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Tapas, Yoga, Sarvara or Dhyana-Samadhi:-We now propose to go a. little deeper and study the fundamental unity that underlies the divergent traditions of spiritual discipline in regard to the following four philosophical postulates - (1) Independent existence of a Sentient Principle, Jiva or Ātman, (2) The innate purity of the Sentient Principle and the veil of ignorance and passions obscuring that purity, (3) Though the veil of ignorance and passions is beginningless, it can be removed by human endeavour, (4) Removal of ignorance and passions and the regaining of the innate purity by the Sentient Principle. If a sādhaka has no faith in these four principles or has any doubts about them, he can never tread the path of spiritual discipline; if at all he tries, he can not steadily progress and achieve his objective. A true sädhaka is bound to be firm and should have unflinching faith in the above-mentioned four doctrines: such a sādhaka is sure to realise his aspirations by means of rigorous discipline. These four basic principles are found recorded and indisputably recognised in the literature of every school of spiri. tual discipline. Even though there exist a number of schools of spiritual discipline, they can all be comprehended in the following four schools — (1) The Sāmkhya-Yoga, (2) The Nyāya-Vaiseșika (3) The Bauddha and (4) The Jaina. We, therefore, give below a table presenting the afore-mentioned four fundamental doctrines as found in four schools referred to above :
Särikhya-Yoga | Nyāya-Vaiseșika | Bauddha Independent Independent
Independent existence of a existence of a existence of a pure sentient sentient sentient principle, called principle, called principle, called Puruşa Atman
Nama or Citta Five-fold veil
Veil
Veil of avidya, asmita, . mithya-jñāna avidyā and råga, dveșa and and passions- trşnă, called abhinivesa
ragadveşa samudaya
Jaina Independent existence of a sentient principle, called Jiva or Atman
Veil
of
of
أو
mithya-darśana and kasaya (passions) or darśanamoha: and caritramoha
Arya-aștāngikamārga
Right knowledge Samyag-jñāna (samyag-jñāna) and or viveka-khyāti Yoga-marga and eight aids to it, called Yogānga
Samyag-darśana, sainyag.jñāna and samyag. căritra, called sarvara
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