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APRIL, 1921)
THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
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Various explanations may be suggested. (1) Dr. Bühler's 91 theory was that the reading of Vasistha presupposes a reading Adarsa, 19 which was corrupted into Adarśana (=disappearance) and was then paraphrased as "Vinasana" [of the Sarasvatil Ingenious as this theory is, it is not a good solution. Though some of the Satras and Patañjali's Mahabh Ashya (II, 4, 10) aotually give the Western boundary to be Adarsa, we gain little by this reading. Adarla cannot be located in the N.-W. Frontier so as to include the whole of the Panjab in this Aryavarta of the Satras. (2) Recent study of the modern Indian Aryap dialects indicates, in the opinion of Sir George Grierson, at least two waves of Aryan migration into India. There arose & conflict between the Brahmanica) later immigrants (now represented by the speakers of Panjabi, Rajasthant, Gujarati and Western Hindi) and the anti-Brahmanical earlier immigrants (now represented by the gpeakers of Kashmiri, Marathi, Bengali and Oriya). This coniflct between the two waves of Aryan migrators might have caused the inhabitants of the Middle land to stigmatize the later immigrants as not truly Aryan and their country as outside the pale of Aryan oulture. (3) The country to the West of the Sarasvati was occupied in the later epio age by non-Aryan (Turanian) immigrants-the Takkas. They are now to be found in Jammu, Kistawar and other places. They claim their descent from Takshaka Naga 21 The biting of King Parikshit by Takshaka Någa probably symbo. lizes the destruotion of the Aryan power owing to the inroad of the Takkas. Their name seems to have some connection with Takshasile ; for in connection with the serpent sacrifice performed by king Janamejaya to chastise the Nagas, mention is made of his invasion and conquest of Takshasila (Mbh, Adi P., III, 683-3; 832-4 ; XLXLIV ; XLIX, 1954; L. 1991). As the Panjab was thus occupied by a non-Aryan race or races, it was outside the boundary of Aryavarta. . The Dharmasastra of Manu, however, calls the ÅryAvarta of the Satras to be tho
Madhyadeta or Middle country (Himavad-Vindhyayor-madhya yat präk vinasandd-api: pratyag-eva Praydgachcha Madhyadekah...) and greatly extends the boundaries of its Arvåvartta by defining it as & Samudrat tu vai Parudd & Samudrachcha Paschimdt. tayor-evd'ntarana giryor-Aryavarttam vidur-budhah.
The Middle country of the Buddhist Ilterature expanded to the East. Its boundaries as mentioned in Mahavagga, V, 13, 12 [and Divyâvadana) are SE., Kajangala 25 (or Punda. vardhana aco. to Div.); S.-E., River Salalavati (Sar&vati];S., the town of Sataka ávika (v. l. set...J: W., the Brahman district (or village) of Thuna 26 [Sthana]: N.. Usiradhaja 11
21 S.B.E., vol. XIV, p. 2.
Adarks, the western boundary of the Aryavarta, has not been located by any scholar. As Traaf XIV, 25, mentions Adaria with the sources of the Yamuna, Trigarta oto., it įs to be placed not far from the ancient kingdom of Srughna and Trigarta (Kangra). Varahamihira's mention makes it clear that it cannot be located in the N.-W. Frontier. 13 A.S.R., vol. II, pp. 6-7.
* Tod's Rajasthan, I, p. 9. » It is the Ka-chu-wen-ki-lo of Y. oh, who locate it at a distance of above 400 li E. from Champa Bhagalpore). It was thus somewhere in Rajmahal distriot. It is the Kayangala mentioned in the com. on Rama [pdla] Charita (II, 6). The ya for ja is to be explained as due to Prakrit influence intervocal explosive olided and y inserted to avoid hiatus--the ya-fruti. of Jaina Prakrit.
30 Thuna has not been identified by any scholar. As Y. oh's account makes Thaneswar the western. most country of the Buddhist Middle country, I propose to identify Thuna (or Sthapa of Divyduadana) with Sthlavtavara. Sthans and Sthapu soom to be different forms of the same word; such metathesis of vowels being found in Pali and Prakrit. Ibara, the second part of BthAnvtkvara (Mod. Thaneswar) is redundant, it being identical in meaning with Sthanu (=8iva).
97 Uslradhaja is probably Ukira-giri, a mountain to the North of Kankhal (Hardwar)-Hiltsich in IM, A., 1905, P. 179.
