranikAya meM hI suvikhyAta solaha janapadoM kI tAlikA meM baMga deza kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai| parantu anya bauddha sAhitya meM sarvatra hI solaha janapadoM kI tAlikA meM baMga ke *aMga, magadha, kosI, kosala, vajji, malla, ceti, vaMsa, kuru, paMcAla maccha, sUrasena, asamaka, avanti, gaMdhAra, kamboja / (aMguttaranikAya 1 pR0 213) (anuvAdaka)

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28. badale baMsa arthAt vatsa janapada kA nAma dekhA jAtA hai| isa se dhAraNA hotI hai ki aMguttaranikAya kI tAlikA meM bhUla se baMsa ke badale baMga likhA gayA hogaa| kintu bauddhadharma ke AvirbhAva ke samaya avazya hI baMga janapada vidyamAna thaa| aisA hote hue bhI prAcIna bauddha pAlI sAhitya meM baMgAladeza sambandhI aura koI bhI ullekha nahIM hai| ataeva prAcIna bauddha sAhitya kI baMga janapada sambandhI nIravatA (cuppI) se yaha spaSTa pramANita hotA hai ki bauddhadharma usa samaya taka baMgAla meM pracAra nahIM pA sakA, tathA bauddhadharma ke avirbhAva ke bAda prathama do eka zatAbdI taka yaha dharma baMgAladeza meM vistAra na pA sakA hogaa| pAntu jaina sAhitya meM baMgAladeza ne khUba gaurava kA sthAna prApta kiyA thaa| "bhagavatI" nAmaka paMcama jaina aMga meM jina solaha janapadoM kA nAma diyA huA hai una meM aMga aura baMga ke nAma hI. saba se pahile ullekha kiye hue hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM parantu magadha se bhI pUrva inakA nAma diyA hai / isa tAlikA meM rAr3ha arthAt pazcima baMgAla kA nAma bhI hai| isa ke bAda prajJApaNA nAmaka caturtha jaina upAMga meM bhAratavarSa ke Arya adhivAsiyoM ko nava bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA huA hai / ina meM prathama bhAga meM kSetriya Arya hI ullikhita hai / isa prathama bhAga meM hI aMga, (rAjadhAnI campA) baMga (rAjadhAnI - aMga, baMga, magaha, malaya, mAlavaya, accha, vaccha, koccha, pADha, lADha, vajji molI, kAsI, kosala, avAha, saMbhuttara (sumhottara) (bhagavatI paMcamAMge) (anuvAdaka)

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26 . tAmralipti) kaliMga (rAjadhAnI kAMcanapura) evaM rAr3ha (rAjadhAnI koDivarisa arthAt koTivarSa) inhIM kucha janapadoM kA ullekha hai| ataeva yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina sAhitya meM aMga, baMga, kaliMga tathA rAr3ha AryakSetroM kI maryAdA ko prApta kiye the / tatpazcAta prAcAraMga sUtra prathama jaina aMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAr3ha deza meM isa samaya do bhAga the eka kA nAma sumbha arthAt sumhabhUmi tathA dUsare kA nAma vanabhUmi thA / evaM isI rAr3hadeza meM acelaka avasthA meM bhramaNa karate samaya vardhamAna-mahAvIra ne bahuta upasarga sahana kiye the| pUrvokta vajrabhUmi ke eka aMza kA nAma paNIta (arthAt praNIta) bhUmi thA / jaina "bhagavatI" graMtha ke matAnusAra isI paNIta bhUmi para vadhamAnamahAvIra evaM gosAla maMkhalIputra ne cha OM varSa vAsa kiyA thA / # se kitaM khettAriyA ? khettAriyA addhachavvisaivihA paNNattA taM jahA rAyagiha-magaha, caMpA-aMgA, maha tAmalitti-baMgAya, kaMcanapura-kaliMgA, .........koDivarisa ca lADhAya....(prajJApaNA, prathamasthAna pada 34) (anuvAdaka) / aha duccara lADhamaccArI vajjabhUmiM ca subbhabhUmi ca, paMtaM sejja sevisu aAsANAI ceva paMtAI // 2 // lADhesu tassuvasagA, bahave lUsiMsu aha lUhadesie bhate. kukkurA tattha hiMsiMsu // 3 // ityAdi . (aAcAraMga, a0, 6 u0 3) (anuvAdaka) hai, bhagavatI satra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra svayaM kahate haiM : "taeNaM se gosAle maMkhaliputta haThe tujhe mamaM tikkhutto aAyAhiNaM payAhiNaM jAva na maMsittA, egraM vyAsi-'tujheNaM bhaMte ! mama dhammAcariyA, ahannaM tujhaM aMtevAsI' / taeNaM ahaM goyAmA ! gosAlassa maMkhali puttassa ethamaTaThaM paDisuNemi / taeNaM ahaM goyamA ! gosAleNa maMkhaliputtaNa saddhi paNiya bhUmie chavvAsAiM lAbha-alAbha sukha-dukkhaM, sakkArama-sakkAraM paJjaNubbhavamANe aNicca jAgariya viraritthA / " (bhagavatI paMcamAMge za0 15) (anuvAdaka)

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30 inhIM samasta pramANoM dvArA spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki vardhamAna ne svayaM hI baMgAladeza meM dharma pracAra kiyA thA / tathA uttaravartI kAla meM jainadharma ne baMgAla meM vizeSatayA Adara pAyA thA / isa liye baMgAla ke janapadoM ne jaina sAhitya meM itanA pradhAna sthAna prApta kiyA hai / evaM ina dharmoM rAr3ha ke antargata dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai ki meM rAr3hadeza meM arthAt pazcimabaMgAla andolana khUba prabalatA se dikhalAI diyA thA meM prabala pratiyogitA kA sUtrapAta huA thA / sumha janapada meM sedaka (athayA desaka) nagara ke nikaTa buddhadeva ne dharma kA acAra kiyA thA tathA rAr3ha ke antargata vajrabhUmi ( athavA pariNata bhUmi ) meM vardhamAna evaM gosAla ne apane apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA / kahanA hogA ki isa pratiyogitA ( saMgharSa ) meM bauddhadharma ko hAra khAnI par3I aura jainadharma vijayI huA / saMbhavataH isI lie bauddha sAhitya baMgAladeza ke liye isa prakAra mauna thA tathA jaina sAhitya isa deza ke Aryava athavA kSetriyatva ke sambandha meM isa prakAra jAgRta hai / rAr3ha ke antargata jisa vajrabhUmi meM vardhamAna tathA gosAla ne vAsa kiyA thA vaha vajrabhUmi kahAM avasthita zrI abhI taka vidvAna loga isa bAta kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAye / hama likha cuke haiM ki jaina " prajJApaNA sUtra" ke matAnusAra rAr3ha kI rAjadhAnI koTivarSa thii| koTIvarSa Adhunika dInAjapura jile ke antargata thA / ataeva usa samaya rAr3ha kA vistAra dinAjapura taka thA | kintu usa samaya baMgAla kI rAjadhAnI Adhunika rAr3ha ke para antargata IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM anya dharmoM kA

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tamalUka athavA tAmralipti thii| jo ho ; jaina kalpasUtra se jJAta hotA ki vardhamAna ne sAdhAraNataH campA, vaizAlI, mithilA, rAjagRha, zrAvastI ityAdi janapadoM kI rAjadhAnI meM hI varSAkAla vyatIta kiye the| rAr3ha ke viSaya meM bhI yadi aisA hI ho to kahanA hogA ki koTivarSa ke nikaTavartI bhUkhaMDa meM hI usa samaya batrabhUmi tathA tadantargata paNita bhUmi nAma se paricita thii| arthAt vartamAna dinAjapura jilA usa samaya pariNata bhUmi athavA vajrabhUmi ke antargata thA / parantu isa meM niHsaMzaya rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isa kI avasthiti kisa bhUmi pradeza meM thii| kyoMki vidvAna loga abhI taka isa kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAye / hama pahale likha Aye haiM ki uttara kAla meM koTivarSa ke nAma se jaina saMpradAya kI eka zAkhA kA nAmakaraNa huA thA evaM pauMDravardhana meM aneka nirgrathoM tathA ajIvakoM kA vAsa thA / isa se yaha dhAraNA hotI hai ki paNita (vanabhUmi) meM vardhamAna aura gosAla ne vihAra kiyA thaa| baha teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre adviyagAmaM NIsAe paDhamaM aMtarAvAse vAsAvAsaM uvAgae, caMpaM ca pihacaMpaM ca jomAe to aMtarAvAse vAsAvAsaM uvAgae, vesAli gariM vANiyagAmaM ca NIsAe duvAlasa aMtarAvAse vAsAvAsaM uvAgae, rAyagiMhaM NagaraM NAlaMdaM ca bAhiriyaM NIsAe cauddama aMtarAvAse vAsAvAsaM uvAgae, cha mahilAe, do bhaddiyAe, ega aAlAbhiyAe, e gaM sAvatthIe, egaM paNiya bhUmie, egaM pAvAe majjhimAe, hatthipAlassa ragaNo rajjuga samAe apacchima atarAvAsaM vAsAvasaM uvAgae // 122 / / ( kalmasUtra vyA0 6) (anuvAdaka)

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paNita bhUmi koTivarSa ke AsapAsa kA bhUkhaNDa honA koI vicitra bAta nahIM hai kyoMki paNita athavA vajrabhUmi evaM koTivarSa ina donoM kA rAr3ha ke antargata hone kA spaSTa ullekha hai| - hama likha Aye haiM ki IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM baMgAla deza meM bauddha aura jaina donoM dharmoM kA hI pracAra thA kintu alpakAla meM hI pratiyogitA meM bauddhadharma ke hAra jAne se jainadharma ne hI saMbhavataH pradhAnatA prApta kI thii| aba yahAM svabhAvataH yaha prazna uTatA hai ki AjIvakadharma kA kyA huA ? AjIvaka saMpradAya ke sambandha meM jaina tathA bauddha sAhitya meM se jo kucha vivaraNa prApta ho usI se hameM saMtuSTa honA hogaa| bauddha aura jaina sAhitya ke prasAda se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki gosAla maMkhalIputta nAlandA meM vardhamAna-mahAvIra ke sAtha milA thA tathA usa samaya se le kara kucha samaya paryanta vaha vardhamAna kA anugAmI rahA kintu kucha dinoM bAda donoM meM matabheda ho gayA tathA gosAla mahAvIra ke saMpradAya se alaga ho gyaa| usa ne vardhamAna se do varSa pUrva hI (I0 pU0 556) kaivalya prApta hone kI ghoSaNA kI evaM AjIvaka saMpradAya kI sthApanA kI AjIvakoM kA veza bhI prAyaH nigraMthoM ke samAna hI thA / una pratyeka ke hAtha meM eka eka maskara arthAt bAMsa kI lAThI rahatI thii| isIliye ena ko marakarI bolA jAtA thA (pANini, 6-1-154) aura isI liye hI gosAla ko jaina aura bauddha maskarIputra athavA maMkhaloputta saMbodhana karate the / AjIvakoM ne jyotiSa dvArA prasiddhi prApta kI thI dharma, mata aura anuSThAnAdi

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meM AmIvaka aura nigraMtha saMpradAya meM aneka sAdRzya thA (camb. Hist. F. 162.) hama likha Aye haiM ki vardhamAna ke saMga gosAla ne aneka dina rAr3hadeza meM vAsa kiyA thA / isa se anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa ne rAr3hadeza meM bhI dharmapracAra kiyA thaa| baMgAla meM bhI AjIvakamata ke prasAra 'ke kucha pramANa upalabdha haiN| tathA jaina AcArAMga sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki vardhamAna : jaba rAr3hadeza meM bhramaNa karate the, usa samaya unhoM ne : aneka lAThodhArI * sanyAsI dekha the| koI koI vidvAna, mAnatA hai ki yahI lAThIdhArI sanyAsI AjIvaka the / bauddha sAhitya ke nAnA sthAnoM meM AjIvaka sanyAsI opaka aura vyAdha kanyA cApA ke viSaya meM eka sundara kathA he / isI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki buddhadava kI jIvita avasthA meM hI AjIvakadharma ne pazcima baMgAla meM khUba pracAra pAyA thA / kathA saMkSepa meM yaha hai :- magadharAjya meM bodhagayA ke nikaTa nAla athavA nAlaka grAma meM opaka kA janma huA thA / usa ke zarIra kA raMga kAlA thA isa liye use loga kAlA opaka kahate the / ekadA Apaka gayA se pUrva dizA meM bhramaNa karate karate baMkahAra (bAkur3A ?) janapada (parasattha jotikA ke matAnusAra baMga janapada ) meM pahuMca kara vyAvoM ke eka grAma meM aayaa| vahAM para vyAdhI ke saradAra ne use mAsa rasa dekara usa kA satkAra kiyA aura use apane ghara meM hI Thaharane kA sthAna kalA gahAya NalIyaM samaNe tatthaevi vihariMsu (zrAcAraga a06, u03) (anuvAdaka)...

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diyA / vyAdha eka dina apane putra aura bhAI ko sAtha le kara zikAra ke lie bAhara gayA ! jAte samaya apanI kanyA cApA ko isa AjIvaka sanyAsI ko sevA suzrUSA kA bhAra sauMpa gayA kintu sanyAsI ne vyAdha kanyA ke rUpa para mugdha hokara mRtyu praNa kiyA ki jaba taka maiM ise prApta na kara lUgA taba taka anna-jala grahaNa na karUMgA vyAdha zikAra se jaba vApisa AyA taba samasta vRtAMta suna kara isa opaka ke sAtha cApA kA vivAha kara diyaa| opaka ne bhI vyAdha ke zikAra ke mA~sa ko uThAna aura kriI karane kA bhAra apane jimme le liyA / eka varSa bAda opaka ke subhadra nAmaka eka putra kA janma huaa| ekadA putra subhadra rone lagA, taba cApA "o AjIvaka ke putra ! o ma.sa uThAne vAle ke putra !' rA nhiiN| aisA saMbodhana karate hue use cupa karA rahI thii| yaha bAta suna kara opaka ke mana meM atyanta lajjA utpanna huI tathA vaha kisI kI anunaya vinaya kI kucha bhI paravAha na karate hue baMkahAra janapada kA parityAga kara madhyadeza meM calA gayA aura usane zrAvastI ke nikaTa jetavana meM pahu~ca kara buddha deva kA ziSyatva grahaNa kiyaa| cApA bhI usa ke thor3e samaya bAda putra ko apane pitA ke pAsa (arthAt putra ke nAnA ke pAsa) chor3a kara zrAvastI jA kara bauddhasaMgha meM jA milI tathA bhikSuNiyoM meM vizeSa prasiddhi prApta kii| usa ke dvArA racita gAthAeM bauddha therI gAthA samUha meM upalabdha hotI haiM evaM Aja bhI hama unheM par3ha sakate haiN| isa kathA me jJAta hotA hai ki magadha aura baMkAhAra janapadoM meM usa samaya AjIvakoM kA abhAva nahIM thaa| baMkAhAra janapada ke saMbandha

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35 meM hama vizeSa kucha nahIM jaante| yaha bAMkur3A kA prAcIna nAma ho sakatA haiM / tathApi yaha to spaSTa hI jJAta hotA hai ki yaha janapada magadha ke pUrva evaM madhya deza ke bAhara hone ke kAraNa baMgAla deza meM thA / hama 'divyAvadAna' graMtha se niHsandeha jJAta kara cuke haiM ki azoka ke mamaya pauDravardhana meM bauddhadharma se zrAjIvakadharma kI prabala pratiyogitA calatI thI / evaM yaha bhI isa graMtha meM varNana hai ki usa samaya pauDravardhana meM jIvakoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga aThAraha haz2Ara thI / ataeva hama likha cuke haiM ki IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha se tRtIya zatAbdI ke azoka ke zAsana kAla taka kucha adhika do sau varSoM taka baMgAladeza meM jaina aura zrAjIvakadharma kI hI pradhAnatA thI / azoka aura usa ke pautra dazaratha ne AjIvakoM ke liye barAbara tathA nAgArjuna parvata (donoM hI gayA jilAntargata) meM chaH guphAyeM nirmANa karavAI thIM isa se hamArA pUrvokta siddhAnta samarthita hotA hai / zrataeva hama yaha bhI jAna cuke haiM ki azoka ke pUrvavartI do zatAbdiyoM taka kaThora pratiyogitA ke phala svarUpa bauddhadharma jaina aura zrAjIvakadharma hI baMgAla meM sthiratA prApta kiye hue the / kintu jaba uttaravartI kAla meM pRSTapoSakatA (sahAyatA) ke phalasvarUpa bauddhadharma prabala ho uThA thA usa samaya jainadharma to apanI rakSA kara TikA rahA kintu AjIvaka dharmaM vilupta ho gayA / aisA anumAna hotA hai ki kAlakrama se AjIvakadharma jainadharma meM samA gayA thaa| kyoMki AjIvaka saMpradAya evaM digambara jaina saMpradAya meM dharmamata aura anuSThAnagata nAnA prakAra kA sAdRzya thA isa liye una ko eka dUsare meM vilIna ho jAne meM koI vizeSa bAdhA nahIM thI / ye donoM saMpradAya kAlakrama se Apasa meM mila gaye the, isa anumAna kI puSTi ke liye do eka prabhAga bhI upalabdha haiN| prathama pramANa

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36 divyAvadAna kA hai, hama isa graMtha meM dekhate haiM ki eka hI ghaTanA ke prasaMga meM bauddha virodhA saMpradAya ko kabhI nirgratha kabhI AjIvaka bola kara saMbodhana kiyA gayA hai isa se mAlUma hotA hai ki 'divyAvadAna' graMtha racane ke samaya hI nirgrathoM aura AjIvakoM kI bhinnatA tRtIya pakSa ke liye aspaSTa ho cukI thI ( arthAt dUsare saMpradAyoM ke liye nirgrathoM aura AjIvakoM kI bhinnatA kA jAnanA kaThina ho gayA thA) / dUsare hama pahale kaha cuke haiM ki digambara AjIvaka logoM ne jyotiSI ke nAma se khyAti prApta kI thI / jAtaka ke pramANa se jJAta hotA hai ki buddha ke jIvita kAla meM hI jIvaka loga jyotiSI rUpa meM bhramaNa karate the / divyAvadAna ke matAnusAra candragupta ke putra dindusAra kI rAjasabhA meM piMgalavatsa nAmaka AjIvaka jyotiSI thA / punaH IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hya "sAMga ke samaya nigraMthoM ne hA jyotiSI rUpa meM khyAti prApta kI thI (Beal II P. 168) isa se yaha dhAraNA hotI hai ki AjIvaka saMpradAya jaina saMpradAya meM mila gayA hogA / yahAM para yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki jisa samaya bauddha jaina aura AjIvaka dharma baMgAladeza meM pradhAnatA prApta karane ke liye pratiyogitA meM lage hue the usa samaya vaidika brAhmavarma kyA karatA thA ? kyA usa samaya yaha vaidika brAhmaNadharma baMgAla meM pratiSThA prApta kara sakA ? isI prazna ke sambandha meM do eka bAta kaha kara hI hama isa prabandha ko samApta kareMge / videha, aMga aura magadha pUrvabhArata kI pazcima dizA meM avasthita the / ataeva madhyadeza kA vaidika Arya prabhAva saMbhavataH inhI tInoM janapadoM para pahale par3A thA / baMgAladeza meM Arya sabhyatA ina se pIche AI, aisA vRttAMta hai /

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37. ataeva ina tInoM janapadoM meM kahAM taka prasAra prApta kiyA thA karane kI AvazyakatA hai / vaidika Arya sabhyatA ne kaba aura isa ke liye saMkSepa se vicAra zatapatha brAhmaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki eka samaya sadAnIrA ( arthAta gaMDaka ) nadI ke pUrva varttI videha janapada meM AryoM ke vAsasthAna nahIM the / parantu u.ravartI kAla meM bahuta brAhmaNoM ne isa janapada meM Arya sabhyatA aura dharma ke cinha svarUpa yajJAgni prajvalita kI tho / mithilA ke samrATa janaka ke zAsanakAla meM videha Arya sabhyatA evaM dharma kA anyatama pradhAna kendra ginA jAtA thA / samrATa janaka buddhadeva ( I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI) se do puruSa pUrvavarttI the / ataeva janaka I0 pU0 sAtavIM zatAbdI meM vidyamAna the aisA kaha sakate haiM / evaM usa samaya baMgAla- deza se saMlagna pazcima sImA meM AryoM kI sabhyatA aura dharma kI khUba car3hatI thii| kintu uttaravartI kAla ke smRti meM dekhane me jJAta hotA hai ki videha eka mizra jAti kA nAma thA / atharva veda meM aGga aura magadha ko Arya sabhyatA kI sImA se bAhara ginA huA hai / kintu 'etareya brAhmaNa meM' aGga virocana' nAmaka aGgarAja ke azvamedha yajJa aura dAnazIlatA kI kathA varNita hai ataeva 'aitareya brAhmaNa' ke samaya meM ( I0 pU0 AThavIM zatAbdI) aGga meM arthAt baMgAla ke nikaTavartI deza meM Arya vaidikadharma ne acchI taraha se pratiSThA prApta kara lI thI / tathA isa brAhmaNa graMtha ne pauMDradeza vAsiyoM ko 'dasyU' arthAta anArya ullekha kiyA hai, evaM bodhAyana ke dharmasUtra meM ana deza yoni) kaha kara varNana kiyA huA hai dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki puruSamedha ke nivAsiyoM ko pakar3a kara bali diyA jAtA thA / ko mizra jAti (maMkIrNa | tatpazcAt yajurveda meM yajJa ke samaya magadhadeza atharva 8 sabhya jAti /

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38 veda meM magadha ko Arya sImA se bAhara isa veda meM magadha ko trAtyoM kA arthAt sabhya jAti / * atharvaveda meM vrAtyoM kA priya dhAma prAcI dizA ko batAyA hai | yahAM magadha ( baGgAla - bihAra - ur3IsA) kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / zramaNa saMskRti meM vrata dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa zramaNoM ko vrAtya kahA gayA hai vrAtya arthAt vrata dhAraNa karane vAle / isa lie jaina-nirgratha tathA zrAvaka the / ye brAhmaNa vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the / yAga-yajJa aura pazuhiMsA kA rivodha karate the / tapasyA se grAtma-zodhana meM vizvAsa.. karate the| isa liye ina ko vrAtya kahA gayA hai| kyoMki jainadharma ke saMcAlaka cauvIsa tIrthakara sabhI kSatrIya the isa liye yahAM ke kSatriyoM ko bhI vaidika AryoM ne " vrAtya kSetrIya " ke nAma se vyaMga rUpa se varNazaMkara ke artha rUpa meM saMbodhana kiyA hai / tathA cAroM varaNoM ke loga jainadharma ke anuyAyI the aura vaidika AyoM ke ke virodhI the isI lie vaidika AryoM ne inheM apa-brAhmaNa athavA apa kSatrIya anArya, vrAtya ityAdi saMbodhana kiyA hai / kyoMki bauddhadharma jainadharma se navIna aura veda racanA kAla se bhI pIche paidA huA thA / isa liye vedoM meM jinheM vrAtya ke nAma se ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve jaina nirbaMdha aura jaina zrAvaka hI the jo ki bhArata ke prAcInatama dhama ke anuyAyI the / yAga yajJa aura pazuhiMsA kSatrIyabandhu brAhmaNabandhu, hamArI isa dhAraNa kI puSTi ke liye aneka pramANa upalabdha haiN| yahAM para mAtra eka pramANa de kara hI isa vivecana ko samApta karate haiN| 1 samrATa candragupta maurya jainadharmAnuyAyI thA aura vaha vrAtyakSetrIya jAti se thA jaina tathA bauddha sAhitya ke anusAra vaha zuddhakSatrIya vaMzodbhava thA / parantu brAhmaNa purANa evaM sAhityakAroM ne ise murA nAmaka eka zudrA strI kA putra hone kA ullekha kiyA hai / pro0 sI0 DI0 caTarjI ne isa prazna para vistAra pUrvaka dazi videvana kiyA hai / 'murA' ke astitva ko ye nirA kapola kalita mAnate hai aura 'moriya' nAma ke kSatriyakula meM hI isa kA utpanna honA siddha karate haiM / ( anuvAdaka ) varNana kiyA hai aura varNazaMkaroM kA kendra

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36 likhA huA hai| yadi aura bhI uttaravartI kAla ko dekheM to vrAtya-stoma yajJa ke dvArA-magadhanivAsI brAtyoM ko Aryadharma meM dIkSita karane kI vyavasthA bhI pAI jAtI hai / kintu usa samaya ke magadhadeza ke brAhmaNoM ko bhI 'brAhmaNabandhu' arthAt apabrAhmaNa kaha kara una ke prati ghRNA pragaTa kI jAtI thii| purANoM meM bhI inhoM ne bimbasAra; ajAtazatru prabhRti vikhyAta magadha ke rAjAoM ko 'kSatrabandhu' arthAt vrAtya-kSatrIya athavA apa kSatrIya kaha kara tuccha ginA hai| parantu kauzItakI athavA sAMkhyAyana AraNyaka meM madhyama aura pratibodhiputra nAmaka do magadhavAsI brAhmaNoM ke liye yatheSTha sammAna pradarzana kiyA huA hai| ukta sAMkhyAyana AraNyaka graMtha I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM racA gayA thaa| aisI mAnyatA ke liye yatheSTa hetu haiN| punaH bodhAyana ke dharma sUtra meM magadhavAsiyoM ko mizrajAti (saMkIrNa yAni) sambodhana kara varNana kiyA gayA hai| inhIM saba pramANoM se eka mAtra yahI siddhAMta nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki I0 pR0 chaThI zatAbdI meM Arya loga videha, aMga aura magadha meM thor3A bahuta sthAna prApta kara pAye the| inhIM tInoM janapadoM ke adhivAsiyoM ne isI samaya ina AryoM kI sabhyatA aura dharma mAtra AMzika rUpa se grahaNa kiyA thA / isIliye madhyadezavAsI AryoM ke dvArA yahA ke loga 'brAhmaNabandhu' 'kSatrabandhu' athavA' saMkIrNa-yoni' Adi mizratva bAdhaka vizeSaNA dvArA saMbAdhita hue the| videha, aMga aura magadha meM AryoM ne Akara vasati (nivAsa sthAna) banAne prAraMbha kiye the / I0 pa0 chaThI zatAbdI ke bahuta pahale

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se hI, yahAM taka ki mAthava, videgha ke pUrva bhI videha meM bahuta brAhmaNa vAsa karate the isa prakAra zatapatha brAhmaNa meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| usa ke bAda mAthava, videgha evaM unake purohita gotamarAhU gaNa aMga, virocana tathA usakA purohita udamaya, rAjarSi janaka evaM brahmajJa RSi yAjJavalka, magadhavAsI brAhmaNa madhyama tathA pratibodhiputra ye saba IsA pUrva AThavIM se chaThI zatAbdI taka videha aMga aura magadha janapadoM meM sammAnasahita vAsa karate the| vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai ki bodhAyana jaise atyanta zraddhAlu vidvAna ne bhI ina saba janapadoM meM AryoM ke vAsa kA niSedha nahIM kiyaa| tathApi I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM bhI ina saba janapadoM meM (yahAM taka ki videha meM bhI) asala nivAsiyoM ne madhyadeza ke dharmaniSTha AryoM dvArA brAhmaNabandhu, kSatravandhu, saMkIrNayoni prabhRti avajJA sUcaka vizeSaNa hI prApta kiye haiN| ataeva jisa samaya videha, magadha aura aMga ke nivAsiyoM ne aAMzika bhAva mAtra se hI Arya-sabhyatA aura Arya-dharma grahaNa kiyA thA evaM jisa samaya yahA kA dharma bhI sabhyatAbhimAnI AryoM ke nikaTa avajJA mAtra hI prAta karatA thA, usI samaya arthAt I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM videha, magadha Ara aMga se pUrvavartI baMgAladeza meM AryoM kA dharma tathA sabhyatA pratiSThita na ho sake the, yaha bAta sahaja meM hI anumAna ko jA sakatI hai| AryoM meM se koI-koI athavA anekoM vyaktiyoM ne usa samaya vicitratA aura navInatA ke AkarSaNa se athavA bhUkha ke bhaya se saMtata (jaisA ki harivaMza se jJAta hotA hai) ho kara videha aura aMga kI pUrva sImA ko atikrama kara baMgAladeza meM praveza kiyA thaa| koI koI baMgAladeza ke nagaroM ko dekha kara vApisa

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41 ....... . lauTa Aye the (jaisA ki bodhAyana se jJAta hotA hai) evaM kisI kisI ne to ina saba pradezoM meM sthAI rUpa se vasati (nivAsa sthAna) sthApita kara lI thiiN| kintu yaha bAta to nizcita hI hai ki IsA pUrva AThavIM zatAbdI se chaThI zatAbdI taka AryoM ne yadi baMgAladeza meM praveza kiyA bhI ho to bhI unakI saMkhyA aura zakti itanI nagaNya thI ki usa samaya Arya sabhyatA aura dharma ne baMgAladeza meM vizeSa rUpa se prasAra pAyA ho aisI dhAraNA nahIM kI jA sktii| vastutaH I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI taka baMgAladeza meM vaidikadharma aura sabhyatA ne praveza kiyA ho, isa bAta kI puSTi ke liye baudika sAhitya meM koI bhI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| tathApi dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM hI hayAMkarAja bimbasAra, gautamabuddha, vardhamAna-mahAvIra, gosAla maMkhalIputta prabhRti kA AvirbhAva evaM aMtima tInoM dvArA pracArita bauddha, jaina tathA AjIvaka dharmoM kA abhyudaya huA thaa| vaidika dharmAbhimAnI Arya logoM ne videha, aMga tathA magadha ke nivAsiyoM kI jo avajJA kI thI usake prativAda tathA pratikriyA se hI bauddha jaina tathA AjIvaka dharma utpanna hue yA nahIM isa viSaya kA vivecana aitihAsika loga hI kara sakate haiM / isa sthAna para mere liye isa AlocanA meM pravRtta honA niSprayojanIya hai / jo ho ; maiMne jo samasta *videzI vidvAnoM meM pro0 lAsena ne likhA hai (s. B. E. Vol. 22 Introduction P. 18, 19) ki buddha aura mahAvIra eka hI vyakti haiM kyoM ki jaina aura buddha paramparA kI mAnyatAoM meM aneka vidha samAnatA hai / thor3e varSoM ke bAda adhika sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi tathA adhyayana ke bala para pro0

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42 pramANa upasthita kiye haiM una se yaha bAta spaSTatA pUrvaka siddha hotI hai ki jisa samaya jaina, bauddha aura AjIvakadharmaM baMgAladeza meM pracAra pA rahe the usa samaya isa deza meM vaidika Arya logoM ke sAmAnya parimANa meM praveza karane para bhI vaidika Arya-dharma kucha bhI pratiSThA prApta na kara sakA thA / arthAt baMgAladeza meM, jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka dharmoM ne hI vaidika Arya dharma se pUrva pratiSThA prApta kI thI / bevara Adi vidvAnoM ne yaha mata prakaTa kiyA ki jaina-dharma, buddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai, vaha isa se svataMtra nahIM hai / Age cala kara vizeSa sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi aura vizeSa parIkSA ke bala para pro0 yAkobI ne uparyukta donoM matoM kA nirAkaraNa karake yaha sthApita kiyA ki jaina aura bauddha saMpradAya donoM svataMtra haiM itanA hI nahIM kintu jaina saMpradAya bauddha saMpradAya se purAnA bhI hai aura jJAtaputra - mahAvIra to jaina saMpradAya ke aMtima puraskartA mAtra haiN| karIba savA sau varSa jitane parimita kAla meM eka hI mudda e para aitihAsikoM kI isa bAta se saba sahamata haiM ki nAma se prasiddha hai, buddha ke rAya badalatI rahI / pro0 yAkotrI ne likhA hai ki " 1 nataputta jo mahAvIra athavA vardhamAna ke samakAlIna the / bauddhagraMthoM meM milane vAle ullekha hamAre isa vicAra ko dRr3ha karate haiM ki nAtaputa (vardhamAna) se pahale bhI nirgrathoM kA ( jo zrAja jaina athavA zrArhata ke nAma se adhika prasiddha haiM) astitva thA / jaba bauddhadharma utpanna hu taba nirgrathoM kA saMpradAya eka bar3e saMpradAya ke rUpa meM ginA jAtA hogA / bauddha piTakoM meM kucha nirgrathoM kA buddha aura usake ziSyoM ke virodhI ke rUpa meM aura kucha kA buddha ke anuyAyI bana jAne ke rUpa meM varNana zrAtA hai /

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43 isa siddhAnta ke anukUla (puSTi meM) aura bhI pramANa haiM yahAM saMkSepa meM unakA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai / bodhAyana ke dharma-sUtra meM aMga aura magadha ke nivAsiyoM ko mizrajAti (saMkIrNa yoni) saMbodhita kara varNana kiyA hai kintu ina donoM janapadoM meM Aya ke vAsa kA niSedha nahIM kiyA / hama ne dUsare pramANAM dvArA bhI dekhA hai ki usa samaya aMga aura magava meM Arya loga sammAna pUrvaka vAsa isa para se hama ukta bAta kA anumAna kara sakate haiM / isa ke viparIta ina gra MthoM meM kisI bhI sthAna para aisA koI ullekha vA sUcaka vAkya dekhane meM nahIM zrAtA ki nirgrathoM kA saMpradAya eka navIna saMpradAya hai aura nAtaputta (mahAvIra ) isake saMsthApaka haiM / isa para se hama anumAna kara sakate haiM ki buddha ke janma se pahale ati prAcIna kAla se nirgrathoM kA astitva calA AtA hai / phraiMca vidvAna gerinATa kA kahanA hai ki :-. There can not longer be that any doubt Parsva was a Historical Personage. According to the Jain Tradition he must have lived a hundred years and died 250 years before Mahavira. His period of activity, therefore corresponds to the 8th century B.C. The Parents of Mahavira were followers of religion of Parsva....The age we live in, there have appeard 24 Prophets of Jainism. They are ordinarily called Tirthankras with the 23rd Parsvanath we enter into the region of History of reality (Introduction to his essay of Jain Bibliography)

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karate the| kintu bodhAyana ke isI dharma-sUtra meM baMga janapada kA ullekha bhI AryAvarta se bAhara kiyA huA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM kintu baMga aura kaliMga janapadoM meM pAryoM kA praveza hI avAMchanIya hai| isa graMtha meM vizeSa rUpa se aisI pAnA bhI nirdeSa ko huI hai ki yadi koI ina donoM janapadoM meM praveza karegA aura phira vahAM se vaha vApisa AyegA to use prAyazcita le kara zuddha honA Avazyaka hai / ina uparyukta pramANoM se spaSTa hai ki jainadharma kA I0 pU0 aAThavIM zatAbdI meM teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne bhI pracAra kiyA thA / jainoM kI mAnyatAnusAra aneka tIrthaMkaroM ne pratyeka yuga meM bArambAra jainadharma kA udyota kiyA hai (Hem V. V. 50, 51) vartamAna yuga ke prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhadeva tathA antima do zrI pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra hogaye haiN| zrI pArzvanAtha ke viSaya meM lesana kahatA hai ki "isa jina kI zrAyu usa ke purogAmiyoM ke samAna saMbhAvita maryAdA kA ullaMghana nahIM karatI / yaha pramANa isa ke aitihAsika puruSa hone ke mata ko khAsa puSTa karatA hai| (Lesson I. A. ii, P. 26I) tathA mathurA ke jainazilAlekhoM se jJAta hai ki gRhastha bhaktoM ke RSabhadeva ko arghya dene ke ullekha milate haiM (E. I. p. 386; Ins no VIII) isa ke atirikta aneka zilAlekhoM meM arhat kA nahIM parantu arhantoM kA ullekha hai (Ibid P, 383 Ins no. HI) / "ye saba lekha iMDo sAIthika ( Indo-scythic) samaya ke hone cAhiyeM aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai| athavA yadi kaniSka tathA una ke vaMzajoM ke samaya zakayuga ke sAtha milate Ate hoMge to prathama tathA dUsarI

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45 graMtha meM hone se ina kathana nahIM hai / aura yaha graMtha khUpa saMbhavataH I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdo kA buddha, mahAvIra aura gosAla se bhI pahale kA racita hai / ataeva yaha bAna nizcita hai ki isa samaya taka brAhmaNadharma ne vizeSa rUpa se vistAra prApta nahIM kiyA thA / tathA yaha bAta bhI ThIka hai ki jo loga kaliMga aura baMga jAyeMge unheM vApisa lauTane para prAyazcita le kara zuddha honA par3egA aisI vyavasthA isa donoM janapadoM meM jAne kA tathA lauTane kA zatAbdI ke lekha pratIta hote haiM (lbid P. 371 ) / vizeSa meM yaha ardhya eka se adhika ahantoM ko tathA khAsa kara zrI RSabhadeva ko zrapaNa kiyA gayA hai / yaha isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai ki jainadharma kA prAraMbhakAla ati prAcIna hai tathA yaha bhI spaSTa karatA he ki RSabhadeva ke samaya se lekara kramazaH aneka tIrthakara hote Aye haiM / inhIM saba zrAdhArAM ke kAraNa pAzcAtya tathA bhAratIya niSpakSa aitihAsika vidvAnoM ne likhA hai ki jainadharma bahuta prAcIna kAla se calA AtA hai tathA vedA me bhI jainadharma ke tIrthaMkaroM kA z2ikra AtA hai / bhArata ke upapradhAna DA. sara. rAdhAkRSNana likhate haiM ki :- There is evidence to show that so far back as the first century B.C. there were people who were worshiping Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankra. There is no doubt that Jainism prevailed even before Vardhamana or Parsvanath. The Yajurved mentions the names of three Tirthankras, Rishabha, Ajitnath and Arishtnemi. The Bhagwat Puran endorses the view

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na hI ina donoM janapadoM meM sthAI bhAva se Arya logoM kA vasati sthApana kara sakane kA varNana hai| parantu I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI meM samrATa azoka ke zilAlekha se hama jAna sakate haiM ki isa ke zAsana kAla meM (I0 pU0 272 se 232) bodhAyAna ke / . bhAva se nipiddha kaliMga janapada meM bhI bahuta brAhmaNoM kI vasati thI tathA usa ke sAmrAjyavartI kisI bhI janapada meM yahAM taka ki baMga meM bhI brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva nahIM thA / itanA pramANa milane para bhI yaha vizeSa that Rishbha was the founder of Jainism. (Indian Philosophy Vol 1. P.287) tathA :-The discoveries have to a very large extent supplied corroboration to the written Jain tradition and they offer iangible inconvertible proof of the antiquity of the Jain Religion and of its early existence very much in its present form. The series of twenty four Fontiffs (Tirthankras), each with his distinctive emblem, was evidently firmly believed in at the beginning of the Christian era. (The Jain stup Mathura Intro. P. 6. isake atirikta hamAre sAmane jainoM ke eka bar3e tIrtha ke smAraka kI siddhi bhI hai jo haz2ArIbAg2a z2ilA antargata sammetazikhara kA pahAr3a hai, jo ki pAzrvanAtha hila ke nAma se prasiddha hai (Eldirooke, opcit, ii p. 213) kalpasUtra Adi aneka jaina

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ullekhanIya hai ki zuga samrATa puSyamitra (I0 pU0 185 se 146) ke purohita magadhavAsI brAhmaNa vaiyAkaraNika pAtaMjala ne apane suvikhyAta mahAbhASya graMtha meM baMgAla janapada ko AryAvarta se bAhara hI ginA hai| (arthAt IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI taka vaidika Arya graMthoM meM baMga janapada kA Arya bhUmiyoM meM ullekha nahIM milatA) parantu anumAnataH lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke manusaMhitA meM hama dekhate haiM ki baMgAladeza ko AryAvarta ke madhyavartI svIkAra kiyA hai| __ ataeva yaha bAta niHsandeha hai ki baMgAladeza meM vaidika Aryadharma ne jaina, bauddha aura AjIvakadharmoM ke bAda pratiSThA prApta kI thii| to baMgAladeza meM sarva prathama kisa bhAratIya dharma ne pratiSThA evaM vistAra prApta kiyA thA ? isI prazna ke uttara ke liye aba yahAM vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| hama pahale aAgamoM meM isa parvata para pArzvanAtha ke nirvANa pAne se pahale aneka tIrthakaroM ke Ane tathA vahIM mokSa pAne ke pramANa upalabdha haiM pArzvanAtha bhI isa parvata para mokSa pAye the| (Kalpsutra Sut 168) / evaM vaidika aAyadharbha ke vedoM ko vartamAna aitihAsika vidvAna sAr3he tIna haz2Ara ( 1500 I0 pR0 ) varSa purAne mAnate haiN| jaba vaidika Arya bhArata meM Aye to una ke Ane se pahale yahAM jainadharma pracalita thA tathA isa jainadharma kI AdhyAtmikatA aura pavitratA se ve itane prabhAvita hue ki vedA, purANoM tathA smRtiyoM meM jaina tIrtha karoM ke prati apanI zraddhA aura bhakti se natamastaka ho kara unakI zaraNa prApta karane ke liye utsuka ho par3e / yahAM para una ke kucha uddharaNoM kA ullekha karanA ucita pratIta hotA hai :

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48 vistAra pUrvaka likha Aye haiM ki baMgAladeza meM jaina, bauddha evaM AjIvaka dharmoM kA vistAra tathA inheM hI pratiSThA prApta thii| ina meM se bhI prathama do zatAbdI taka baMgAladeza meM bauddhadharma pratiyogitA ke kAraNa "OM namo'rhanto RSabho vA OM RSabhaM pavitram / " ( yajurveda adhyAya 25 maMtra 16) "OM rakSa rakSa ariSTanemi svaahaa| vAmadeva zA. tyarthamupavidhIyate so'smAkaM ariSThanemi svaahaaH|" .. . ( yajurveda anyAya 25 ) "OM svasti na indro vRddhazravAH svastinaH pUSA vishvvedaaH| svastinastAkSyoM ariSTanemiH svastino bRhaspatidedhAtu / " ., ( Rgveda aSTaka 1 adhyAya 6) "raivatAdro jino nemiH yugAdivimalAcale / RSaNAzramA deva, muktimArgasya kAraNam / " (prabhAsa purANa) "nAhaM rAmo na me vAMchA, bhAveSu ca na me manaH / zAMti-masthAtu-micchAmi cAtmanyeva jino yathA / darzanavartma vIrA surAsura namaskRtya / nIti tritaya kartAyo yugAdau prathamo jinaH / " ( manusmRti ) "prathama RSabho devo jainadharma pravartakaH / ' ekAdazaH sahasrANi ziSyANAM dharito muniH / jainadharmasya vistAre karoti jagati tale // " (zrImAla purANa ) ina saba uddharaNoM se yaha bAta nizcita hai ki jainadharma na mAtra aitihAsika yuga se hI prAcIna haiM kintu vaidika brAhmaNadharma se bhI atyata prAcIna hai| brAhmaNa purANoM aura vedoM meM jaina tIrtha karoM evaM jaina siddhAntoM ke paryApta ullekha upalabdha haiN| ataeva jainadharma ke prArambha ko nizcita tithi jJAta karanA itanA sarala kArya nahIM hai kintu azakya hai /

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46 prasAra prApta na kara sakA thA / ataeva jaina aura AjIvaka dharmoM ko hI baMgAla ke Adi dharma svIkAra karanA hogA / hama pahale kaha Aye haiM ki uttaravartI kAla meM AjIvakadharma saMbhavataH jainadharma meM mila gayA thaa| isa liye IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hya sAMga ne baMgAladeza meM AjIvaka saMpradAya ko nahIM dekhA thA kintu nigraMthoM kA hI yatheSTa prabhAva dekhA thaa| ataeva IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se vardhamAna-mahAvIra ke samaya se lekara IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdi hya sAMga ke samaya taka ina teraha ataH isa 'baMgAla kA Adi dharma" lekhaka kA yaha likhanA ki "vaidika-dharmAbhimAnI Arya logoM ne videha, aMga tathA magadha ke nivAsiyoM kI jo avajJA kI thI usa ke prativAda tathA pratikriyA se hI jaina zrAdi tInoM dharma utpanna hue yA nahIM isa viSaya kA ullekha aitihAsika loga hI kara sakate hai ityaadi| isa bAta ko lakSya meM rakhate hue hama ne yahAM para isa viSaya ko aitihAsika vidvAnoM ke jainadharma kI prAcInatA sambandhI saMkSipta uddharaNa de kara yaha bAta spaSTa karanA ucita samajhA hai ki jainadharma kA AvirbhAva vaidikadharma ke abhimAnI Arya logoM kI avajJA ke prativAda tathA pratikriyA se utpanna nahIM huaaa| kintu isa atyaMta prAcInatama bhAratIya jainadharma ne vaidika aAyoM dvArA mAnava-balI tathA pazu-balI kI paizAcika vRtti kA prabala virodha karake use bhI pariSkRta karane kA bhagoratha prayatna kara ke bhArata kI pavitra bhUmi ko kalaMkita hone se sadA ke liye surakSita kiyaa| bhArata gorava svargavAsI lokamAnya tilaka ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki vaidika brAhmaNadharma para ahiMsA kI gaharI chApa jainadharma ne hI DAlI hai| ataH yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya prAcIna Arya saMskRti ke antima zvAsa lete samaya use saMjIvanI-dAtA bhagavAna mahAvIra hI the / mAnava saMsAra ko mAnavatA kA pATha par3hAne vAle paramaguru mahAvIra hI the / balidAna kI jalatI jvAlAoM

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sau varSoM taka jainadharma baMgAladeza meM saphalA pUrvaka apane astitva aura prAdhAnya kI rakSA karane meM samartha rahA / kintu hya mAMga ke bAda baMgAladeza meM bauddhadharmAvalambI pAla rAjA ke zAsanakAla meM evaM zAMta rakSika, dIpaMkara prabhRti zaktizAlI aura suvikhyAta bauddha pracArakoM ke prabhAvakAla meM baMgAladeza meM bauddhadharma ne hI pradhAna sthAna prApta kiyA thaa| evaM jainadharma kramazaH kSINa bala hote hote aMta meM (isa deza se) ekadama viluna ho gyaa| baMgAla se jainadharma ke vilopa meM naSTa hote hue upakArI aura upayogI pazuzrI tathA manuSyoM ke prANadAtA mahAvIra hI the| aneka prakAra ke navIna dhama saMpradAyoM ke matabhedoM se utpanna hone vAle vigrahoM kA syAdvAda zailI se samAdhAna kara saba ko ekasUtra meM saMghaThita karane vAle sUtradhAra mahAvIra ho the / isa mAyAvI mRgajala kI tRSNA meM tar3apate hue prANiyoM ko AtmajJAna kA amRtapAna karAne vAle mahAtattvajJa mahAvIra hI the / sRSTi ke nirmAtA kI kalpanA meM puruSArthahIna bana kara baiThane vAlI prajA ko apane puruSArtha bhare kartavya kA bhAna karAnevAle mArgadarzaka mahAvIra hI the| .. . .. (anuvAdaka) ... *baMgAladeza meM Aja bhI sarvatra lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM eka aisI jAti pAyI jAtI hai jo "sarAka" ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura kRSi, kapar3A bunane tathA dukAnadArI zrAdi kA vyavasAya karatI hai| isa lekha meM hya, sAMga kI yAtrA ke vivaraNa meM jina jina sthAnoM kA ullekha hai una saba sthAnoM meM prAyaH yaha jAti Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / ye loga usa prAcIna jaina zrAvakoM ke vaMzaja haiM jo jaina jAti kA avazeSa rUpa haiM / yaha jAti aAja prAyaH hindU dharma kI anuyAyI hai / kahIM kahIM abhI taka ye loga apane Apako jaina samajhate haiN| isa jAti ke viSaya meM aneka pAzcimAtya tathA bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne ullekha kiyA hai, jisa kA ati saMkSepa rUpa se yahAM paricaya denA asaMgata na hogaa|

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hone kA itihAsa khUba hI utkaMThita karane vAlA hai| kina kina kAraNoM isa deza meM eka khAsa taraha ke loga rahate haiM jina ko "sarAka" kahate haiM inakI saMkhyA bahuta hai| ye loga mUla meM jaina the| tathA inhIM kI kahAvatoM aura inake par3ausI bhUmijoM kI kahAvatoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki :-ye eka jAti kI saMtAna haiM jo bhUmijoM ke Ane ke samaya se bhI pahile yahAM bahuta prAcIna kAla se basI huI thii| ina ke bar3oM ne pAra, charrA, borA aura bhUmijoM Adi jAtiyoM ke pahale aneka sthAnoM para mandira banavAye the yaha aba bhI sadA se hI eka zAMtamayI jAti hai jo bhUmijoM ke sAtha bahuta melajola se rahatI hai / karnala DailaTana ke matAnusAra ye jaina haiM aura IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se ye loga yahAM AbAda haiM / yaha zabda "sarAka" niHsaMdeha zrAvaka se nikalA hai jisa kA artha saMskRta meM sunane vAlA hai| jainoM meM yaha zabda gRhasthoM ke liye AtA hai jo laukika vyApAra karate haiM aura jo yati yA sAdhu se bhinna haiM (mi0 geTa seMsarsa riporTa) mAnabhUma ke sarAka yadyapi ve aba hindU haiM parantu ve apane prAcIna kAla meM jaina hone kI bAta ko jAnate haiM / ve pakke zAkAhArI haiM mAtra itanA hI nahIM parantu kATane ke zabda ko bhI vyavahAra meM nahIM lAte / (mi. sarasalI) sarAka loga hiMsA se ghRNA karate haiM, dina ko khAnA acchA samajhate haiM, sUryodaya binA bhojana nahIM karate, gUlara Adi kIr3e vAle phaloM ko nahIM khAte, zrI pArzvanAtha ko pUjate haiM aura unako apanA kuladevatA mAnate haiM (eva kUpalaiMDa) ina ke gRhasthAcArya rAta ko bhAta bhI nahIM khAte, una meM eka kahAvata prasiddha hai :-"Doha 'DUmara (gUlara)' por3ho, chAtI e cAra nahIM khAye zrAvaka jAti / " isa jAti kA abhimAna hai ki isa meM se koI bhI vyakti kisI phaujadArI aparAdha meM daMDita nahIM huaaa| aura aba bhI saMbhava hai ki inako yahI abhimAna hai ki isa bRTiza rAjya meM bhI kisI ko aba taka koI phaujadArI aparAdha kA ,

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se aura kaise yaha prasiddha evaM prabhAvazAlI dharma baMgAladeza se daMDa nahIM milA / ve vAstava meM zAMta aura niyama se calane vAle haiM / apane zrApa aura par3osiyoM ke sAtha zAMti se rahate haiN| ye loga bahuta pratiSThita tathA buddhimAna mAlUma hote haiM (karnala DailaTana) ___ ina ke prAcIna kArIgarI ke bahuta se cinha avazeSa haiM jo isa deza meM saba se prAcIna haiN| aisA yahAM ke saba loga kahate haiM ki ye cinha vAstava meM una logoM ke haiM jisa jAti ke logoM ko "sarAka-sarAvaka" kahate haiN| jo zAyada bhArata ke isa bhAga meM saba se pahale basane vAle hai| (A.S.B. 1868 N. 35) anekoM jaina mandira aura jaina tIrthaMkaroM.gaNadharoM zramaNoM zrAvakazrAvikAoM kI mUrtiyAM Aja bhI isa pradeza meM sarvatra idhara udhara bikharI par3I haiM / jo ki sarAka logoM ke dvArA nirmita tathA pratiSThita karAI gayI thiiN| "They are represented as having great scruples against taking life. They must not eat till they have seen the sun and they venerate Parashvanath. (A.S.B. 1868 N. 35) "The jain images are a clear proof of the existence of the jain Religion in these parts in old times. (A.S.B. 1868) siMhabhUma meM tAMbe kI khAne va makAna haiN| jina kA kAma prAcIna loga karate the| ye loga zrAvaka the / pahAr3iyoM ke Upara ghATI meM va bastI meM bahuta prAcIna cinha haiM / yaha deza zrAvakoM ke hAtha meM thA / "mejara Tikala" ne 1840 A.D. meM likhA hai "ki siMhabhUma zrAvakoM ke hAtha meM thA jo aba karIba-karIba nahIM rahe / parantu taba ve bahuta adhika the unakA asalI deza sikharabhUmi (sammetazikhara parvata ke Asa pAsa kI bhUmi) aura pAMceta kahA jAtA hai (jarnala esi0 1840 saM0 696)

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53 ekadama vilupta ho gyaa| isa viSaya kA anusaMdhAna karanA vizeSa ___ yaha saba tarapha bAta mAnI huI hai ki siMhabhUma kA eka bhAga aise logoM ke pAsa thA jinhoM ne apane prAcIna smAraka mAnabhUma jile meM rakha chor3e haiM / ye vAstava meM bahuta hI prAcIna loga the / jina ko zrAvaka yA jaina kahate haiN| kolahana meM bhI bahuta se sarovara haiM jina ko "ho" jAti ke loga "sarAvaka sarovara" kahate haiN| (baMgAla ethanolojI meM karnala DailaTana) zrAvaka yA gRhastha jainoM ne jaMgaloM meM ghasa kara tAMbe kI khAne sodhI jisa meM unhoMne apanI zakti va samaya kharca kiyaa| (A. S. B. 1869 P. 179-5) isa jAti ke gotra :--1. aAdideva, 2. RSi (bha) deva 3. anantadeva, 4. dharmadeva 5. gautama 6. kAzyapa, 7. sikhariyA ityAdi haiN| joki Adideva-RSabhadeva (pahale tIrtha kara), anantadeva (caudahaveM tIrtha kara), dharmadeva (paMdrahaveM tIrtha kara), gautama (caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI ke prathama gaNadhara), kAzyapa (zrI RSabhadeva Adi tIrtha karoM kA gotra), sikhariyA (sammetazikhara ko mAnane vAle); yaha bAta spaSTa / karate haiM ki ye zrAvaka loga atyaMta prAcIna samaya se arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra se bahuta pahale se hI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / ____ isa jAti ke atirikta ugra kSatrIya aAdi aura bhI aisI aneka jAtiyAM baMgAladeza meM aba bhI vidyamAna hai jo ki prAcIna samaya meM jainadharmAnuyAyI thIM kintu Aja ve hindU yA bauddha dharmoM ke anuyAyI haiN| . __ mi0 begalara va karnala DailaTana ke matAnusAra :-brAhmaNa aura una ke mAnane vAloM ne sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda ina zrAvakoM ko apane prabhAva meM dabA liyA jo kucha bace va una ke dharma meM nahIM gae ve ina sthAnoM se dUra jA kara rahe / makAnoM ko dekhane se saMbhava hotA hai ki

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54 prayojanIya hai kintu yaha prasaMga vartamAna prabandha kA Alocya viSaya dasavIM zatAbdI meM brAhmaNoM kA jora ho gayA thA / parantu basaMta vilAsa se vidita hotA hai ki cAlUkya viradha vAlA-maMtrI vastupAla (IsvI san 12161233) jaba idhara tIrthayAtrA ke liye prAyA thA usa samaya lATA, gAdA, . mAru, DhAlA, zrAvanti evaM baMga ke saMghapati isa se mile the| isa prasaMga se patA calatA haiM ki terahavIM zatAbdI meM bhI gAdA tathA baMga meM saMgaThita jaina saMghoM ke netA maujUda the / aura solahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM kabhI bhUmija loga pazcima uttara se naye Aye huoM kI sahAyatA se unnati meM bar3he hoMge aura una ko (zrAvakoM ko) jar3amUla se naSTa kiyA hogaa| zrAvakoM ko satAkara kolehAna se bhI nikAlA thA (jarnala esi. 1840 N. 696) / parantu yaha bAta bar3e gaurava kI hai ki :-jainadharma ko bhUla jAne para bhI ye loga abhI taka baMgAla jaise mAMsAhArI deza meM rahate hue bhI abhI taka zAkAhArI haiN| isa jAti meM matsya tathA mAMsa kA vyavahAra nahIM / yahAM taka ki bAlaka bhI matsva yA mAMsa nahIM khaate| mAMsAhArI aura hiMsakoM ke madhya meM rahate hue bhI ye loga pUrNa ahiMsaka haiN| ye loga zrI pArzvanAtha ko apanA kuladeva mAnate haiN| sammetazikhara tathA mahArAjA khAravela dvArA nirmita jaina guphAeM jo khaMDagiri, udayagiri, nIlagiri meM haiM darzana pUjanArtha jAte haiN| aura jaba pArzvanAtha jI kI yAtrA ko jAte haiM to baMgAlI bhASA meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI prazaMsA meM eka bhajana gAyA karate haiM :tumi dekhe jinendra dekhila pAtika polAya, praphula hala kAya, siMhAsana chatra Ache-cAmara Ache kottaa| divya dehake mana Ache kiMvA zobhAya kodA // tumi0 // krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha madhye kichU nAMhi / rAgadvaSa moha nA~hi emana gosAI / tumi0 // ke mana zA~tamUrti baTe, : bole sakana bhAyA, kevalIra mudrA ekhana sAkSAt dekhAya / tumi0 // .

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nahIM hai / arthAt jainadharma baMgAla deza se kaise vilopa pA gayA isa kA bhoTa devera sevA hate saMsAra bAr3hAya, pArzvanAtha daraza hate mukti pada pAya / / tumi0|| kahA keu nA DAke prabhu bATana (ratna) devaya (deya ) munIza kare kathA kiMvA indra kare kata sevA / / tumi0 / / hAsi prabhu dekhA pAya, bhAgya kare kati, ugra puNya haite sevaka darzana pAti / / tumi0 / / sArAMza yaha hai ki bauddhoM aura aArya-brAhmaNoM ke prabhAva se, jaina zramaNoM ke baMgAladeza meM vihAra ke abhAva se evaM mAgadhI lipi ke baMgalA lipi meM parivartita ho jAne se zrAvaka loga apane prAcInatama jainadharma ko chor3a kara hindU aura bauddhadharmAnuyAyI ho gaye haiN| to bhI dUsarI hindU jAtiyoM se ina me jainadharma kI aAcAra sambandhI aneka vizeSatAeM Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| jisa se Aja bhI hinduoM se ve bhinna pratIta hote haiM / ( anuvAdaka ) * baMgAlI bhASA ke itihAsa sambandhI vizleSaNa karate hue baMgAlI vidvAnoM ne likhA hai ki "baMgalA bhASAra utpatti mAgadho hiteholo|" arthAt baMgAlI bhASA kI utpatti mAgadhI bhASA se huI hai / tathA ina kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki Aja se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pahale mAgadho lipi se baMgAlI lipi kA nirmANa kara sarva prathama baMgAlI bhASA meM padya kI racanA kI gaI tatpazcAt gadya kI racanA huI / yaha bAta dhyAna meM dene yogya hai ki mAgadhI jainAgamoM kI bhASA hai tathA jainAgama prAyaH padyAtmaka haiN| isa liye aisA jJAta hotA hai ki mAgadhI lipi ke baMgAlI lipi meM parivartita ho jAne se baMgAlI janatA jainAgamoM ke paThana pAThana se vaMcita ho gaI jisa ke phalasvarUpa dhIre dhIre vaha jainadharma ko bhUla gaI tathA anya dhama saMpradAyoM meM parivartita ho gii|

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gappa gappa vivecana karanA isa lekha kA viSaya nahIM hai / lipi aura bhASA ke parivartita hone para bhI usa ke adhikatara zabdoM kA uccAraNa prAyaH mAgadhI bhASA kA hI hai jaisA ki :baMgAlI bhASA meM lekhana mAgadhI lekhana tathA paThana baMgAlI uccAraNa aAtmA zrAttA yAttA lakSmI lakkhI lakkhI galpa akSaya kAvaya akkhaya nirmala nimmala nimmala gupta * gatta gutta zikSA sikkhA sikkhA saMkSita saMkkhitta saMkkhitta ___ baMgAlI vidvAna zrI kSitimohana sena kahatA hai ki Aja bhI bahuta jaina zabda baMgAla kI khAsakara pUrvabaMgAla kI bhASA meM milate haiM / jaina lipi ke sAtha itanA nAgarI lipi kA sambandha nahIM hai| jitanA baMgalA lipi kA sAdRzya hai / jaisA ki :baMgalAlipiH- kati mAvika dala mAzAra koza vaza jaina lipi :- kavi mAnika deva mAr3A ghASa cotha nima / nAgarI lipi :- kavi mAnika daiva mor3A ghoSa cautha nema / ___(anuvAdaka) iti / anuvAdaka lekhaka. vyAkhyAna-divAkara, vidyAbhUSaNa zrI prabodhacandra sena, .. .... zrI hIrAlAla dagar3a / ema0 e0 .... nyAyatIrtha, nyAyamanISI, snAtaka

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pariziSTa || baMgAla meM jaina purAtattva sAmagrI // baMgAla ke AsapAsa tathA baMgAladeza ke aneka sthaloM se prAcInakAlIna jaina tIrthakaroM, gaNadharoM, sAdhu, zrAvaka, zrAvikAoM yakSa, yakSaNiyoM Adi kI aneka mUrtiyA~, tAmrapatra, zilAlekha stambha ityAdi purAtattva sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai, aura ho rahI haiM / jisa se prAcIna jaina itihAsa kucha prakAza meM Ane lagA hai | baMgAla ke kucha hissoM meM virATa jaina mUrtiyA bhairava ke nAma se pUjI jAtI haiM / mAnabhUma, bAMkur3A vagairaha sthAnA meM aura dehAtoM meM Ajakala bhI jainamaMdiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa pAye jAte haiM mAnabhUma meM paMcakoTa ke rAjA ke adhInastha aneka grAmoM meM vizAla jainamUrtiyoM kI pUjA hindU purohita yA brAhmaNa karate haiM / ve bhairava ke nAma se pukAre jAte haiM aura nIca yA zUdra jAti ke loga vahAM pazubali bhI karate haiM / ina saba mUrtiyoM ke nIce jaina lekha aba bhI khude hue pAye jAte haiM / aneka jainamandira hindU tathA bauddhadharma ke mandiroM meM parivartita kara liye gaye haiM / baMgAla tathA bhArata ke pratyeka vibhAga meM bahuta sI jaina purAtattva sAmagrI abhI taka bhUgarma meM chipI par3I hai / isI pustikA meM agrejI kA jo lekha "Jaina Antiquities in Manbhum" prakAzita huA hai, usase Apa jJAta kareMge ki baMgAladeza meM yadi sarakAra isa bhUgarbha tathA idhara udhara bikharI huI jainapurAtattva sAmagrI kI zodha khoja kI tarapha pUrA dhyAna de tathA isa kI khudAI karAve to jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa taiyAra karane ko paryApta sAmagrI prApta ho / kyoMki

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58 jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa ko taiyAra karane ke liye bhAratIya jainajainetara sAhitya, jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM pAye jAne vAle rIti rivAja tathA rahana sahana, AcAra vicAra ke jJAna ke sAtha jainamUrti Adi purAtattva sAmagrI bhI mukhya sAdhana haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra - vardhamAna ke nAma para hI baMgAladeza ke mAnabhUma siMhabhUma aura vardhamAna jiloM ke nAma par3e haiM / " baMgAla kA Adi dharma" nAmaka lekha meM pahAr3apura se prAta eka prAcIna tAmrapatra kA ullekha AyA hai jisa meM likhA hai ki pahAr3apura ke samIpa vaTagohAlI ke jaina vihAra ( maMdira ) ke liye eka brAhmaNa dampatI ne candana, dhUpa tathA phUloM dvArA arhat kI pUjA arcA ko jArI rakhane ke liye bhUmi dAna dI thI / kucha kAla ke bAda isa vihAra ko brAhmaNa saMskRti ke rUpa meM parivartita kara liyA gayA thA aura usake bAda uttara baMgAla meM bauddhoM kA jora ho jAne se bauddhoM ke suprasiddha somapura vihAra ke rUpa meM parivartita kara liyA gayA baMgAla meM jo prAcIna thor3I bahuta jainamUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM aura sarakArI saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita haiM yahAM para unakA saMkSipta paricaya denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai | vIrabhUma aura bAMkur3A jiloM meM samaya samaya para jo jainamUrtiyAM milI haiM tathA vahAM bikharI par3I jaina purAtattva sAmagrI ko dekha kara zrI Ara0 DI0 banarjI ne ise "jaina prabhAva vAlA kSetra" kahA hai| zrI ke0 DI0 mitra dvArA sundaravana ke khAsa bhAga ke *prAIo 0 eca0 kyU0 4 pRSTha 44 sAhitya pariSada patrikA 1322 pR0 5, je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa 1927 pR0 60 / jaina bhAratI varSa 11 aMka 1 zrI pramoda lAla pAla kA " baMgAla meM jaina dharma nAmaka lekha "

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56 anveSaNa se kama se kama dasa mUrtiyA~ prakAza meM AyI haiN| zrI pramoda lAla pAla likhatA hai ki baMgAla meM pAyI gayI bIsa mUrtiyoM meM se kevala eka zvetAMbaroM kI hai / isa se vidita hotA hai ki baMgAla meM zva etAMbaroM ke bahuta hI kama anuyAyI the / Ara0 DI0 banarjI ne bhI yahI likhA hai ki saba jaina mUrtiyAM digambara sampradAya kI haiN| ina baMgAlI lekhakoM kA anukaraNa karate hue binA kucha vicAra kiye DA0 umAkAMta premAnanda zAha M. A. Ph . D bar3odA vAloM ne bhI apanI pustaka "Studies in Jaina Art " ke pRSTha 26 meM yahI likhA hai ki "All the Jain images belong to the Digambara sect" arthAt ye sArI jainamUrtiyoM digambara saMpradAya kI haiN| isa se pahale ki hama ina mUrtiyA~ ke viSaya meM kucha AlocanA kareM, yaha Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki ina prAcIna mUrtiyoM kA kucha saMkSipta paricaya diyA jAya : 1. dInAjapura jilAMtargata surohora se vIrendra anusaMdhAna sosAyaTI ko eka bahuta hI alaukika "sabhAnAtha" kI mUrti prApta huI hai / baMgAlI vidvAna pramoda lAla pAla likhatA hai ki "yaha mUrti mUrtinirmANa vijJAna ke dRSTikoNa se bahuta hI cittaraMjaka tathA vizeSa jJAtavya hai / pUrNa dhyAnAvasthita AkRti mastaka para sahayogI jaTAoM ke sAtha, mastaka ke pIche golAkAra prabhAmaMDala, puSpAhAroM ke sAtha vidyAdharoM (indroM) kI jor3iyAM, cAra jur3e hue hAthoM ke bIca chatra, divya upahAroM ke cinha evaM puSpa tathA vibhinna prakAra ke sAz2abAjoM ke sAtha madhya vAlI mUrti kaI hAlatoM meM pAlavaMza ke baiThI huI bauddha jaina bhAratI varSa 11 aMka 1 janavarI 1652 zrI pramoda lAla pAla dvArA baMgAla meM jaina dharma nAmaka lekha /

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mUrti se milatI julatI hai| sAz2abAz2a sahita sabhAnAtha kA naMgApana tathA isa mUrti ko irda-girda ghere hUe anya 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM bar3I alaukika pratIta hotI haiM / * 2. vardhamAna jilAMtargata ajAnI se bhagavAn zAMtinAtha kI mRti prApta huI hai| 3. bAMkur3A jilAMtargata bAhulArA haramazarA, devalavIrA aura siddhezvarA Adi sthAnoM se bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI aneka mUrtiyAM prApta 4. eka pASANa mUrti zrI RSabhanAtha kI ghATezvara nagara (jo ki caubIsa paraganA meM sthita hai) prApta huI hai| ... __5. eka dhAtu kI mUrti ambikA devI (bhagavAna nemi nAtha kI zAsana devI) nagarolA gAMva se prApta huI hai / 6. isI prakAra mAnabhUma, siMhabhUma, rAMcI Adi jiloM meM tathA bihAra prAMta meM choTe nAgapura meM aneka jainamUrtiyAM pAyI jAtI haiN| ina mUrtiyoM para krauMca, svastika, cakra Adi cinha pAye jAte hai| __ hamAre khyAla se purAtattva-vettAoM ne jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyoM ko digaMbaroM kI mAna vara tathA anagna zvetAmbaroM kI mAna kara baMgAladeza se prApta ina jainamUrtiyoM ko digaMbara saMpradAya kI kaha kara isa bAta kA anumAna lagAne meM bhUla kI hai ki "ina se vidita hotA hai ki daMgAla-deza meM zvetAmbaroM ke bahuta kama anuyAyI the tathA digambaroM kA samarthana karane vAle bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM the" / kyoMki ye purAtatvavettA jainettara baMgAlI vidvAna haiM isa liye * jaina bhAratI varSa 11 aGka 1 janavarI 1652 pramoda lAla pAla dvArA baMgAla meM jainadharma kA lekha /

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una kA digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM ke sUkSmatama bhedoM ko na samajhanA eka svAbhAvika bAta hai| digambara saMpradAya tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyoM ko hI mAnatA hai tathA zvetAmbara saMpredAya nagna aura anagna donoM prakAra kI tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ko mAnatA hai isa liye inhoMne donoM prakAra kI mUrtiyoM ko pUjA arcA ke liye sthApita kiyaa| aneka pramANoM meM se yahAM para mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se nikalI huI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcIna mUrtiyoM ke lekhoM kA pramANa paryApta hai / ve mUrtiyA~ nagna aura anagna donoM prakAra kI haiM tathA una kI pratiSThA (sthApana) karane vAle zvetAmbara jainAcArya hI the| kyoMki una lekhoM meM diye gaye gaNa, zAkhA, kula tathA nAma prAcIna jainazAstra kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM dI gayI muni paramparA se milate haiN| yaha zAstra zvetAmbara jainoM ko mAnya hai tathA ina meM dI gayI muni paramparA bhI zvetAmbaroM ko hI mAnya hai| parantu digambaroM ko na to yaha zAstra hA mAnya hai aura na hI yaha muni paramparA evaM na hI isa muni paramparA ke gaNa, kula aura zAkhAeM / ina mUrtiyoM meM kucha aisI nagna mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM jo digambaroM kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla haiM tathA zvetAmbaroM kI mAnyatA ke anukUla haiM / una mUrtiyoM ke lekhoM ko kaniMghama sAhaba ne tathA DAkTara balhara sAhaba ne ArkiAlojIkala riporTa meM prakAzita kiye haiN| una meM se kucha lekhoM kI nakala yahAM dI jAtI hai / ina lekhoM meM jo saMvat diye hue hai ve iNDo seMthiyana ke rAjA kaniSka, haviSka, aura vAsudeva ke samaya ke haiN| itihAsa

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kAroM ne ina kA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kA AMkA hai| kintu kucha lekha ina mUrtiyoM para aise bhI pAye gaye haiM jo ina rAjAoM ke rAjyakAla se bhI bahuta pahale ke haiM :prathama lekha : __ "siddha saM0 20 grI0 1-di0 25 koTiyato gaNato, vANiyato kulato, vayarIto sAkhAto, sirikAto bhattito, vAcakasya Arya saMgha siMhasya nivartanaM dattilasya.... ... ...vi.... ... ...lasya koDU biNiya jayavAlasya, devadAsasya nAgadinnasya ca nAgadinnAye ca mAtu sarAvikAye dieNAe dANaM |ii| vardhamAna pratimA // " artha :-vijaya ! saMvat 20 uSNakAla kA pahalA mahInA, miti 25 ko kauTika-gaNa, vANija-kula, vari zAkhA, sirikA vibhAga ke vAcaka Arya saMgha siMha kI nirvartana (pratiSThita) hai / zrI vardhamAna (prabhu) kI (yaha) pratimA dattila kI beTI bI...... lA kI strI, jayapAla, devadAsa, tathA nAgadinna (nAgadatta) kI mAtA nAgadinnA zrAvikA ne arpita kii| ArkibAlojIkala riporTa meM isa lekha kI nakala ke nIce sara kaniMghama ne eka noTa bhI likhA hai jisa kA artha yaha hai ki yaha lekha jo ki saMvat 28 grISma Rtu kA prathama mahInA miti 25 kA hai isa meM varNana hai ki zrI vardhamAna kI pratimA bheMTa kii| yaha pratimA nagna hai| isa meM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki yaha jainoM ke cauvIsaveM tIrthaMkara zrI vardhamAna athavA mahAvIra kA pratIka hai / yaha mUrti I0 pU0 varSa 37 kI hai| arthAt do haz2Ara varSa prAcIna hai| * Alaxander Cunningham C. S. I. ne Archeological Report Vol. III Page 31 meM plate

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dUsarA lekha : 63 namo arahaMtANaM, namo siddhANaM saM0 asyAM pUrvAye rArakasye Arya kakka saMghastasya ziSya yasya nirvataNa caturvaNa saMghasya yA dinnA vaihikAye datti / / 62 gra0 3 dina 5 tapiko gahavarI paDimA ga0 artha :- arahaMtoM ko namaskAra, siddhoM ko namaskAra, saMvat 62%, uStakAla kA tIsarA mahInA miti 5 ko Arya kakka saMgha ke ziSya AtapIka augahaka Arya dvArA pratiSThita karavA kara catuvarNa saMgha kI arcanA ke liye arpaNa kI / tIsarA lekha : siddha N / mahArAjasya kaniSkasya rAjye saMvatsare navame (6) mAse pratha0 (1) divase 5, asyA~ pUrvAye, kauTiyato gaNato, vANiyato kulato, No. 6, script No. 13, Samvat 20 Jain Figure. meM likhA hai ki : This inscription which is dated in the Samvat year 20, in the first of Grishma (the hot season) the 25th. day, records the gift of one statue of Vardhman (Pratima 1 ) an as the figure is naked. There can be no doubt that it represents the Jain Vardhman or Mahavira the twentyfourth Pontiffs. (B. C. 37 ) * yaha saMvat iMDo seMthiyana narezoM kintu ina ke pahale ke kisI rAjA kA saMvat usa lekha kI lipI atyanta prAcIna hai| ke sAtha sambandha nahIM khAtA pratIta hotA hai / kyoMki ( DAkTara bUlhara)

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64 vayarito sAkhAto vAcakasya nAganaMdisya nivartanaM brahmadhUtaye bhaTTimittasya koDubigiye vikaDAye zrI vardhamAnasya pratimA kAritA savvasattvAnaM hit-sukhaaye| artha :-vijaya ! mahArAjA kaniSka ke rAjya meM naveM varSa ke pahile mahIne meM miti 5 ke dina brahmA kI beTI, bhaTrimitra kI strI vikaTA ne sarva jIvoM ke kalyANa tathA sukha ke lie kIrtimAna vardhamAna kI pratimA kauTikagaNa (gaccha), vANija kula aura vayarI zAkhA ke AcArya nAganandi kI nirvartanA (pratiSThita) hai / (yaha mUrti e. kaniMghama ke mata se I0 pU0 varSa 48 kI hai)| ___ jaba hama kalpasUtra para dRSTi DAlate haiM, to usa mUlapATha vAlI prati ke patre-1-82 esa. vI0I0 vAlyuma 22 patra 263 se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki suTThiya (susthita) nAmaka AcArya ne jo zrI mahAvIra prabhu ke AThaveM paTTa prabhAvaka the "kauTika" nAmaka gaNa sthApana kiyA thaa| usa ke vibhAga rUpa cAra zAkhAeM aura cAra kula hue| tosarI zAkhA "vayarI' thI tathA tIsarA vANi na nAmaka kula thaa| kalpasUtra kA mAgadhI bhASA kA pATha yaha haiM / __ "therehiMto NaM suTTiyasuppaDibuddhehito koDiya kAkaMdiehito vagyAvaccasa guttahiMto ittharaNaM koDiyagaNe NAmaM gaNe nige| tassaNaM imAo catvAri sAhAo, cattAri kulAiM evamAhijjati / se kiMtaM sAhAo ? sAhAtro evamAhijjaMti, taMjahA-ucvanAgarI 1. vijAharI 2. vayarI ya 3. majhimillA ya 4. koDiya gaNassa eyA havaMti cattAri sAhAo / 1 // se taM saahaao| se kiMtaM kulAI ? kulAI evamAhijjaMti, taMjjahA-paDhamittha baMbhalijja biiyaM nAmeNa vitthalijjaMtu, taiyaM puNa vANijja, cautthaya parahavAhaNayaM / /

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65 isa se spaSTa hai ki mathurA se prApta prAcIna jainamUrtiyoM ke lekhoM meM jo gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM, ve saba kalpasUtra ke sAtha milate haiN| cauthA lekha :_ (paMkti 1) saMvatsare 60 va........koDubinI vedAnasya badhuya / (pakti 2) ko (Tito) gaNato (prazna) vAha (na) katI kula to, majjhimAto saakhaato......sniikaaye|| (paMkti 3) bhatti sAlAe thaMbAni...........* . - isa upayukta lekha kA sampUrNa artha karanA saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki lekha aneka sthAnoM se naSTa ho gayA huA haiM tathApi prathama paMkti ke adhUre lekha se aisA anumAna karanA ThIka pratIta hotA hai ki isa ko arpaNa karane kA kAma kisI strI ne kiyA hai| dUsarI paMkti kA artha isa prakAra hai :-kauTikagaNa, praznavAhanaka kula, madhyamA zAkhA se| - jaba hama kalpasUtra ke lekha ko dekhate haiM to yaha bAta bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ye 'kula aura zAkhA bhI kalpasUtra se milate haiM / ... "therANaM suTTiyasuppaDibuddhANaM koDiya kAkaMdagANaM ime paMca therA antevAsI ahavaccAe abhirANayA hotthA, taMjahA-there ajja iMdadiraNe piyaragaMtha there vijjAhara govAle kAsavaguttaNaM, there isidatte, there arihadatta therehiMto raMga piyaragaMthehiMto itthaNa majjhimA sAhA niggyaa| se kiM taM kulAI evamAhijjaMti, taMja hA paDhamittha baMbhalijjaM bihayaM nAmeNa vatthalijja tu, taiyaM puNa vANijja, cautthayaM parahavAhaNayaM / * A Canningham Arch. Report Vol. III P. 35. Plate No. 15, Script No. 19..

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66 arthAt - isa kalpasUtra meM aisA varNana hai ki susthita supratibuddha AcArya ke dUsare ziSya priyagraMtha sthavira ne madhyamA zAkhA sthApita kI / pAMcavAM lekha : saM0 47, gra0 2, di0 20 etasyAM pUravAye cAraNe gaNe, petidhammika (kula) vAcakasya, rohaNaM disya sIsasya senasya nirvataNaM, sAvaka dara........... ........491 (f) Fal........... artha ; - saMvat 47, grISma kAla kA dUsarA mahInA, miti 20 ko cAraNa garaNa, petidhammika (prItidharmika) kula ke AcArya rohanandi ke ziSya sena ke upadeza se zrAvaka ityAdi / ( yaha lekha sara kaniMghama ke mata se IsvI pUrva 10 varSa kA hai) jaba hama kalpasUtra se milAna karate haiM to yaha gaNa aura kula bhI isa se mela khAtA hai / pATha :- therehiMto NaM sirigutte hiMto itthaNaM cAraNe gaNe NAmaM gaNe niggae, tassaNaM imAtra cacAri sAhAo, satta ya kulAI eva mAhijjaMti- se kiM taM kulAi ? kulAI evamAhijjaMti jahA paDhamittha vatyalijjaM, bI purA parei dhammizra hoi / arthAt : - sthavira zrI gupta se cAraNa gaNa nikalA tathA cAraNa gaNa se prItidharmika zAkhA niklii| chaThA lekha : siddha / namo bharahate mahAvIrasya devasya rAjJA vAsudevasya saMvatsare 68, varSAmAse 4 divase. 11 etasye pUrvAye AryaM rohaniyato * A Canningham C, S. 1. Arch. Report Vol. III page 33. Flate No. 10 Script. 14. (B. C. 10)

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gaNato parihAsaka-kulato poNapatrikAto sAkhAto gaNisya zrAyaM devadattasya n................| isa kA artha isa prakAra hai : vijaya / OM arhat mahAvIra deva kA namaskAra karake rAjA vAsudeva ke saMvat 68 varSa meM, varSA Rtu ke cauthe mahIne meM. miti 11 ke dina Arya rohaNa ke dvArA sthApita kiye hue gaNa ke, parihAsa kula ke, 'paurNapatrikA' zAkhA ke gaNi Aryadevadatta ke| ina uparyukta saba lekhoM ko par3hane se DAkTara bRlhara likhate haiM ki : 1. saMvat 5 se 18 taka athavA IsvI san 83 se 166-67 madhyavartI kAla meM mathurA ke jaina sAdhuoM ke aneka gaNa, kula tathA zAkhAeM thiiN| 2. tathA ina lekhoM meM likhe hue sAdhuoM ke nAma ke sAtha vAcaka, gaNi, AcArya Adi upAdhiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai / ye upAdhiyAM jainadharmAnuyAyo una yati sAdhuoM ko dI jAtI thIM, jo sAdhu ramndhI zAstroM (jaina jainetara zAstroM) ke prakAMDa vidvAna hote the| tathA ye padavIdhArI sAdhu aura zrAvakoM ko ina zAstroM ko samajhAne meM nipuNa hote the| jisa sAdhu ko gaNi (AcArya) padavI dI jAtI thI vaha usa gaccha kA netA mAnA jAtA thA / isa liye yaha upAdhi bahuta bar3I samajhI jAtI thii| vartamAna kAla meM bhI isI purAnI rIti ke anusAra AcArya padavI pramukha sAdhu ko dene kI paddhati hai| 3. zAlAoM (gaNoM) meM se kauTikagaNa kI bahuta zAkhAe haiN| isa liye isakA bahuta bar3A itihAsa honA cAhiye /

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68 4. yaha kahanA atizayokti na hogA ki ina lekhoM se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki kauTikagaNa IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI meM avazya vidyamAna thA / tathA usa samaya meM jainadharma kI prAcInakAla se calI Ane vAlI AtmajJAnavAlI ziSya paramparA bhI avazya vidyamAna thii| usa samaya jaina sAdhu apane dharma ke prasAra ke liye sadA tatpara rahate the tathA isa kAla se pUrva bhI avazya tatpara rahate hoMge / 5. jaba ki usa samaya meM jaina sAdhuoM meM vAcaka padavIdhArI bhI vidyamAna the, to yaha bAta bhI niHsandeha hai ki una vAcakoM se zAstroM kA abhyAsa karane vAle sAdhuoM ke aneka gaNa (samUha) bhI avazya vidyamAna the tathA jina zAstrA kA paThana pAThana hotA thA ve zAstra bhI avazya vidyamAna the / 6. ye lekha kalpasUtra meM varNita sthavirAvalI se barAbara milate haiM, arthAt jina gaNoM, kuloM, zAkhAoM kA varNana kalpasUtra meM AtA hai unhIM gaNoM, kuloM, zAkhAoM kA ina lekhoM meM ullekha hai / ataH yaha lekha niHsaMdeha pramANita karate haiM ki zva etAmbara jainoM ke paramparAgata zAstra banAvaTI nahIM hai arthAt zva etAmbara jainoM ke zAstroM ko lagAye gaye banAvaTIpana ke Aropa se ye zilAlekha mukta karate haiM / 7. tathA ina lekhoM se yaha bAta niHsaMdeha siddha ho jAtI hai ki usa samaya zva etAmbara jainoM kI vRddhi aura unnati khUba thI 8. mathurA ke ina saba lekhoM se yaha bAta bhI spaSTa hai ki usa samaya mathurA zahara meM basane vAle jaina loga zva etAmbara jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / DAkTara bUhara ke itane vivecana ke bAda aba hama baMgAladeza se prApta jaina mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM kucha AlocanA kareMge /

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66 ____baMgAladeza ke dInAjapura jilAMtargata surohora se prApta 'sabhAnAtha' kI jisa cittaraMjaka nagna mUrti kA varNana hama pahale kara Aye haiM vaha mUrti bhI zvetAmbara jainoM kI mAnyatA ke anukUla hai| kintu digambaroM kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla hai / kyoMki digambaroM ko tIrthaMkara ke sira para bAla honA sarvathA amAnya hai / ___yaha "samAnAtha" kI nagna mUrti prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhanAtha kI hai / "kalpasUtra' meM zrI RSabhanAtha ne jaba dIkSA grahaNa kI thI usa samaya kA varNana isa prakAra hai : ____ "yAvat Atmavaiva caturmauSTikaM locaM karoti, catusTabhimuSTibhirloce kRte sati aviziSTAM ekAM muSTiM suvarNavarNayoH skandhayorupari luThaMti kanakakalazopari virAjamAnAnAM nIlakamalamiva vilokya hRSTacittasya zakrasya AgraheNa rksstvaan"| (kalpasUtra vyA0 7 pR0151 devacandra lAlabhAI graMthAMka 61) ___ arthAt zrI RSabhanAtha prabhu ne gRhatyAga kara dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya ''apane Apa cAra-muSTi loca kI / cAra-muSTi loca kara lene para sone ke kalaza para virAjamAna nIlakamala-mAlA ke samAna bAkI rahe hue muSTi pramANa sunaharI bAloM ko prabhu ke kaMdhoM para girate hue dekha kara prasanna citta vAle indra ke Agraha karane se prabhu ne (apane sira para) rahane diye|" isa se yaha bAta bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki yaha mUrti jise "sabhAnAtha" kI mUrti ke nAma se ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha prathama tIrthakara zrI RSabhanAtha kI hI hai aura unake mastaka para jo jaTAeM haiM ve pAMcavI muSTi vAle chor3e hue bAloM kA AkAra hai / (dekheM citra naM01) parantu digambaroM kI mAnyatA aisI nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki RSabhanAtha se lekara mahAvIra paryanta saba tIrthaMkaroM ne paMcamuSTi

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loca kI thii| kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ke sira para bilkula bAla nahIM the| usakA varNana isa prakAra hai : tataH pUrvamukhaM sthitvA kRtasiddha namaskriyaH / kezAnalucadAbaddha palya GkaH paMcamuSTikam // nilucya bahumohAgavallarIH keshvllriiH| jAtarUpadha ro dhIro jainI dIkSAmupAdade / (digambara jinasenAcArya kRta mahApurANa-parva 17 zloka 200-201) arthAt- "tadanantara bhagavAna (RSabhadeva) pUrva dizA kI ora muha kara padmAsana se virAjamAna hue aura unhoMne paMcamuSTi kezaloca kiyA / dhIra bhagavAn ne mohanIya karma kI mukhyalatAoM ke samAna bahuta sI keza rUpI latAoM ko loca kara yathAjAta avasthA ko dhAraNa kara jina dIkSA grahaNa kii|" hama likha cuke haiM ki zvetAMbara jainoM ko tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyAM vaise hI mAnya haiM jaise ki anagna mUrtiyAM isa kI puSTi ke lie eka pramANa aura dete haiM / zrI kalpasUtra meM varNana hai ki:"prathamAMtima jinayoH zakropanItaM devadRSyApagame sarvadA acelakatvam / " (kalpasUtra subodhikA vyA0 1 pR. 1) caturvizaterapi teSAM (jinAnAM) devendropanItaM devadUSyApagame tadabhAvAdeva acelatatvam / " (kalpasUtra kiraNAvalI vyA0 1 pR0 1) arthAt-tIrthakara prabhu jaba dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM taba zakrandra unako devaduSya vastra detA hai| "vaha devadUSya vastra prathama aura aMtima jinezvara kA gira jAne se ye sarvadA nagna rahe / tathA "caubosa tIrthaMkaroM ko indra dvArA diyA huA devadUSyavastra gira jAne se vastra ke abhAva se nagna rahe / " (dekheM citra naM0 2)

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71 __ ina upayukta pramANoM se bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki zvetAMbaroM ko tIrthaMkara kI nagna avasthA kI mUrti bhI vaise hI mAnya hai jaise ki anagna isI liye ve tIrthaMkara ko anagna tathA nagna donoM prakAra kI mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA karAkara una kI pUjA arcA karate haiN| evaM isa "sabhAnAtha' kI mUrti ke irda-girda jo golAkAra prabhAmaMDala, vidyAdharoM dvArA phUlama lAe tathA puSpa, sAjabAja tathA cAra jur3e hAthoM ke bIca meM tIna chatra ityAdi cinha aMkita hai ve torthaMkara ke ATha prAtihAryoM ke cinha haiN| tIrthaMkara ko ye prAtihArya kevalajJAna hone ke bAda hote haiM / una ke nAma ye haiM : "azokavRkSaH surapuSpavRSTirdivyadhvanizcAmaramAsanaM ca / bhAmaMDala dundubhirAtapatraM satprAtihAryANi jinezvarANAm / 1 / artha :-tIrthaMkaroM ke 1-AzokavRkSa, 2-devatAoM dvArA puSpavRSTi 3-divyadhvani, 4-cAmara, 5-siMhAsana, 6-bhAmaMDala, 7-dundubhi, 8-chatra; ye ATha vastueM (tIrthaMkara ke sAtha pratihArI ke samAna hone se) prAtihArya haiN| - .... ataH isa uparyukta mUrti meM jo 1. golAkAra prabhAmaMDala (bhAmaMDala), 2-vidyAdharoM dvArA puSpamAlAyeM tathA puSpa (puSpa vRSTiI, 3-sAja bAz2a (dundubhi), 4-cAra jur3e hue hAthoM ke bIca meM chatra, 5-do indra cAmara le kara khar3e haiM (cAmara), 6-baiThane kA sthAna (siMhAsana) ityAdi cinha aMkita haiN| isa se yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha mUrti ATha prAtihArya sahita kevalajJAna avasthA kI prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhanAtha bhagavAna kI sira para bAloM kI jaTAoM sahita dhyAnAvasthA meM anya

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72 teIsa tIrthaMkaroM sahita "zvetAMbara jainoM ko mAnyatA ke anukUla hone se zvetAMbaroM kI hai / parantu digambaroM kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla hone se digambarAM kI kadApi nahIM ho sakatI / ataH pratimA nagna hai mAtra isI kAraNa se digambaroM kI pratimA kaha denA nyAya saMgata nahIM hai / mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta nagna tIrthaMkaroM ko mUrtiyAM ke lekhoM se to hamAre ina vicAroM ko atyanta puSTi milatI hI hai / parantu isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karane ke liye hama zrI RSabhanAtha sahita do tIrthaMkaroM kI eka aura nagna mUrti kA paricaya denA cAhate haiM / yaha pratimA devagar3ha ke kile meM jaina mandira meM hai isa pratimA ke bIcobIca zrI RSabhanAtha kI padmAsana meM baiThI huI mUrti hai tathA isa ke donoM tarapha do tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna khar3I dhyAnastha avasthA kI mU haiM / ina ke nIce do zvetAMbara jaina sAdhuoM kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiM / bIca meM sthApanAcArya hai isa ke eka tarafa sAdhu ke hAtha meM mukhavastrikA hai tathA dUsarI tarafa eka sAdhu muMhapatti kA par3ilehana karatA huA dikhAI de rahA hai / (dekheM citra naM0 3) 1 kyoMki digambara sAdhu apane pAsa mukhavastrikA bilkula nahIM rakhate the aura Aja kala bhI jo digambara sAdhu maujUda haiM unake pAsa bhI mukhavastrikA nahIM hotI / isa liye isa meM sandeha ko koI sthAna nahIM raha jAtA ki yaha nagna mUrti bhI zva etAMbara jainoM kI hI hai| tathA zva etAMbara AcArya dvArA hI pratiSThA karAyI gayI hai /

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citra naM05 zrI RSabhanAtha pratimA (pASANa) tripurI se prApta (iMDiyana myUjiyama) dekheM pRSTha naM 0 77

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citra naM. 6 jIvatasvAmI kI dhAtu pratimA akoTA se prApta (bar3audA myUjiyama) dekheM pRSTha na0 76

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hamArI yaha bhI dhAraNA hai ki kaliMgadeza meM khaMDagiri, udayagiri meM mahArAja khAravela dvArA nirmita jaina gufAeM tathA baMgAla, bihAra aura ur3IsA se prApta jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke mandira aura mUrtiyAM prAyaH una jaina zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA sthApita kiye gaye hone cAhiyeM jina ke gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM kA "kalpasUtra" meM varNana AtA hai / 'baMgAla kA Adi dharma" nAmaka lekha meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki baMgAladeza meM "nigraMthoM kI cAra zAkhAyeM1-tAmraliptikA, 2-koTivarSiyA, 3-pauMDravaniyA, 4-dAsI khaTiyA thiiN| zrI kalpasUtra meM ina kA ullekha isa prakAra hai : "therassa NaM ajjabhaddabAhurasa pAINasagottassa ime cattAri therA aMtevAsI. ahAvaccA abhiNNAyA hotthA, taMjahA 1-there godAse, 2-there aggidatte, 3-there jarANadatte 4-there somadatte kAsavagutteNaM / therehiMto godAsehito kAsava guttehiMto itthaNaM godAsagaNe nAmaM gaNe niggae, tassaeM imAo cattAri sAhAo evamAhijaMti, taMjahAtAmalittitrA, koDivarisiyA, poMDavaddhaNiyA. dAsIkhabaDiyA" / (kalpasUtra vyA0 8 pannA :55-56 AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara) arthAt-jainAcArya bhadrabAhu svAmI ke cAra ziSya the| godAsa, agnidatta, jinadatta, somadatta / sthavira godAsa se godAsa nAma kA gaNa nikalA tathA isa gaNa meM se tAmraliptikA, koTivarSiyA, pauMDravardhaniyA aura dAsI khaTiyA ye cAra zAkhAyeM nikalI / ... bhadrabAhu svAmI samrATa candragupta maurya ke samakAlIna the / una ke ziSya godAsa ke nAma se godAsa gaNa ko sthApanA ho kara usa

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74 se jo uparyukta cAra zAkhAeM nikalI ina kA samaya IsA pUrva tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI ThaharatA hai / isase baMgAla, bihAra, ur3IsA se pAye jAne vAle jaina smAraka tathA mUrtiyAM IsvI pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI maurya kAla se lekara kuzAna kAla, gupta kAla ityAdi ko vyatIta karate hue IsA kI terahavIM zatAbdI taka kI haiN| jisa meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ nagna aura anagna donoM taraha kI haiN| tathA aisA bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kaliMgadezAdhipati cakravartI khAravela dvArA nirmita hAthIgufA Adi jaina gufAeM bhI inhIM 'nirgrathoM' ke upadeza se hI taiyAra karAI gayI hoNgii| kyoMki khAravela ke hAthIgufA ke zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usane jaina muniyAM ko vastradAna bhI diye the| jina muniyoM ko cakravartI khAravela ne vastra dAna diye the ve jaina zva etAmbara muni ina uparyukta cAroM zAkhAoM meM se hone cAhiye / khAravela kA samaya IsA pUrva pahalo athavA dUsarI zatAbdI hai aura ina zAkhAoM kI sthApanA IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdo meM ho cukI thI ! kheda kA viSaya hai ki baMgAladeza se prApta prAcIna jaina mUrtiyoM ke sihAsanoM para khude hue lekhoM ko abhI taka purAtatvavettAoM ne par3hane kA kaSTa nahIM uThAyA / unakI aisI upekSAvRtti se abhI taka baMgAla kA jainadharma sambaMdhI prAcIna itihAsa prakAza meM nahIM A sakA / hamArI yaha dhAraNA hai ki jaba ye lekha par3he jAyeMge taba jaina itihAsa para bahuta sundara prakAza par3egA / pI0 sI0 caudharI Jaina Antiquities in Manbhum meM likhate haiM ki : "A number of inscriptions on the pedestals of some of the images have been found. They have not yet been properly deciphered or studied. A proper

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75 study of the inscriptions and the images supported by some excavations in well identified area of jaina culture will no doubt throw a good deal of light on the history of culture in this part of the country extending over two thousand years." arthAt -- kaI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke siMhAsanoM para lekha khude hue pAye jAte haiM / unako na to abhI taka par3hA hI gayA hai aura na una kA paryAlocana hI kiyA gayA hai / yadi ina lekhoM kA vAcana kiyA jAve to isa kSetra ke do haz2Ara varSa purAne jaina sabhyatA aura itihAsa prakAza meM AyeMge / itane vivecana ke pazcAt hama isa nirNaya para Ate haiM ki :1. jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyAM zva etAMbara, digambara donoM saMpradAyoM ko mAnya haiM / 2. mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se tathA baMgAladeza se prApta jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM "zrI kalpasUtra" meM jina zva etAMbara jaina muniyoM ke gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM kA ullekha hai unhIM kI ziSya paramparA ne pratiSThA (sthApanA) karavAI thI / isa liye ye saba zva etAmbara jainoM kI mUrtiyAM hai / 3. do hajAra varSaM prAcIna jaina mUrtiyoM para khude hue lekho se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya zva etAmbara jainadharma kA ina dezoM meM sarvatra prasAra thA / aura usa samaya ke rAjA, mahArAjA tathA unake maMtrI Adi bhI isI prAcIna jainadharma ko mAnate the tathA usakA Adara bhI karate the / 4. isa se yaha bhI svataH siddha ho jAtA hai ki digambaroM kI yaha mAnyatA ki "va tAMbara saMpradAya arvAcIna hai aura vikrama saMvat

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ke 136 varSa bAda nikalA hai" nirAdhAra aura kalpita mAtra hai| ina digambaroM ke "darzanasAra nAmaka graMtha meM zvetAMbaroM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM prAkRta bhASA kI yaha eka gAthA pAyI jAtI hai : "chattIsa vAsa sae vikkama nivassa, maraNa pattassa soraThe vallahIe, sevaDa saMgha samupanno // " artha :-"rAjA vikramAditya kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa bAda saurASTra deza kI vallabhI nagarI meM zvetapaTa (zvetAMbara) saMgha utpanna huaa|" prAcIna jaina saMgha se digambara saMpradAya kA alaga honA ekAMta nagnatva kA Agraha hI thA isI kAraNa se mahAvIra ke zAsana meM saMghabheda huaa| saMghabheda hone kA prasaMga bar3A manAraMjaka hai parantu isa nibaMdha kA yaha Alocya viSaya nahIM hai| hama likha Aye haiM ki zvetAMbara tIrthaMkaroM kA nagna aura anagna donoM prakAra kI mUrtiyAM mAnate haiM isa lie unhoMne pUjA arcA ke liye donoM taraha kI mUrtiyAM sthApita kI, harSa kA viSaya hai ki Aja bhI aneka zvetAMbara jainamaMdiroM meM zvetAMbara jainAcAryoM dvArA pratiSThita jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI aneka nagna mUrtiyAM vidyamAna haiN| __nagna mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM paryApta AlocanA kI jA cukI hai| aba hama jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI anagna mUrtiyoM ke viSaya para bhI saMkSipta ullekha karanA ucita samajhate haiM / hama likha Aye haiM ki zvetAMbaroM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki tIrthakara jaba dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM taba unheM indra devadUSya vastra detA hai tathA devadUSya ke gira jAne ke bAda se ve nagna avasthA meM rahate haiM usa samaya una ke atizaya ke prabhAva se una kA nagnatva

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citra naM 5 zrI RSabhanAtha pratimA (pASANa) tripurI se prApta (iMDiyana myUjiyama) dekheM pRSTha naM 0 77

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citra naM0 6 jIvatasvAmI kI dhAtu pratimA koTA se prApta (bar3audA myUjiyama) dekheM pRSTha na0 76

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dikhalAI nahIM detaa| isI mAnyatA ke anusAra zvetAMbaroM ne jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI laMgoTa vAlI pratimAeM bhI pUjA arcA ke liye sthApita kI ataH aisI prAcIna pratimAyeM bhI aneka sthAnoM meM bhagarbha se prApta huI haiN| (dekheM citra naM0 4) aura Aja bhI zvetAMbara jaina maMdiroM meM sarvatra sthApita haiN| zvetAMvara jaina tIrthaMkaroM ko paMcakalyANaka vAlI mUrtiyAM bhI mAnate / haiN| ina mUrtiyoM meM tIrthaMkara ke 1-nyavana (garbha) kalyANaka ke :cinha rUpa garbha avasthA meM ina kI mAtA ko Ane vAle svapna aMkita hote haiN| 2-janma kalyANaka rUpa abhiSeka karAne ke cinha aMkita hote haiN| 3-dIkSA kalyANaka rUpa marti meM keza lucana vAlI tIrthaMkara kI mudrA hotI hai| 4. kevalajJAna kalyANaka rUpa ATha pratihAryoM ke cinha aMkita hAte haiN| 5. nirvANa kalyANaka rUpa tIrthaMkara kI dhyAnastha zailezIkaraNamaya mudrA hotI hai| (dekheM citra naM0 5) kisI kisI tIrthaMkara pratimA meM prabhu ke zarIra para mukuTa kuDala, alaMkAroM ke cinha bhI hote haiM ve saba janma kalyANaka ke samaya indra dvArA tIrthaMkara prabhu ko pahanAye hue alaMkAroM athavA jaba prabhu dIkSA lene ke liye zivikA meM virAjamAna hote haiM usa samaya susajjita alaMkAroM ke cinha aMkita hote haiM / aisI prAcIna martiyA~ bhI aneka sthAnoM se milI haiN| __tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvatasvAmI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI zvetAbaroM ne pUjA arcA ke liye sthApita kI haiN| aisI prAcIna kAlIna pratimAyeM bhI purAtattva vibhAmaH ko miloM haiN| yahAM para eka aisI prAcIna pratimA kA paricaya de karaH isa lekha ko samApta kareMge /

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78 zvetAmbara jainoM ke mAnya Avazyaka cUrNi tathA nizItha cUrNi ... evaM vasudeva hiMDI nAmaka zAstroM meM jIvatasvAmI kI mUrti nirmANa tathA usa kI pUjA arcA kA varNana bhI pAyA jAtA hai / isa kA saMkSipta varNana isa prakAra hai : vidyunmAlI deva ne samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie mahAhimavAn nAmaka parvata se atyuttama jAti kA candana lAkara, usa candana kI gRhasthAvasthA meM kAyotsarga dhyAna meM sthita bhAva sAdhu zrI bhagavAna mahAvIra paramAtmA kI mUrti nirmANa kara pratiSThA kI tatpazcAt isa mUrti ko kalpavRkSa kI puSpamAlAoM se pUjana kara candana ko peTI meM banda kara diyA aura samudra meM jAte hue eka jahAz2a meM (AkAza maNDala se) DAla diyaa| jaba yaha jahAz2a sidhu sobAra deza ke vItabhayapaTTana nAmaka nagara meM pahuMcA taba vahAM ke rAjA udAyI kI rAnI prabhAvatI (rAjA ceTaka kI putrI tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mausI jo ki jainadharma ko dRr3ha AsikA-zrAvikA thI) ne bar3e bhAvabhakti se arhana prabhu kI pUjA-arcA Adi karake usa peTI ko kholA / vidyunmAlI deva dvArA nirmita aura kalpavRkSa kI phUlamAlAoM saM. pUjita isa jIvatasvAmI kI mUrti kA nayA jainamaMdira banavA kara usa meM sthApana kiyA aura usa mUrti kI svayaM niraMtara tAnoM samaya (prAtaH, madhyAnha tathA sAyaM) pUjana karane lgii| " aisI aneka jaina tIrthaMkaroM ko "jIvatasvAmI" avasthA kI aneka prAcIna mUrtiyAM sarakArI purAtatva anveSakoM ko khodAI karate hue prApta huI haiM / jo ki padmAsana aura khar3I kAyotsarga

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76 avasthA (donoM avasthAoM) meM dhyAnastha haiN| una ke zarIra para mukuTa, kuMDala, mAlAeM, kaMkana ityAdi alaMkAra khude hue haiM / tathA aneka sthAnoM meM aisI mUrtiyAM idhara udhara par3I huI bhI milatI hai / I. san 1930 meM maiM ne eka aimI hI jIvatasvAmI kI prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhadeva kI padmAsanAnIna pASANa pratimA ko ajamera nagara ke indrakoTa meM musalamAnoM kI "DhAI dina kA jhoMpar3A" nAmaka masjida meM eka vRkSa ke nIce rakhI dekhI thI / I0 san 1934-35 meM vihAra ke rAjagrahI nagara ke eka parvata para bhI maiM ne eka aisI hI mUrti dekhI thI jo ki sarakAra purAtatva vibhAga ne eka prAcIna jainamandira ke dhvaMsAvazeSa ko khodavAne se aneka anya jainamatiyoM ke sAtha prApta kI thii| eka aisI hI jaina tIrthakara kI ati prAcIna khaMDita dhAtu mUrti akoTA ke samIpa purAtatva anveSakoM ko prApta huI hai jo ki bar3audA myUjiyama meM surakSita hai : ___ yaha pratimA dhAtu se nirmita jisa meM tIrthaMkara ke zarIra para mukuTa, kuMDala, tathA anya bhI aneka prakAra ke alaMkAra aMkita haiM kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai| kheda hai ki isa pratimA ke nIce kA bhAga khaMDita ho jAne se isa para aMkita lekha naSTa ho cukA hai| parantu phira bhI kalA kI dRSTi se purAtatvAnveSakoM kA mata hai ki yaha mUrti IsA se pUrva kAla kI hai| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra kI gRhasthAvasthA ke samaya kI candana kI mUrti kA varNana kalpanA nahIM parantu vizvAsa pAtra hai / ( dekheM citra naM06) itane vivecana ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para Ate haiM ki :1. zvetAMbara jaina saMpradAya ati prAcIna kAla se tiirthkr|

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kI aneka avasthAoM kI mUrtiyAM ArAdhanA ke liye pratiSThA karatA A rahA hai jisa kA samAveza nagna aura anagna dAnoM taraha kI mUrtiyoM meM hotA hai| tathA isa se yaha bhI svataH siddha hai ki alaMkAroM sahita jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA mUrti kI mAnyatA bhI jainoM meM utanI hI prAcIna ha jitanI ki nagna mUrti kI mAnyatA / lekhaka :vyAkhyAna-divAkara, vidyAbhUSaNa paM0 zrI hIrAlAla jI dUgar3a jaina; . nyAyatIrtha, nyAyamanISI, snAtaka /

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JAINA ANTIQUITIES IN MANBHUM It is now almost forgotten that the district of Manbhum Il in Chotanagpur Division of Bihar had once been a great centre of Jainism. Probably in no other district in India :could be found more ancient Jaina": antiquities lying in neglect than in Manbhum, Manbhum was the district through which one had to pass while going from Bengal or Bihar to Utkal or Orissa. It will be remembered that Jainism as a creed had once a very great hold on Orissa. The antiquities in Khandagiri Caves in Orissa are unique specimens of Jaina antiquities. The famous Jaina King Kharavela of Utkal or Orissa came upto Barabar Hills in Gaya where he had left his impress. Manbhum was the via media through which the contacts between Bihar and Orissa were maintained. This may be one of the reasons why there are so many Jaina antiquities scattered all over the district of Manbhum.. Hiven Tsang, the Chinese traveller in India in the 7th Century A. D., mentions that he came across a zah c a ng, The Chinese traveller in India in the wprovince which he called "Safa". General Cunningham mentioned that Bara Bazar of the Barabhnm Pargana was the headquarters of this "Safa' province. Mr. Hibert, how, ever, identifies Dalmi, which is near Patkumas the capital of 'Safa" Province. There are some ancient remains which are clearly of Jaina origin at Dalmi hills. Sra vakas or lay Jainas in this part of the district were a great factor at one time. The Srawak'as occupied important areas in Man'bhum district and were predecessors to the Bhumij population in Manbhum. They were mostly engaged in some sort of trade. The district of Manbhum was very important for the inter-district and inter-province trade routes connecting Benaras, Jagannathpuri and Tamralipta, an important port in Bengal. Even now there are a large number of Jainas scattered all over the district of Manbhum. For our purposes we have included the present sub-district of Dhanbad as a part of Manbhum. There is no doubt that Dhanbad will very soon attain the status of a full district.

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82 Preaching of cult by Mahavira Tradition ascribes to Lord Mahavira having visited the Province of "Safa" when he was on tour for the spread of his cult. It is said that the aboriginals who were in an ovewhelming majority in the "Safa" province were not very keen to listen to or follow Mahavira and he was even molested by them. But undaunted, Lord Mahavira went about preachnig his cult and ultimately his sense of sobriety and saintliness touched the heart of the tribal population and many were verted to Jainaism. con Balrampur commonly known as Palma Balrampur, a village about four miles from Purulia is on the bank of river Kasai. There is a temple at Balrampur in which there are a number of Jaina images some of which are clearly of the Jaina Tirthankaras. Some of the images have the Jaina Chinhas and are apparently quite old. An inscription on a stone fixed to a pillar was found at this village. The inscription was removed several years back by an agency commonly ascribed to be a Settelment Officer and now could be seen fixed by the road side within the Court compound. At Boram, a big village situated four miles south from Jaipur railway station, there are three temples in ruin which are said to be constructed by the Srawakas or the lay Jainas. These three temples are identical in design. These temples have Jaina images and were originally Jaina shrines. To the south about a mile away from Boram there is a shrine where there are images in nudity. This by itself is a clear proof that the images are Jaina in origin. The shrine is now taken to be a Hindu temple. Collection in Patna Museum Chandankiari, another village a few miles away from Purulia, the headquarters of Manbhum district, is the place where a large number of Jaina antiquities

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83 were accidentally found. The collection in Patna Museum of the images of the Jaina Tirthankaras that were found in Chandankiari makes one of the finest collections of Jaina antiquities in India. Most of these images have been identified by the clear Chinhas or special emblems of the Tirthankars. Some of the figures are exquisite from the artistic point of view. The worksmanship is delicate and superb. They are all of the Ilth Century AD. There are two other villages within five miles of Chandankiari, namely, Kumhri and Kumardagga, where also there are some old Jaina images. At both these villages inscriptions have been found one of which has been removed by a local gentleman. Among the other old Jaina remains in Manbhum district, particular mention need be made about the Jaina temples and sculptures at the small village of Pakbira, twenty miles north-east of Bara Bazar or 32 miles by Purulia-Puncha Road in Manbhum (Purulia) district. They had attracted the attention of the Archaeological Department. J. D. Beglar in the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. VIII, mentioned about the remains at Pakbira. Image of Shri Bahuhalji A mela is held at Pakbira in the month of Chaitra where animal sacrifices used to be held. Since the last few years animal sacrifices are not being offered owing to persuasion by the Jainas. An attempt is being made by some of the leading Jainas of Purulia and Ranchi to build a temple at Paktira and to preserve the Jaina antiquities. There are now three temples in ruil.s and about 20 images lying collected at three places. The temples are buried and the Shikhars (tops) of the temples are to be seen. A number of images are also lying half-buried One of the images is 5 cubits high and of Shri Bahubal ji. Unfortunately this image of Shri Bahubal ji bas developed a crack. This image is worshipped at present by the villagers as Bhaironath. There are arrangements to give a bath to the image of Shri

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84 Bahubal ji. The image is now well besmeared with oil and vermilion owing to the worship by the Hindus as Bhaironath. A number of the images laying scattered are in Khargasan pose. The images also include, Parswanath Mahavir ji, Padmavati and Rishavdev. The images are apparently ancient and an opinion has been hazarded that they may be 2000 years old. Carvings are superb and most of the images are still intact. Figures of Father and Mother Apparently Pakbira was a very important place at one time. Several smaller villages nearabout Pakbira although they have separate names are commonly grouped under the name of Pakabira. At some of these smaller villages there are exquisitely carved stoor door jambs or pillars. In the neighbouring village of Parkha these are four images which have been damaged. One of them is that of Shri Rishavdev with 24 Tirthankaras on the sides There is another rare specimen at this village. On stone slab a tree of the height of 2 cubits has been carved with a child sitting at the top of the tree. Under the tree there are figures indicating father and mother and the mother is with a baby. The figure depicting a father has got the sacred thread. Near them stand seven persons. It is difficult to come to a correct appraisal of this specimen but probably it indicates the birth of some Tirthankara. a In the neighbouring village of Budhpur there are a number of images which are worshipped once annually. Some of these images are Jaina specimens. All the images have been removed by individuals. The next important group of Jaina shrines in ruins are found at Dulmi, twentyfive miles west of Bara BazarDulmi is a small village on the banks of Subernarekha riverThere are numerous mounds, some of stone and other of bricks. The Jaina temples are all exclusively at the extreme north end of what was probably the old city according to Beglar. Dulmi is a an ancient place.

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goy The old Temple At Deoli A few miles from Dulmi is the small village of Deoli. There is a group of old temples at Deoli and they all appear to have been Jaina. In the sanctum of the largest temple there is in situ a Jaina figure known as Arhanath. Hindu electicism has claimed the figure as one of the Hindu Pantheam and the figure is now worshipped by the Hindus as well. The statue is three feet high and on a pedestal. The figure of an antelope sculptured on the pedestal and two rows of three naked figures each over the head cut on each side make out there clear Jaina origin. The main temple which is now in ruins consists of a sanctum, antarala, and a mahamandapa. There are a number of small temples by the side of the main temple. Under a tree within the distance of half a mile there is a Jaina figure in nudity with the serpent-hood above the head. Research and exploration in this area are bound to bring out more relics. * It is also to be noted that a large number of inscriptions are lying scattered in different parts of the district of Manbhum. It is recently that a concerted attempt is being made through a historical society at Purulia to collect these inscriptions and to have them properly deciphered. There are inscriptions found at villages Karcha, Bhawanipur, Palma Anai, Bauridih, Kumhri, Kumardaga, Chaliana, Simagunda and Jaida, all in Manbhum Sadar. Some of these inscriptions particularly at villages Karcha Bhawanipur, Palma, Anai and Bauridih have probably references to Jainism as there are many Jainas antiquities found at the places where inscriptions were detected. The largest inscription is at Simagunda near Nimidih Railway Station and contains silines. Marks of lot of Vandalism There are several other villages which were not noticed by Beglar but which evidently had exclusive

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56 Jaina images when Beglar travelled through the district. Some of these Jaina antiquities are still to be seen although there has been a lot of vandalism on them. One of the most important of such village is Karcha about six miles from Purulia. There are a large number of Jaina statues and five ancient mounds, the excavation of which is likely to yield fruitful results. At Bhawanipur which is about one mile to the east of Karcha village an inscription has been found on the pedestal of an undoubtedly Jaina Tirthankara Rishay nath. This village Bhawanipur, about 8 miles east of Purulia was apparently a centre of Jainism in the past. The clear imige of Rishavnath has 24 Tirthankars engraved on che sides and there are also the usual figures of Chamiris, Incensors and Yakshis* By the sides of this image under a tree the writer also saw another small image of Chakreshwari Devi. Under another tree nearby in the same village of Bhawanipur there is a Jaina figure of a person on an animal which looks like a Makar (crocodile ). The seated person has a sword in one hand and a bell in the other. The animal in this figure is taken by some as a dog but there is no place of a Kukurbahan image ( where the dog is the mode of conveyance ). Under the same tree there is also an image of Padmavati and Dhanendra. Apparently the image has been torn from its environ"ments. Another such village is Anai about three miles from Karcha on the river Kasai. Near about Anai village there are other ruins of brick built old temples some with broken images and some without any. Many of the images that had been observed in these Taina temples 30 years back have disappeared by now. The village of Bauridih near Ladurka is on PuruliaHara Road at a distance of 11 miles. It has recently yielded to the efforts of a Purulia historical society five Jaina images three of which are Rishavnath, Chandra

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87 prabhu and Parswanath respectively as made out from the Chinhas. The two other images are of the 24th Tirthankar Mahavira. Peculiarly enough in this village an inscription on a piece of stone has been used in the masonry work within the ring of a well. This clearly shows that the stone slabs containing images and inscriptions were open to free vandalism in the hand of unscrupulous public. A Rich field for Research Strangely enough Manbhum is a district where there are Jaina antiquities in abundance lying exposed and neglected. The more one enquires the more relics come to one's knowledge. The little known village Pabanpur in Barabhum Pargana was obviously an important Jaina centre in olden times. There are a number of ruined temples and broken antiquities. Some of these temples have exquisite carvings. On all sides of the temple there are damaged images of the Tirthankars. Another small village, Par at a distance of four miles from Anara Railway Station has also certain Jaina antiquities but there has not been any exploration of the area. Some of the antiquities of this area had been sent to Calcutta Museum and are preserved there. One of them is a 2 ft. high image of Shanti Nathji in Khargasan. This is slightly damaged. Probably because the Jaina images, many of, which are still unbroken, are lying exposed under trees of on sites which were once temples, very little attention has been paid to them. The cluster of images that the witer saw at

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5 various parts of the district in neglected spots remind one as to what a commotion would have been made had they been discovered as a result of a digging. As no State protection has been given, they have been freely utilised on the walls of private houses or temples. Manbhum offers a rich field for research into the evolution of Jainisn in this area, its relationship with orthodox Hinduism, Saivism and Vaishnavism. A number of inscriptions on the pedestals of some of the images have been found. They have not yet been properly deciphered or studied. A proper study of the inscriptions and the images supported by some excavations in well identified area of Jaina culture will no doubt throw a good deal of light on the history of culture in this part of the country extending over two thousand years. By P. C. Roy Chaudhury, M.A., B.L. Amrit Bazar Patrika, Annual Puja Number 1956.

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jainadharma baMgAla kA prAcInatama dharma thA yaha bAta niHsandeha hai ki baMgAla-deza meM vaidika Aryadharma ne jaina, bauddha evaM AjIvaka dharmoM ke bAda pratiSThA prApta kI thI / baMgAladeza meM sarvaprathama kisa bhAratIya dharma ne pratiSThA evaM vistAra prApta kiyA thA ? isI prazna ke uttara ke liye aba yahA~ vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| hama pahale vistAra pUrvaka likha Aye haiM ki baMgAladeza meM jana, bauddha evaM AjIvaka dharmoM kA vistAra tathA inheM hI pratiSThA prApta thii| ina meM se bhI prathama do zatAbdI taka baMgAladeza meM bauddhadhama pratiyogitA ke kAraNa prasAra prApta na kara sakA thaa| ataeva jaina aura AjIvaka dharmoM ko hI baMgAla ke Adi dharma svIkAra karanA hogaa| hama pahale likha Aye haiM ki uttaravartI kAla meM grAjIvakadha saMbhavataH janadharma meM mila gayA thaa| isa liye IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hya sAMga ne baMgAladeza meM AjIvaka saMpradAya ko nahIM dekhA thA kintu nigraMthoM (janoM) kA hI yatheSTha prabhAva dekhA thaa| zrI prabodhacandra sena ema.e. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxxxx