Ahimsa ki Prasangikta

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001695/1

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| ahiMsA kI prAsaGgikatA pro0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI (u0 pra0) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0) Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura (rAja0) wowwdalnelibrary.org

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samarpaNa C parama pUjyA sAdhvIvaryA zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. janma : I. san 1902, dIkSA : I. san 1937, svargavAsa : I.san 1997 www.jainelibrary

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prakAzana sahayogI zrImati indumati madanasiMhajI jaina prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) Education International

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pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina ochilaa jnyii saadd'i pro0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI (u0pra0) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0) Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura (rAja.)

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pustaka : ahiMsA kI prAsaGgikatA lekhaka : pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI- 221005 : dUrabhASa 0542 - 316521, 318046 : phaiksa 0542 - 318046 : prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura (ma0pra0) Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura (rAja0) prathama saMskaraNa : 2002 I0 mUlya : 50.00 rUpaye mAtra akSara sajjA : vinaya zrIvAstava zAjApura (madhya pradeza) : varddhamAna mudraNAlaya, bhelUpura, vArANasI / Book : Ahimsa ki Prasangikta Author : Prof. Sagarmal Jain Publisher : Parswanatha Vidyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi- 221005 : Phone 0542-316521,318046 : Fax 0542 - 318046 Pracya Vidyapitha Dupara Road, Shajapur (M.P.) mudraka Agam Ahimsa-Samta and Praksta Sansthan Udaipur (Raj.) First Edition : 2002 Price : 50.00 Rs. Only Type Setting : Vinay Srivastava Shajapur (M.P.) Printed at : Varddhamana Mudranalaya, Bhelupur, Varanasi.

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prakAzakIya ahiMsA mAnava jIvana kA hI nahIM, balki prANI mAtra kA jIvana AdhAra hai| ahiMsA ke binA kisI jIvana kI kalpanA karanA koI artha nahIM rakhatA / ahiMsA ke binA na kisI vyakti kA aura na hI kisI samAja kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai| ahiMsaka pravRtti se hI mAnava meM prema, dayA, sadbhAva sahAnubhUti Adi phalita hote haiN| Aja vizva meM jitane bhI dharma hai, lagabhaga sabhI ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vaidika dharma ho yA avaidika, jaina dharma ho yA bauddha dharma, IsAI dharma ho yA islAma dharma, pArasI dharma ho yA sikkha, pharka itanA hai ki kisI ne ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko AMzika rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai to kisI ne usakI sAdhanA meM pUrA jIvana lagA diyA prastuta pustaka meM antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne vibhinna dharmoM meM samAvezita ahiMsA ko saMkSipta rUpa meM prastuta karate huye vartamAna kI kucha jvalaMta samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke rUpa meM apanA cintana prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN0 jaina jaise vidvAn ke isa sAragarbhita Alekha ko pAThakoM ke bIca prastuta karate huye hameM anupama harSa ho rahA hai| isa pustaka ke prakAzana meM sahayogI rahe saMsthAoM prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0) aura Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura (rAja.) kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ / sAtha hI presa sambandhI kArya ke nirvahana ke lie DaoN0 vijaya kumAra, pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, sundara akSara-sajjA ke lie vinaya zrIvAstava, zAjApura aura satvara mudraNa hetu mahAvIra presa, vArANasI ko dhanyavAda detA huuN| dinAMka : 4-4-2002 indrabhUti barar3a saMyukta, saciva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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viSayAnukramaNikA prathama adhyAya- ahiMsA kI sArvabhaumikatA dvitIya adhyAya- ahiMsA kA artha vistAra aura usake vividha AyAma tRtIya adhyAya - bhAratIya dharmoM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna caturtha adhyAya - hiMsA - ahiMsA viveka paMcama adhyAya- ahiMsA ke Adarza kI upalabdhi kI sambhAvanAe~ SaSTha adhyAya- sakArAtmaka ahiMsA saptama adhyAya - sakArAtmaka ahiMsA aura sAmAjika jIvana aSTama adhyAya- paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura ahiMsA navama adhyAya- ahiMsA aura zAkAhAra 1-5 6-11 12-18 19-26 27-32 33-45 46-51 52 -60 61-64

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adhyAya- 1. ahiMsA kI sArvabhaumikatA ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA itihAsa mAnavIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kA sahabhAgI rahA hai / jisa deza, samAja evaM saMskRti meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA vikAsa huA, usI anupAta meM usameM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| cAhe koI bhI dharma, samAja aura saMskRti ho, usameM vyakta yA avyakta rUpa meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA avazya hI pAI jAtI hai / mAnava samAja meM yaha ahiMsaka cetanA svajAti evaM svadharmI se prArambha hokara samagra mAnava samAja, sampUrNa prANI jagata aura vaizvika paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa taka vikasita huI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki vizva meM jo bhI pramukha dharma aura dharma pravartaka Aye unhoMne kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA kA saMdeza avazya diyA hai / ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA aura saha astitva kI vRtti para khar3I huI hai / hindUdharma meM ahiMsA vaidika RSiyoM ne ahiMsA ke isI sahayoga aura saha-astittva ke pakSa ko mukharita karate hue yaha udghoSa kiyA thA 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm, samAno maMtra, samiti samAnI' arthAt hamArI gati, hamAre vacana, hamAre vicAra, hamArA cintana aura hamArI kAryazailI samarUpa ho, sahabhAgI ho / mAtra yahI nahIM Rgveda (6.75.14 ) meM kahA gayA ki 'pumAn pumAMsaM paripAtu vizvataH' arthAt vyakti kA yaha kartavya hai ki ve paraspara eka-dUsare kI rakSA kreN| Rgveda kA yaha svara yajurveda meM aura adhika vikasita huA / usameM kahA gayA mitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe / mitrasya cakSuSA samIkSA mahe / / yajurveda, 36.18 arthAt maiM sabhI prANiyoM ko mitravat dekhUM aura ve bhI hameM mitravat dekheM 'satveSu maitrI' kA yajurveda kA yaha udghoSa vaidika cintana meM ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA prabala pramANa hai| upaniSada kAla meM yaha ahiMsaka cetanA AdhyAtmika jIvana- dRSTi ke AdhAra para pratiSThita huI / chAndogyopaniSad ( 3/17/4 ) meM kahA gayAatha yattapo dAnamArjavamahiMsA satyavacanamiti tA tasya dakSiNAH / arthAt isa Atma-yajJa kI dakSiNA tapa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA aura satya vacana hai / isI chAndogyopaniSad (8.15.1) meM spaSTataH yaha kahA gayA hai 1

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...ahiMsan sarvabhUtAnyanyatra tIrthebhyaH sa khalvevaM brahmalokamabhisampadyate na ca punarAvartate na ca punraavrtte| arthAt dharma tIrtha kI AjJA se anyatra prANiyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karatA huA vaha nizcaya hI brahmaloka (mokSa) ko prApta hotA hai, usakA punarAgamana nahIM hotA hai, punarAgamana nahIM hotA hai| __ AtmopAsanA aura mokSapArga ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kI yaha pratiSThA aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI ahiMsaka cetanA kA sarvottama pramANa hai| vedoM aura upaniSadoM ke pazcAt smRtiyoM kA krama AtA hai| smRtiyoM meM manusmRti prAcIna mAnI jAtI hai| usameM bhI aise aneka saMdarbha hai, jo ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiN| yahA~ hama usake kucha sandarbha prastuta kara rahe haiM - ahiMsayaiva bhUtAnAM kArya shreyo'nushaasnm| - manusmRti 2/156 arthAt prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsaka AcaraNa hI zreyaskara anuzAsana hai| ___ahiMsayA ca bhUtAnAmamRtatvAya klpte| - manusmRti 6/60 arthAt prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA ke bhAva se vyakti amRtapada (mokSa) ko prApta karatA hai| ___ ahiMsA satyamasteyaM shaucmindriynigrhH| etaM sAmAsika dharma cturvnnye'brviinmnuH| - manusmRti 10/63 arthAt ahiMsA, satya, asteya, pavitratA aura indriya nigraha- ye manu ke dvArA cAroM hI vaNoM ke liye sAmAnya dharma kahe gaye haiN| hindU paramparA kI dRSTi se smRtiyoM ke pazcAt rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata, gItA aura purANoM meM aise saikar3o sandarbha haiM, jo bhAratIya manISiyoM kI ahiMsaka cetanA ke mahattvapUrNa sAkSya mAne jA sakate haiM - ahiMsA sakalodharmo hiNsaadhrmstthaahit| - mahAbhArata zAM.parva adhyAya 272/20 arthAt ahiMsA ko sampUrNa dharma aura hiMsA ko adharma kahA gayA hai| na bhUtAnAmahiMsAyA jyAyAn dhrmostthaahit| - mahAbhArata zAM. parva 262/30 arthAt prANImAtra ke prati ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se zreSTha koI dharma nahIM hai| ahiMsA paramodharmastathAhiMsA paro dmH| ahiMsA paramaM dAnamahiMsA paramaM tpH||

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ahiMsA paramoyajJastathAhiMsA paraM phlm| ahiMsA paramaM mitramahiMsA paramaM sukham / / ___ -mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva 116/28-26 arthAt ahiMsA sarvazreSThadharma hai, vahI uttama indriya nigraha hai| ahiMsA hI sarvazreSTha dAna hai, vahI uttama tapa hai| ahiMsA hI sarvazreSTa yajJa hai aura vahI paramopalabdhi hai| ahiMsA paramamitra hai, vahI paramasukha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika evaM hindudharma meM aise agaNita saMdarbha haiM, jo ahiMsA kI mahattA ko sthApita karate haiN| bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA __ mAtra yahI nahIM bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ke pratinidhirUpa jaina evaM bauddha dharma bhI ahiMsA ke sarvAdhika himAyatI rahe haiN| vauddhadharma ke paMcazIloM, jainadharma ke paMca mahAvratoM aura yogadarzana ke paMcayamoM meM ahiMsA ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai / bhagavAna buddha ne kahA hai - na tena Ariyo hoti yena pANAni hiNsti| ahiMsA savvapANAnaM ariyoti pvuccti|| -dhammapada dhammaTThavagga 15 arthAt jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya (sabhya) nahIM hotA, apitu jo sarva prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsaka hotA hai, vahI Arya kahA jAtA hai| ahiMsakA ye munayo niccaM kAyena sNvutaa| te yanti accutaM ThAnaM yattha gatvA na socre|| -dhammapada kodhavagga 5 arthAt jo muni kAyA se saMvRta hokara sadaiva ahiMsaka hote haiM, ve usa acyuta sthAna (nirvANa) ko prApta karate haiM, jise prApta karane ke pazcAt zoka nahIM rhtaa| dhammapada meM anyatra kahA gayA hai - nighAya daNDaM bhUteSu tasesu thAvaresu c| yo na hanti na ghAteti tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / / arthAt jo trasa evaM sthAvara prANiyoM ko pIr3A nahIM detA hai, na unakA ghAta karatA hai aura na unakI hiMsA karatA hai, use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra piTaka granthoM meM aise saikar3oM buddhavacana haiM, jo bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate haiN|

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jaina dharma meM ahiMsA jainadharma meM ahiMsA ko dharma kA sAra tattva kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, mUlAcAra Adi aneka granthoM meM aise hajAroM ullekha haiM, jo jainadharma kI ahiMsA pradhAna jIvana- dRSTi kA sampoSaNa karate haiN| isa sambandha meM Age vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| yahA~ hama mAtra do tIna sandarbha dekara apane isa kathana kI puSTi kreNge| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| - dazavaikAlika 1/1 arthAt ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa dharma hI sarvazreSTha maMgala hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai - eyaM khu NANiNo sAraM jaM Na hiMsati kNcnn| ahiMsA samayaM ceva etAvaMtaM viyaanniyaa|| - sUtrakRtAMga 11/10 jJAnI hone kA sAra yahI hai ki kisI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM krte| ahiMsA hI dharma (siddhAnta) hai- yaha jAnanA caahiye| anyatra kahA gayA hai - sabve jIvA vi icchanti jIviuM na mrijjiuN| tamhA pANavahaM ghoraM niggaMthA vajjayaMtiNaM / / arthAt sabhI sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai| isIlie nirgrantha prANI vadha (hiMsA) kA niSedha karate hai| sikkhadharma meM ahiMsA ___ bhAratIya mUla ke anya bhAgoM meM sikkhadharma kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa dharma ke dharmagrantha meM prathama guru nAnakadevajI kahate haiM -- je rata lagge kapaDe jAmA hoe pliit| je rata pIve mAMsA tina kyoM nirmala citt|| arthAt yadi rakta ke laga jAne se vastra apavitra ho jAtA hai, to phira jo manuSya mAMsa khAte haiM yA rakta pIte haiM, unakA citta kaise nirmala yA pavitra rahegA? anya dharmoM meM ahiMsA na kevala bhAratIya mUla ke dharmoM meM apitu bhAratIyetara yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharmoM meM bhI ahiMsA ke svara mukhara hue haiN| yahUdI dharma ke dharmagrantha Old Testament meM paigambara mojeja ne jina dasa dharmAdezoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM

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chaThA dharmAdeza hai - 'Thou shall not kill' arthAt 'tuma kisI ko mata maaro'| vastutaH yahUdI dharma meM na kevala hiMsA karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA, apitu prema, sevA aura paropakAra jaise ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSoM para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| yahUdI dharma ke pazcAt IsAI dharma kA krama AtA hai| isa dharma ke prastotA hajarata IsA mAne jAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki IsAmasIha ne olDa TesTAmenTa meM varNita dasa dharmAdezoM ko svIkAra kiyA, kintu mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unakI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko adhika vyApaka banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM - "pahale aisA kahA gayA hai ki kisI kI hatyA mata karo....lekina maiM kahatA hU~ ki binA kisI kAraNa apane bhAI se nArAja mata hoo|" isase bhI eka kadama aura Age bar3hakara ve kahate haiM ki "yadi koI tumhAre eka gAla para tamAcA mAra detA hai, to dUsarA gAla bhI usake sAmane kara do| yadi koI tumhArA koTa lenA cAhatA hai, to tuma apanA aMgarakhA bhI de do| purAnA dharmAdeza kahatA hai - par3osI se pyAra karo aura zatru se ghRNA karo, maiM tumase kahatA hU~ ki zatru se bhI pyAra kro| jo tumhe zApa de use varadAna do, jo tumhArA burA kare, usakA bhalA kro|" IsA ke ina kathanoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki unhoMne yahUdI dharma kI apekSA bhI ahiMsA para adhika bala diyA hai aura usake niSedhAtmaka pakSa ki 'hatyA mata karo' kI apekSA 'karUNA, prema, sevA' Adi vidhAyaka pakSoM ko adhika mahattva diyA hai| islAma dharma meM kurAna ke prArambha meM Izvara (khudA) ke guNoM kA ullekha karate hue use udAra aura dayAvAna (rahamAnurrahIma) kahA gayA hai| usameM binA kisI ucita kAraNa ke kisI ko mArane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai aura jo aisA karatA hai vaha IzvarIya niyama ke anusAra prANadaNDa kA bhAgI banatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM pazuoM ko kama bhojana denA, una para kSamatA se adhika bojha lAdanA. savArI karanA Adi kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ taka ki hare per3oM ke kATane kI bhI sakhta manAhI kI gaI hai| isase itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki islAma dharma meM bhI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko sthAna milA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki prAyaH vizva ke sabhI pramukha dharmoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA upasthita hai|

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adhyAya-2. ahiMsA kA arthavistAra aura usake vividha AyAma. ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sArvabhauma svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ahiMsA ke artha ko lekara saba dharmoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca khIMcI gaI bheda-rekhA sabhI meM alaga-alaga hai| kahIM pazuvadha ko hI nahIM, narabali ko bhI hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai, to kahIM vAnaspatika hiMsA arthAt per3a-paudhe ko pIr3A denA bhI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai| cAhe ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA una sabameM samAnarUpa se upasthita ho, kintu ahiMsaka cetanA kA vikAsa una sabameM samAnarUpa se nahIM huA hai| kyA mUsA ke isa Adeza 'Thou shall not kill' kA vahI artha hai, jo mahAvIra kI 'savvesattA na haMtavvA' kI zikSA kA hai? yadyapi hameM yaha bAta dhyAna rakhanI hogI ki ahiMsA ke arthavikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI kAlakrama meM na hokara mAnava jAti kI sAmAjika cetanA tathA mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai| jo vyakti yA samAja jIvana ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA, usane ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko utanA hI adhika vyApaka artha pradAna kiyaa| ahiMsA ke artha kA yaha vistAra bhI tIna rUpoM meM huA hai - eka ora ahiMsA ke artha ko vyApakatA dI gaI, to dUsarI ora ahiMsA kA vicAra adhika gahana hotA calA gayA hai| eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya kI hatyA ke niSedha se prAraMbha hokara SaTjIvanikAya kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane arthavistAra pAyA hai, to dUsarI ora prANaviyojana ke bAhya rUpa se dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda) ke Antarika rUpa taka, isane gaharAIyoM meM praveza kiyA hai| pUnaH ahiMsA ne 'hiMsA mata karo' ke niSedhAtmaka artha se lekara dayA, karUNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka artha taka kI apanI yAtrA kI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kA arthavikAsa tri-AyAmI (thrI DAImenzanala) hai| ataH jaba bhI hama ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko lekara koI carcA karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM usake sabhI pahaluoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| jainadharma ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA ke artha kI vyApti ko lekara koI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki ahiMsA kI isa avadhAraNA ne kahA~ kitanA artha pAyA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha-vistAra cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAn pumAMsaM paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda, 6.75.14) ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare kI surakSA kI bAta kahI gaI ho athavA 'mitrAsyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe' (yajurveda, 36.18) ke rUpa meM sarvaprANiyoM ke prati

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mitra-bhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho, kintu vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka cetanA bhI mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga haiM, jinameM zatru varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAe~ bhI kI gaI haiN| yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI aura veda vihita hiMsA ko hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra usameM dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA samarthana hI kiyA gayA / vedoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA arthavistAra utanA hI hai jitanA ki yahUdI aura islAma dharma me / vaidika dharma kI pUrva-paramparA meM bhI ahiMsA kA sambandha mAnava jAti taka hI sImita rahA / ' mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni' kA udghoSa to huA, lekina vyavahArika jIvana meM vaha mAnava-prANI se adhika Upara nahIM uTha skaa| itanA hI nahIM, eka ora pUrNa ahiMsA ke bauddhika Adarza kI bAta aura dUsarI ora mAMsAhAra kI lAlasA evaM rUr3ha paramparAoM ke prati aMdha AsthA ne apavAda kA eka nayA AyAma khar3A kiyA aura kahA gayA ki ' vedavihita hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai / " zramaNa paramparAe~ isa dizA meM aura Age AyIM aura unhoMne ahiMsA kI vyavahArikatA kA vikAsa samagra prANI-jagata taka karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura isI AdhAra para vaidika hiMsA kI khula kara AlocanA bhI kI gii| kahA gayA ki yadi yUpa ke chedana karane se aura pazuoM kI hatyA karane se aura khUna kA kIcar3a macAne se hI svarga milatA ho, to phira narka meM kaise jAyA jAvegA ? yadi hanana kiyA gayA pazu svarga ko jAtA hai, to phira yajamAna apane mAtA-pitA kI bali hI kyoM nahIM de detA?' ahiMsaka cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai zramaNa paramparA meN| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / jIvanayApana arthAt AhAra, surakSA Adi ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka to hai hI, ataH una sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM jo mUlataH nivRttiparaka yA saMnyAsamArgIya nahIM thIM, ahiMsA ko utanA arthavistAra prApta nahIM ho sakA jitanA zramaNadhArA yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA meM sambhava thA / yadyapi zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA hiMsAparaka yajJa-yAgoM kI AlocanA aura mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika paramparA meM bhI eka ora vedoM ke pazuhiMsAparaka padoM kA artha ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne lagA ( mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM rAjA vasu kA AkhyAna - adhyAya 337-338 isakA pramANa hai), to dUsarI ora dhArmika jIvana ke lie karmakANDa ko anupayukta mAnakara aupaniSadika dhArA ke rUpa meM jJAna-mArga kA aura bhAgavat dharma ke rUpa meM 1. " vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati". 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 7, pR. 1226 3. bhAratIya darzana (datta evaM caTarjI), pR. 43 para uddhRta. 7

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bhakti-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| isameM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra sampUrNa prANIjagata arthAt sa jIvoM kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka huaa| vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ko kanda-mUla evaM phala kA upabhoga karane kI svatantratA hai, isa prakAra vahA~ vAnaspatika hiMsA kA vicAra upasthita nahIM hai| yaha bAta to satya hI hai ki ahiMsaka cetanA ko sarvAdhika vikasita karane kA zreya zramaNa paramparAoM ko hI hai / bhArata meM I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI kA jo bhI itivRtta hameM prApta hotA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne meM zramaNa sampradAyoM meM hor3a lagI huI thii| kama se kama hiMsA hI zrAmaNya - jIvana kI zreSThatA kA pratimAna thA / sUtrakRtAMga meM ArdrakakumAra kI vibhinna matoM ke zramaNoM se jo carcA hai, usameM mUla prazna yahI hai ki kauna sabase adhika ahiMsaka hai (dekhiye sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 6 ) ? trasa prANiyoM (pazu-pakSI, kITa-pataMga Adi) kI hiMsA to hiMsA thI hI, kintu vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA thaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM; manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, aura kRta, kArita aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTika ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA nahIM aura karanevAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM karanA / bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke zramaNoM ne bhI isa navakoTika ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kara usake artha ko gahanatA aura vyApakatA pradAna kI, phira bhI bauddha paramparA meM SaTjIvanikAya kA vicAra upasthita nahIM thaa| bauddha bhikSu nadI-nAloM ke jala ko chAnakara upayoga karate the| dUsare unake yahA~ navakoTi ahiMsA kI yaha avadhAraNA bhI svayaM kI apekSA se thI, dUsare dvArA hamAre nimitta se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA / nirgrantha paramparA kA kahanA thA ki kevala itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai ki hama manasA, vAcA, karmaNA hiMsA na kareM, na karAveM aura na use anumodana deM, apitu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko hamAre nimitta hiMsA karane kA avasara bhI nahIM deveM aura unake dvArA kI gaI hiMsA meM bhAgIdAra na bneN| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ buddha aura bauddha bhikSu nimantrita bhojana ko svIkAra karate the, vahA~ nirgrantha paramparA meM auddezika AhAra bhI agrAhya mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki usameM naimittika hiMsA ke doSa kI sambhAvanA thI / yadyapi piTakagranthoM meM bauddha bhikSu ke liye aisA bhojana niSiddha mAnA gayA hai, jisameM usake liye trasa prANIhiMsA kI gayI ho aura vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA ho yA usane aisA sunA ho| phira bhI yaha atizayokti nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ko jitanA vyApaka artha jaina paramparA meM diyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra anupalabdha hI hai| 1 8

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jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM ahiMsA sambandhI jo khaNDana-maNDana huA, usake pIche saiddhAntika matabheda na hokara usakI vyavahArikatA kA prazna hI pramukha rahA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM- donoM kI ahiMsA sambandhI vyAkhyA meM koI tAttvika matabheda nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ne navakoTika ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyavasthA ko amala meM lAne ke lie jo bAhya pravRtti ko vizeSa niyantrita kiyA, vaha bauddha paramparA ne nahIM kiyaa| jIvana sambandhI bAhya pravRttiyoM ke ati niyantraNa aura madhyavargIya zaithilya ke prabala bheda meM se hI vaudra aura jaina paramparAe~ Apasa meM khaNDana-maNDana meM pravRtta huii| jaba hama donoM paramparAoM ke khaNDana-maNDana ko taTastha bhAva se dekhate haiM taba niHsaMkoca kahanA par3atA hai ki bahudhA donoM ne eka-dUsare ko galata rUpa se hI samajhA hai| isakA eka udAharaNa majjhimanikAya ke upAlisutta kA aura dUsarA sUtrakRtAMga kA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA ne navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana para bala diyA, lekina navakoTika ahiMsA ke pAlana meM jaba sAdhu-jIvana ke vyavahAroM kA sampAdana evaM saMyamI jIvana kA rakSaNa bhI asambhava pratIta huA to yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA ki zAstravihita pravRttiyoM meM hiMsA-doSa kA abhAva hotA hai| isI prakAra mandira-nirmANa, pratimApUjana, tIrthayAtrA Adi ke prasaMga para honevAlI hiMsA vihita mAna lI gyii| pariNAma yaha huA ki 'vaidika hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai', isa siddhAnta ke prati kI gayI unakI AlocanA svayaM nirbala ho gyii| vaidika pakSa kI ora se kahA jAne lagA ki yadi tuma kahate ho ki zAstravihita hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, to phira hamArI AlocanA kaise kara sakate ho? isa prakAra AlocanAoM aura pratyAlocanAoM kA eka vizAla sAhitya nirmita ho gayA, jisakA samucita mUlyAMkana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| phira bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa samagra vAda-vivAda meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM maulika rUpa se saiddhAntika matabheda alpa hI haiN| pramukha prazna vyavahAra kA hai| vyavahArika dRSTi se jaina aura vaidika paramparAoM meM nimna antara khoje jA sakate haiM(1) jaina paramparA pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana sambandhI vicAra ko kevala unhIM sthitiyoM meM zithila karatI hai jinameM mAtra saMyamamUlaka muni-jIvana kA anurakSaNa ho sake, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM ahiMsA ke pAlana meM una sabhI sthitiyoM meM zithilatA kI gayI hai jinameM sabhI Azrama aura sabhI prakAra ke logoM ke jIvana jIne aura apane kartavyoM ke pAlana kA anurakSaNa ho ske| 4. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 415. 5. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1226.

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(2) yadyapi kucha jaina AcAryoM ne saMyamamUlaka jIvana ke anurakSaNa ke lie kI gayI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA hai, tathApi paramparA ke AgrahI aneka jaina AcAryoM ne usa hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue kevala apavAda rUpa meM usakA sevana karane kI chUTa dI aura usake prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI kiyA / unakI dRSTi meM hiMsA, cAhe vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM ho, hiMsA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI jaina sampradAyoM meM saMyama evaM zarIra-rakSaNa ke nimitta bhikSAcaryA Adi dainika vyavahAra meM honevAlI sUkSma hiMsA ke lie bhI prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| (3) vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA dhArmika anuSThAnoM kA eka aMga mAna lI gayA aura unameM honevAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM mAnI gayI / yadyapi jaina - paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne dhArmika anuSThAnoM, mandira nirmANa Adi kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA kA samarthana alpa-hiMsA aura bahu - nirjarA ke nAma para kiyA, lekina jaina - paramparA meM * sadaiva hI aisI mAnyatA kA virodha kiyA jAtA rahA aura jisakI tIvra pratikriyAoM ke rUpa meM digambara sampradAya meM terApaMtha aura tAraNapaMtha tathA zvetAmbara sampradAya meM lokAgaccha, sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha ( zvetAmvara AmnAya) Adi avAntara sampradAyoM kA janma huA, jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para honevAlI hiMsA kA tIvra virodha kiyA / (4) vaidika paramparA meM jisa dhArmika hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA gayA usakA bahuta kucha sambandha pazuoM kI hiMsA se hai, jabaki jaina - - paramparA meM mandira nirmANa Adi ke nimitta se bhI jisa hiMsA kA samarthana kiyA gayA, usakA sambandha mAtra ekendriya athavA sthAvara jIvoM se hai 1 (5) jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke kisI bhI rUpa ko apavAda mAnakara hI svIkAra kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA AcaraNa kA niyama hI bana gayI / jIvana ke sAmAnya kartavyoM jaise yajJa, zrAddha, deva, gurU, atithi pUjana Adi ke nimitta se bhI hiMsA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi paravartI vaiSNava sampradAyoM ne isakA virodha kiyA / (6) prAcIna jaina mUla AgamoM meM saMyamI jIvana ke anurakSaNa ke lie hI mAtra atyalpa sthAvara hiMsA kA samarthana apavAda rUpa meM upalabdha hai, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA kA samarthana sAMsArika jIvana kI pUrti taka ke lie kiyA gayA hai / jaina - paramparA bhikSu ke jIvana nirvAha kI dRSTi se apavAdoM kA vicAra karatI hai, jabaki vaidika paramparA sAmAnya gRhastha ke jIvana ke nirvAha kI dRSTi se bhI apavAda kA vicAra karatI hai / 10

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yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra mUsA ne dhArmika jIvana ke lie jo dasa Adeza prasArita kiye the uname eka hai 'tuma hatyA mata karo' kintu isa Adeza kA artha yahUdI samAja ke lie vyaktigata svArtha ke lie apane jAtIya bhAI kI hiMsA nahIM karane se adhika nahIM rhaa| dharma ke nAma para to hama svayaM pitA ko apane putra kI bali detA huA dekhate haiN| islAma ne cAhe allAha ko 'rahamAnurrahIma' (karUNAzIla) kahakara sambodhita kiyA ho, aura cAhe yaha bhI mAna liyA ho ki sabhI jIvadhAriyoM ko jIvana utanA hI priya hai, jitanA tumheM apanA hai, kintu usameM allAha kI isa karUNA kA artha svadharmiyoM taka hI sImita rhaa| itara manuSyoM ke prati islAma Aja taka saMvedanazIla nahIM bana sakA hai| punaH yahUdI aura islAma donoM hI dharmoM meM dharma ke nAma para pazubali ko sAmAnya rUpa se Aja taka svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ina dharmoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA svajAti aura svadharmI arthAt apanoM se adhika arthavistAra nahIM pA sakI hai| isa saMvedanazIlatA kA adhika vikAsa hameM IsAI dharma meM dikhAI detA hai| IsA zatra ke prati bhI karUNAzIla hone kI bAta kahate haiN| ve ahiMsA, karUNA aura sevA ke kSetra meM apane aura parAye, svadharmI aura vidharmI, zatru aura mitra ke bheda se Upara uTha jAte haiN| isa prakAra unakI karUNA sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati barasI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki madhyayuga meM IsAiyoM ne dharma ke nAma para khUna kI holI khelI ho aura Izvara-putra ke AdezoM kI avahelanA kI ho, kintu aisA to hama sabhI karate haiN| dharma ke nAma para pazubali kI svIkRti IsAI dharma meM nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| isa prakAra usameM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA adhika vyApaka banI hai| isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM sevA tathA sahayoga ke mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se ahiMsA ko eka vidhAyaka dizA bhI pradAna kI gaI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya jIvana meM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ke niSedha kI bAta vahA~ nahIM uThAI gaI hai, ataH usakI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA mAnavatA taka hI sImita mAnI jA sakatI hai, vaha bhI samasta prANI-jagata kI pIr3A ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM bana skaa| 11

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adhyAya-3. bhAratIya dharmoM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna. ahiMsA jaina AcAra-darzana kA prANa hai| ahiMsA vaha dhurI hai jisa para samagra jaina AcAra-vidhi ghUmatI hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA ko bhagavatI kahA gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki, "bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tRSitoM ko jaise jala, bhUkhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko jaise auSadha aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha AdhArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA cara evaM acara, sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vaha zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza tIrthakara karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI arhata yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, bhUta, jIva aura satva ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvat dharma hai| samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara arhatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra "jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kre| ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "sabhI prANiyoM ke hita sAdhana meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone se mahAvIra ne isako prathama sthAna diyA hai| ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai|"" AcArya amRtacandrasUri ke anusAra to jaina AcAra-vidhi kA sampUrNa kSetra ahiMsA se vyApta hai, usake bAhara usameM kucha hai hI nhiiN| sabhI naitika niyama aura maryAdAe~ isake antargata haiM; AcAra-niyamoM ke dUsare rUpa jaise asatya bhASaNa nahIM karanA, corI nahIM karanA Adi to janasAdhAraNa ko sulabha rUpa se samajhAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se kahe jAte haiM, vastutaH ve sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna pakSa haiN|" jaina-darzana meM ahiMsA vaha AdhAra vAkya hai jisase AcAra ke sabhI niyama nirgamita hote haiN| 'bhagavatIArAdhanA' meM kahA gayA hai-ahiMsA saba AzramoM kA hRdaya hai, saba zAstroM kA garbha (uttpatti sthAna) hai|" 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2 / 1 / 21 / 22. 7. AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 1 / 127. 8. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 4 / 10. 6. dazavaikAlika, 66. 10. bhaktaparijJA, 61. 11. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 42. 12. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, 760. 12

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bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna bauddha-darzana ke daza zIloM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna prathama hai / catuHzataka meM kahA hai ki tathAgata ne saMkSepa meM kevala 'ahiMsA', ina akSaroM meM dharma kA varNana kiyA hai|" buddha ne hiMsA ko anArya karma kahA hai / ve kahate haiM ki jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya nahIM hotA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA hI Arya kahA jAtA hai / * 14 buddha hiMsA evaM yuddha ke nItizAstra ke ghora virodhI haiM / dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai- vijaya se vaira utpanna hotA hai / parAjita duHkhI hotA hai| jo jaya-parAjaya ko chor3a cukA hai, use hI sukha hai, use hI zAnti hai / aMguttaranikAya meM yaha bAta aura adhika spaSTa kara dI gayI hai| hiMsaka vyakti jagat meM nArakIya jIvana kA aura ahiMsaka vyakti svargIya jIvana kA sRjana karatA hai| ve kahate haiM- "bhikSuoM, tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho|" kauna se tIna ? " svayaM prANI hiMsA karatA hai, dUsare prANI ko hiMsA kI ora ghasITatA hai aura prANI - hiMsA kA samarthana karatA hai| bhikSuoM, ina tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hI hotA hai, jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho / " "bhikSuoM, tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara svarga meM DAla diyA gayA ho|" kauna se tIna ? " svayaM prANI hiMsA se virata rahatA hai, dUsare ko prANI-hiMsA kI ora nahIM ghasITatA aura prANI - hiMsA kA samarthana nahIM karatA / "" bauddhadharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya meM karUNA aura maitrI kI bhAvanA kA jo carama utkarSa dekhA jAtA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM yahI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta rahA hai| hindUdharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna gItA meM ahiMsA kA mahattva svIkRta karate hue use bhagavAn kA hI bhAva kahA gayA hai| use daivI sampadA evaM sAtvika tapa bhI kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM to jaina vicAraNA ke samAna hI ahiMsA meM sabhI dharmoM ko antarbhUta mAna liyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, usameM dharma ke upadeza kA uddezya bhI prANiyoM ko hiMsA se virata karanA hai / ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAra hai / mahAbhAratakAra kA kathana hai ki, "prANiyoM 13. catuHzataka, 268. 14. dhammapada, 270. 15. dhammapada, 201. 16. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 153. 17. gItA, 10 / 5-7, 162, 17114. 18. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 245 / 16. 13

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kI hiMsA na ho, isalie dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, ataH jo ahiMsA yukta hai, vahI dharma hai|""" 116 lekina prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki gItA meM bAra-bAra arjuna ko yuddha karane ke lie kahA gayA hai, phira gItA ko ahiMsA kI samarthaka kaise mAnA jAe ? isa sambandha meM gItA ke vyAkhyAkAroM ke dRSTikoNoM ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai / Adya TIkAkAra AcArya zaMkara 'yuddhasva ( yuddha kara ) ' zabda kI TIkA meM likhate haiMyahA~ (uparyukta kathana se) yuddha kI kartavyatA kA vidhAna nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM, AcArya 'Atmaupamyena sarvatra' ke AdhAra para gItA meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiM - 'jaise mujhe sukha priya hai vaise hI vaha sabhI prANiyoM ko anukUla hai aura jaise duHkha mujhe apriya yA pratikUla hai| vaise hI saba prANiyoM ko apriya, pratikUla hai, isa prakAra jo saba prANiyoM meM apane samAna hI sukha aura duHkha ko tulya bhAva se anukUla aura pratikUla dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI prati pratikUla AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vahI ahiMsaka hai| isa prakAra kA ahiMsaka purUSa pUrNa jJAna meM sthita hai, vaha saba yogiyoM meM parama utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai / " " aura tamas guNoM ke kahatI hai / ( phira vaha mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiM / unakA kathana hai- " gItA kI mukhya zikSA hiMsA nahIM, ahiMsA hai| 'hiMsA' binA krodha, Asakti evaM ghRNA ke nahIM hotI aura gItA hameM sattva, raja rUpa meM ghRNA, krodha Adi avasthAoM se Upara uThane ko hiMsA kI samarthaka kaise ho sakatI hai) / " DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiM / ve likhate haiM - "kRSNa arjuna ko yuddha karane kA parAmarza detA hai, to isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha yuddha kI vaidhatA kA samarthana kara hai / yuddha to eka aisA avasara A par3A hai; jisakA upayoga gurU usa bhAvanA kI ora saMketa karane ke lie karatA hai, jisa bhAvanA ke sAtha saba kArya, jinameM yuddha bhI sammilita hai, kiye jAne caahie| yaha hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA prazna nahIM hai, apitu apane una mitroM ke virUddha hiMsA ke prayoga kA prazna hai, jo aba zatru bana gaye haiN| yuddha ke prati usakI hicaka AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA sattvaguNa kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu ajJAna aura vAsanA kI upaja hai| arjuna isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki vaha durbalatA aura ajJAna ke vazIbhUta ho gayA hai| gItA hamAre sammukha jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha ahiMsA kA hai aura yaha bAta rahA 16. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 106 / 12. 20. gItA (zAMkara bhASya), 2 / 18. 21. gItA, 6 / 32. 22. di bhagavadgItA eNDa ceMjiMga varlDa, pR. 122. 14

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sAtaveM adhyAya meM vyakti kI mana, vacana aura karma kI ekarUpatA ke aura bArahaveM adhyAya meM bhakta kI manodazA ke varNana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kRSNa arjuna ko Aveza yA durbhAvanA ke binA, rAga yA dveSa ke binA yuddha karane ko kahatA hai aura yadi hama apane mana ko aisI sthiti meM le jA sakeM, to hiMsA asambhava ho jAtI hai isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka nahIM hai / mAtra anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie adveSabuddhipUrvaka vivazatA meM kartavyavaza hiMsA karane kA jo samarthana gItA meM dikhAI par3atA hai, usase yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka hai| apavAda ke rUpa meM hiMsA kA samarthana niyama nahIM bana jaataa| aisA samarthana to hameM jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtA hai / ahiMsA kA AdhAra mai ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke mUlAdhAra ke sambandha meM vicArakoM meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAoM ko prazraya milA hai, ataH usa para samyakrUpeNa vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| mekenjI ne apane grantha 'hindUethiksa meM isa bhrAnta vicAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai ki ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhaya ke AdhAra para huA hai / ve likhate haiM - " asabhya manuSya jIva ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhaya kI dRSTi se lekina koI bhI dekhate the aura bhaya kI yaha dhAraNA hI ahiMsA kA mUla hai|" prabuddha vicAraka mekenjI kI isa dhAraNA se sahamata nahIM hogA / AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| usameM ahiMsA ko Arhata pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvat dharma batAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAya ? sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai|" ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna, yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai / ahiMsA kA AdhAra 'bhaya' mAnanA galata hai, kyoMki bhaya ke siddhAnta ko yadi ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAyegA to vyakti kevala sabala kI hiMsA se virata hogA, nirbala kI hiMsA se nhiiN| jisase bhaya hogA usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi banegI, jabaki jainadharma to sabhI prANiyoM ke prati yahA~ taka ki vanaspati, jala aura 23. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 74-75. 24. hindU ethiksa, mekenjI 25. ajjhattha jANai se behiyA jANaI eyaM tullamannasiM, 11117.

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pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka hone kI bAta kahatA hai, ataH ahiMsA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu abhaya, jijIviSA aura sukhAkAMkSA ke manovaijJAnika satyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH jainadharma ne ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha hI ahiMsA ko AtmatulyatA bodha kA bauddhika AdhAra bhI diyA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jo apanI pIr3A ko jAna pAtA hai, vahI tulyatA bodha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| prANIya pIr3A kI tulyatA ke bodha ke AdhAra para hone vAlA yaha AtmasaMvedana hI ahiMsA kI nIMva hai| vastutaH ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAvanA evaM advaita bhAvanA hai| samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM, jIvana ke prati sammAna se vikasita hotI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA, ataH nirgrantha prANavadha (hiMsA) kA niSedha karate haiN| vastutaH prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya ko janma detA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana ke prati prema rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAna kara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kre| yaha mekenjI kI isa dhAraNA kA, ki ahiMsA bhaya para adhiSThita hai, sacoTa uttara hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM to AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA-siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kI gayI hai| usameM likhA hai- jo loka (anya jIva samUha) kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA bhI apalApa karatA hai| Age pUrNaAtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ko paripuSTa karate hue mahAvIra kahate haiM- jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tu zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| bhaktaparijJA meM bhI likhA hai -kisI bhI anya prANI kI hatyA vastutaH apanI hI hatyA hai aura anya jIvoM kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai|" isa prakAra jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hI hai| 26. savve pANA piAuyA suhasAyA duHkhapaDikUlA, 1 / 2 / 3. 27. dazavaikAlika, 6 / 11. 28. uttarAdhyayana, 67. 26. AcArAMga, 133. 30. AcArAMga, 1 / 5 / 5. 31. bhaktaparijJA-63. 16

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bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra bhagavAna buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM isI 'Atmavata sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko grahaNa kiyA hai| sUttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM- "jaisA maiM hU~ vaise hI ye saba prANI haiM, aura jaise ye saba prANI haiM vaisA hI maiM huuN| isa prakAra apane samAna saba prANiyoM ko samajhakara na svayaM kisI kA vadha kare aura na dUsaroM se karAe~ / 32 gItA meM ahiMsA ke AdhAra gItAkAra bhI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra rUpa meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI udAtta bhAvanA ko lekara calatA hai| yadi hama gItA ko advaitavAda kI samarthaka mAneM, to ahiMsA ke AdhAra kI dRSTi se jaina-darzana aura advaitavAda meM yaha antara hai ki jahA~ jaina paramparA meM sabhI AtmAoM kI tAttvika samAnatA ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai, vahIM advaitavAda meM tAttvika abheda ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| vAda koI bhI ho para ahiMsA kI dRSTi se mahattva kI bAta eka hI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA, jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna aura abheda kI vAstavika saMvedanA yA AtmIyatA kI anubhUti hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA udgama hai| jaba manuSya meM isa saMvedanazIlatA kA sacce rUpa meM udaya ho jAtA hai, taba hiMsA kA vicAra eka asambhAvanA bana jAtA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa sadaiva 'para' ke prati hotA hai, 'sva' yA AtmIya ke prati kabhI nahIM, ataH Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| jaina AgamoM kI ahiMsA kA vyApaka svarUpa jaina-vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai, isakA bodha hameM praznavyAkaraNasUtra se ho sakatA hai| usameM ahiMsA ke sATha paryAyavAcI nAma varNita haiN|" -1. nirvANa, 2. nivRtti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema, 8. vairAgya, 6. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11, dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. zAnti, 14. samyak ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 16. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi (poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda), 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27. labdhi, 28. vizeSa dRSTi, 26. kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vizuddhi, 33. rakSA, 34. siddhAvAsa, 35. anAmnava, 36. kaivalyasthAna, 37. ziva, 38. samiti, 36. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIla parigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 32. suttanipAta, 337 / 27. 33. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 125. 34. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 1 / 21. 17

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46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48 yatana, 46. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53. sarva amAghAta ( kisI ko na mAranA ), 54. cokSa ( svaccha), 55. pavitra, 56. zuci, 57. pUtA yA pUjA, 58. vimala, 56. prabhAta aura 60. nirmalatara / isa prakAra jaina AcAra - darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM nihita haiM aura ahiMsA hI ekamAtra sadguNa hai / vastutaH ahiMsA sadguNa-samUha kI sUcaka hai /

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adhyAya 4. hiMsA-ahiMsA viveka. ahiMsA kyA hai? hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai, lekina hiMsA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sktii| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya hiMsA nahIM karanA hai, yaha ahiMsA kA zarIra ho sakatA hai, ahiMsA kI AtmA nhiiN| kisI ko nahIM mAranA, yaha bAta ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taka sImita rahI hai| jaina-darzana kA kendrIya siddhAnta 'ahiMsA' zAbdika dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sardava hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| sarvatra AtmabhAva mUlaka karUNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| ahiMsA kriyA nahIM, sattA hai| vaha AtmA kI eka avasthA hai| AtmA kI pramatta avasthA hI hiMsA hai aura apramatta avasthA hI ahiMsA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu 'oghaniyukti' meM likhate haiM ki pAramArthika dRSTi se AtmA hI hiMsA hai aura ahiMsA hai| pramatta AtmA hiMsaka hai aura apramatta AtmA ahiMsaka hai| AtmA kI pramatta dazA hiMsA kI avasthA hai aura apramatta dazA ahiMsA kI avasthA hai| dravya hiMsA aura bhAva hiMsA ___ ahiMsA ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie pahale yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra hiMsA kyA hai? jaina-vicAraNA hiMsA kA do dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai| eka hiMsA kA bAhya pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravya hiMsA kahA gayA hai| dravya hiMsA sthUla evaM bAhya ghaTanA hai| yaha eka kriyA hai jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahanana Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA AtmA ko sApekSa rUpa meM nitya mAnatI hai| ataH hiMsA ke dvArA jisakA hanana hotA hai, vaha AtmA nahIM varan prANa hai| prANa jaivika zakti hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM prANa dasa mAne gaye haiN| pA~ca indriyoM kI zakti, mana, vANI aura zarIra kA trividha bala, zvasana-kriyA evaM AyuSya- ye dasa prANa haiN| ina prANa-zaktiyoM kA viyojIkaraNa hI dravya-dRSTi se hiMsA hai| hiMsA kI yaha 35. dazavakAlika-niyukti, 60. 36. oghaniyukti, 754. 37. oghaniyukti, 754. 16

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paribhASA usake bAhya pakSa para bala detI hai| dravya-hiMsA kA tAtparya prANa-zaktiyoM kA kuNThana, hanana tathA vilagAva karanA hai| bhAva-hiMsA hiMsA kA vicAra hai| yaha mAnasika avasthA hai, jo pramAdajanya hai| AcArya amRtacandra hiMsA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa para bala dete hue hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA karate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA uttpanna honA hI hiMsA hai| yahI jaina-AgamoM kI vicAra dRSTi kA sAra hai| hiMsA kI pUrNa paribhASA 'tattvArthasUtra' meM milatI hai| 'tattvArthasUtra' ke anusAra, "rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya Adi pramAdoM se yukta hokara kiyA jAne vAlA prANa-vadha hiMsA hai|"28 ahiMsA ke bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM jisa bhAvAtmaka Antarika pakSa para jaina-AcArya itanA adhika bala dete rahe haiM, usakA mahattva nirvivAda rUpa se sabhI ko svIkArya hai| yahI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM jainadarzana, gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM vicAra sAmya hai, jisa para hama vicAra kara cuke haiN| yaha nizcita hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bhAvAtmaka yA Antarika pahalU hI mUla kendra haiM, lekina dUsare bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA bhI kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika evaM Antarika pakSa kA hI sarvAdhika mUlya hai; lekina jahA~ sAmAjika evaM vyavahArika jIvana kA prazna hai, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pahalU ko bhI jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahArika jIvana aura sAmAjika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jisa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha to AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa hI hai| gItA aura bauddha AcAra-darzana kI apekSA bhI jaina-darzana ne isa bAhya pakSa para gahanatApUrvaka samucita vicAra kiyA hai| jaina-paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki kinhIM apavAda kI avasthAoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA jo vicAra meM hai, vahI vyavahAra meM prakaTa hotA hai| antaraMga aura bAhya athavA vicAra aura AcAra ke sambandha meM dvaita dRSTi use svIkArya nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM antaraMga meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bAhya hiMsaka AcaraNa karanA, yaha eka prakAra kI bhrAnti hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi hRdaya pApamukta ho. to (hiMsAdi) kriyA karane para bhI nirvANa avazya milatA hai, yaha eka mithyAdhAraNA hai| yadi gItA kA yaha mantavya ho ki antara meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bhI hiMsAtmaka kriyA kI jA sakatI hai, to jaina-darzana kA usase spaSTa 38. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 1228. 20

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virodha hai| jainadharma kahatA hai ki antara meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, yadyapi hiMsA ho sakatI hai| hiMsA karanA sadaiva hI saMkalpAtmaka hogA aura Antarika vizuddhi ke hote hue hiMsAtmaka karma kA saMkalpa sambhava hI nahIM / 36 vastutaH hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM jaina- dRSTi kA sAra yaha hai ki hiMsA cAhe vaha bAhya ho yA Antarika, vaha AcAra kA niyama nahIM ho sakatI / dUsare, hiMsA - ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA bhI mAtra katipaya apavAdAtmaka avasthAoM meM hI kSamya hai| hiMsA kA hetu mAnasika duSpravRttiyA~ yA kaSAyeM haiM, yaha mAnanA to ThIka hai, lekina yaha mAnanA ki mAnasika vRtti yA kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hone vAlI dravyahiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, ucita nahIM / yaha ThIka hai ki saMkalpajanya hiMsA adhika nikRSTa aura nikAzcita karma - baMdha karatI hai, lekina saMkalpa ke abhAva meM hone vAlI hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM hai yA usase karma - Amrava nahIM hotA hai, yaha jainakarma - siddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM hai / vyavahArika jIvana meM hameM isako hiMsA mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra ke dRSTikoNa ko nimna kAraNoM se ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA (1) jaina-darzana meM Asrava kA kAraNa tIna yoga hai- (a) manayoga ( ba ) vacanayoga aura (sa) kaayyog| inameM se kisI bhI yoga ke kAraNa karmoM kA Agamana (Asrava) hotA avazya hai / dravyahiMsA meM kAyA kI pravRtti hai, ataH isake kAraNa Asrava hotA hai| jahA~ Asrava hai, vahA~ hiMsA hai / praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM Asrava ke pA~ca dvAra (9 . hiMsA, 2. asatya, 3. steya, 4. abrahmacarya, 5. parigraha ) mAne gaye haiM, jisameM prathama navadvAra hiMsA hai / aisA kRtya jisameM prANa viyojana hotA hai, hiMsA hai aura dUSita hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM usase nikAzcita karma-baMdha nahIM hotA hai, lekina kriyA doSa to lagatA hai 1 -- 1 (2) jaina - zAstroM meM varNita paccIsa kriyAoM meM 'IryApathika' kriyA bhI hai jainatIrthaMkara rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAyoM se mukta hote haiM, lekina kAyayoga ke kAraNa unheM IryApathika kriyA lagatI hai aura IryApathika baMdha bhI hotA hai / yadi dravya - hiMsA mAnasika kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA nahIM hai, to kAyika vyApAra ke kAraNa unheM IryApathika kriyA kyoM lagatI hai? isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dravyahiMsA bhI hiMsA hai 1 (3) dravya hiMsA yadi mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA hI nahIM hai to phira yaha do bheda - bhAva hiMsA aura dravyahiMsA nahIM raha sakate / 38. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 6 / 35. 21

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(4) vRtti aura AcaraNa kA antara koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM hai / sAmAnya rUpa se vyakti kI jaisI vRttiyA~ hotI hai, vaisA hI usakA AcaraNa hotA hai / ataH yaha mAnanA ki AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa vRttiyoM se alaga hokara kArya kara sakatA hai, eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai / hiMsA ke prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne dravya aura bhAva, ina do rUpoM ke AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra vibhAga kiye hai- 1. mAtra zArIrika hiMsA, 2. mAtra vaicArika hiMsA, 3. zArIrika evaM vaicArika hiMsA, aura 4. zAbdika hiMsA / mAtra zArIrika hiMsA yA dravya hiMsA vaha hai, jisameM hiMsaka kriyA to sampanna huI ho, lekina hiMsaka vicAra kA abhAva hai| udAharaNasvarUpa, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calate hue bhI dRSTidoSa yA jantu kI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa usake nahIM dikhAI dene para hiMsA ho jAnA / mAtra vaicArika hiMsA yA bhAva hiMsA vaha hai jisameM hiMsA kI kriyA to anupasthita ho, lekina hiMsA kA saMkalpa upasthita ho| isameM kartA hiMsA ke saMkalpa se yukta hotA hai, lekina bAhya paristhitivaza use kriyAnvita karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA hai / jaise- kaidI kA nyAyAdhIza kI hatyA karane kA vicAra ( jaina paramparA meM isa sambandha meM taMdulamaccha evaM kAlasaukarika kasAI ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye jAte hai ) / vaicArika evaM zArIrika hiMsA, jisameM hiMsA kA vicAra aura hiMsA kI kriyA, donoM hI upasthita ho / jaise- saMkalpapUrvaka kI gaI hatyA / zAbdika hiMsA, jisameM na to hiMsA kA vicAra ho na hiMsA kI kriyA, mAtra hiMsaka zabdoM kA uccAraNa ho / jaise- sudhAra kI bhAvanA se mAtA-pitA kA bAlakoM para yA gurU kA ziSya para kRtrima rUpa se kupita honA / naitikatA kI yA bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se hiMsA ke ina cAra rUpoM meM kramazaH zAbdika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpa rahita zArIrika hiMsA, saMkalpa rahita zArIrika hiMsA kI apekSA vaicArika hiMsA aura mAtra vaicArika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpayukta zArIrika hiMsA adhika nikRSTa mAnI gayI hai 1 hiMsA kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ 40 vastutaH hiMsaka karma kI tIna avasthAe~ ho sakatI haiM- 1. hiMsA kI gayI ho, 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho aura 3. hiMsA ho gayI ho| pahalI sthiti meM yadi hiMsA cetana rUpa se kI gaI hai, to vaha saMkalpayukta hai; yadi acetana rUpa se kI gaI hai, to vaha pramAdayukta hai / hiMsaka kriyA, cAhe saMkalpa se utpanna huI ho yA pramAda ke kAraNa huI ho, kartA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| dUsarI sthiti meM hiMsA cetana rUpa se kintu vivazatAvaza karanI par3atI hai, yaha bAdhyatA zArIrika ho sakatI hai 40. purUSArthasuddhayupAya, 44 22

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athavA bAhya paristhitigata, yahA~ bhI kartA doSI hai| vaha karma kA bandhana bhI karatA haiM, lekina pazcAttApa yA glAni ke dvArA vaha usase zuddha ho jAtA hai| bAdhyatA kI avasthA meM kI gaI hiMsA ke lie kartA ko doSI mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki samagra bAdhyatAe~ svayaM ke dvArA Aropita hai| bAdhyatA yA bandhana ke lie kartA svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bAdhyatAoM kI svIkRti kAyaratA kA pratIka hai| bandhana meM honA aura bandhana ko mAnanA, donoM hI kartA kI vikRtiyA~ haiM -kartA svayaM doSI hai hii| naitika jIvana kA sAdhya to inase Upara uThane meM hI hai| tIsarI sthiti meM hiMsA na to pramAda ke kAraNa hotI hai aura na vivazatAvaza hI, varan sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI ho jAtI hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra hiMsA kI yaha tIsarI sthiti kartA kI dRSTi se nirdoSa mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai; mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai| hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi hiMsA ho jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI anya saMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke daurAna yadi sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, jaise -gRhastha upAsaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa-prANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA athavA kisI muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue trasaprANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA, to kartA ko usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai| ataH aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| hiMsA kI una sthitiyoM meM, jinameM hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhigata dabAva ke svataMtrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate hai aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai, phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai, kyoMki AkramaNAtmaka hai| hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa hiMsaka karma kI uparyukta tIna avasthAoM meM yadi hiMsA ho jAne kI tIsarI avasthA ko chor3a diyA jAye to hamAre samakSa hiMsA ke do rUpa bacate haiM1. hiMsA kI gayI ho aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho| ve dazAe~ jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, do prakAra kI haiM -1. rakSaNAtmaka aura 2. aajiivikaaraatmk| isameM do bAteM sammilita haiM- jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM kA arjana aura unakA upbhog| jaina darzana meM isI AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne gaye haiM 23

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1. saMkalpajA (saMkalpI hiMsA) - saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| yaha AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| 2. virodhajA - svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM (adhikAroM) ke rakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA krnaa| yaha surakSAtmaka hiMsA hai| 3. udyogajA - AjIvikA upArjana arthAt udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta hone vAlI hiNsaa| yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai| 4. ArambhajA - jIvana-nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA, jaise- bhojana kA pkaanaa| yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke cAra kAraNa mAne haiN| 1. rAga, 2. dveSa, 3. kaSAya arthAt krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa evaM lobhavRtti aura 4. prmaad| hiMsA ke sAdhana jahA~ taka hiMsA ke mUla sAdhanoM kA prazna haiM, ve tIna haiM - mana, vacana aura shriir| sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA inhIM tIna sAdhanoM dvArA hotI yA kI jAtI hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA manodazA para nirbhara jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra na kevala pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu, agni evaM vanaspati jagata hI jIvanayUkta hai, varana samagra loka sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta hai| ataH prazna hotA hai ki kyA aisI sthiti meM koI pUrNa ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai? mahAbhArata meM bhI jagat ko sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta mAnakara yahI prazna uThAyA hai| jala meM bahatere jIva haiM, pRthvI para tathA vRkSoM ke phaloM meM bhI aneka jIva (prANa) hote haiN| aisA koI bhI manuSya nahIM hai, jo inameM se kisI ko kabhI nahIM mAratA ho| phira kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM mAtra anumAna se hI mAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke girane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, arthAt mara jAte haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIvoM kI hiMsA se nahIM bacA jA sakatA hai|" prAcIna yuga se hI jaina-vicArakoM kI dRSTi bhI isa prazna kI ora hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu isa sandarbha meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiMtrikAladarzI jinezvara bhagavAn kA kathana hai ki anekAneka jIva-samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM adhyAtma vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai. bAhya hiMsA yA ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nahIM hai| jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra bhI bAhya hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca pAnA sambhava nhiiN| 41. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva 1525-26 42. oghaniyukti, 747 24

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hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA pratyaya bAhya ghaTanAoM para utanA nirbhara nahIM hai, jitanA vaha sAdhaka kI manodazA para AdhArita hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra pramukha rUpa se Antarika hai| hiMsA meM saMkalpa kI pramukhatA hai| bhagavatI satra meM eka saMvAda ke dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| gaNadhara gautama mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM - he bhagavan! kisI zramaNopAsaka ne kisI trasa prANI kA vadha na karane kI pratijJA lI ho, lekina pRthvIkAya kI hiMsA kI pratijJA nahIM grahaNa kI ho; / yadi bhUmi khodate hue usase kisI prANI kA vadha ho jAya to kyA usakI pratijJA bhaMga huI? mahAvIra kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM-usakI pratijJA bhaMga huii|3 isa prakAra saMkalpa kI upasthiti athavA sAdhaka kI mAnasika sthiti hI hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pramukha tattva hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM yahI dhAraNA puSTa hotI rahI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calane vAle sAdhu ke paira ke nIce kabhI-kabhI kITa-pataMga Adi kSadra prANI A jAte haiM aura daba kara mara bhI jAte haiM, lekina ukta hiMsA ke nimitta se use sUkSma karma baMdha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA haiM, kyoMki yaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena usa hiMsA vyApAra se nirlipta hone ke kAraNa niSpApa hai| jo viveka sampanna apramatta sAdhaka Antarika vizaddhi se yukta hai aura Agamavidhi ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, usake dvArA ho jAne vAlI hiMsA bhI karma-nirjarA kA kAraNa hai| lekina jo vyakti pramatta hai, usakI kisI bhI ceSTA se jo bhI prANI mara jAte haiM, vaha nizcita rUpa se una sabakA hiMsaka hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, varan jo prANI nahIM mAre gaye haiM, pramatta manuSya unakA bhI hiMsaka hai, kyoMki vaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena pApAtmA hai| isa prakAra AcArya kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki kevala dRzyamAna pAparUpa hiMsA se hI koI hiMsaka nahIM ho jaataa| AcArya kundakunda pravacanasAra meM kahate hai ki bAhara meM prANI mare yA jie, asaMyatAcArI pramatta ko hiMsA kA doSa nizcita rUpa se lagatA hai; parantu jo ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai, samitivAna yA saMyatAcArI hai, usako bAhara se hone vAlI hiMsA ke kAraNa karma-bandhana nahIM hotaa| AcArya amRtacandrasUri likhate haiM ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara niyamapUrvaka AcaraNa karate hue bhI yadi prANaghAta ho jAye to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai| nizIthacUrNi meM bhI 43. bhagavatIsUtra, 7 / 16-7 44. oghaniyukti, 748-46 45. oghaniyukti, 756 46. opaniyukti, 752-53 47. opaniyukti, 758 48. pravacanasAra, 317 46. puruSArthasiddhiyukti, 45 25

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kahA gayA hai ki prANAtipAta (hiMsA) hone para bhI apramatta sAdhaka ahiMsaka hai aura prANAtipAta na hone para bhI pramatta vyakti hiMsaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hiMsA ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se Antarika rahA hai| isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche pramukha vicAra yaha hai ki eka aura vyavahArika rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana aura dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke lie jIvana ko banAye rakhane kA prayAsa, yaha do aisI sthitiyA~ hai jinakA sAtha-sAtha calAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH jaina-vicArakoM ko anta meM yahI svIkAra karanA par3A ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA sambandha bAharI ghaTanAoM kI apekSA Antarika vRttiyoM se hai|" isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM gItA aura dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai| gItA kahatI hai- jo ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se mukta hai, jisakI buddhi malina nahIM hai, vaha ina saba manuSyoM ko mAratA huA bhI nahIM mAratA hai aura vaha (apane isa karma ke kAraNa) bandhana meM nahIM pdd'taa| - dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki (naiSkarmya-sthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA-sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai (kyoMki vaha pApa-puNya se Upara uTha jAtA hai)| yahA~ gItA aura dhammapada meM prayukta 'mArakara' zabda para Apatti ho sakatI hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA isa prakAra kA prayoga nahIM hai, phira bhI jainAgamoM meM aise apavAda sthAnoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai, jaba ki hiMsA anivArya ho jAtI hai| aise avasaroM para agara kI jAne vAlI hiMsA se Dara kara koI usakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA (vaha hiMsA nahIM karatA), to ulaTe doSa kA bhAgI banatA hai| yadi gItA meM varNita yuddha ke avasara ko eka apavAdAtmaka sthiti ke rUpa meM dekheM, to sambhavataH jaina-vicAraNA gItA se adhika dUra nahIM raha jAtI hai| donoM hI aisI sthiti meM vyakti ke citta-sAmya (kRtayogitva) aura paripakva zAstrajJAna (gItArtha) para bala detI hai| 50. nizIthacUrNi, 62 51. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 414 52. gItA, 17-18 53. dhammapada, 264 54. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 416 26

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adhyAya - 5. ahiMsA ke Adarza kI upalabdhi kI sambhAvanAe~. yadyapi Antarika aura bAhya rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI upalabdhi jaina darzana kA sAdhya hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM isa Adarza kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hai| ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai aura AdhyAtmika stara para hI isakI pUrNa upalabdhi sambhava hai, lekina vyakti kA vartamAna jIvana adhyAtma aura bhautikatA kA eka sammizraNa hai| jIvana ke AdhyAtmika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava hai, lekina bhautika stara para pUrNa hiMsA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM hai / ahiMsaka jIvana kI sambhAvanAe~ bhautika stara se Upara uThane para vikasita hotI haiM / vyakti jaise-jaise bhautikatA ke stara se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise ahiMsaka jIvana kI pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hatA jAtA hai / isI AdhAra para jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie kucha stara nirdhArita haiM / I hiMsA kA vaha rUpa, jise saMkalpajA hiMsA kahA jAtA hai, sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai / saMkalpajA hiMsA hamAre vaicArika yA mAnasika jagat para nirbhara hai| mAnasika saMkalpa ke kartA ke rUpa meM vyakti meM svataMtratA kI sambhAvanAe~ sarvAdhika vikasita haiN| apane manojagat meM vyakti apekSAkRta adhika svataMtra hai / isa stara para pUrI taraha se ahiMsA kA pAlana adhika sahaja evaM sambhava hai / bAhya sthitiyA~ isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, lekina zAsita nahIM kara sakatIM / vyakti svayaM apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, ataH isa stara para ahiMsaka honA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai / vyavahArika dRSTi se saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNakArI hiMsA hai / yaha na to jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie hai aura na jIvana nirvAha ke lie hai, ataH yaha sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai / hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa virodhajA hai| yaha pratyAkramaNa yA surakSAtmaka hai / sva evaM para ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie yaha hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| isameM bAhya paristhitigata tattvoM kA prabhAva pramukha hotA hai / bAhya sthitiyA~ vyakti ko bAdhya karatI haiM ki vaha apane evaM apane sAthiyoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie pratyAkramaNa ke rUpa meM hiMsA kre| jo bhI manuSya zarIra evaM anya bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM athavA jo apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke adhikAroM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ve isa virodhajA hiMsA ko chor3a nahIM sakate / gRhastha yA zrAvaka hiMsA ke isa rUpa ko pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha hote haiM, kyoMki ve zarIra evaM anya bhautika vastuoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM / 27

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isI prakAra zAsaka varga evaM rAjanaitika netA, jo mAnavIya adhikAroM meM evaM rASTrIya hitoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ise pUrI taraha chor3ane meM asamartha haiN|| yadyapi Adhunika yuga meM gAMdhI eka aise vicAraka avazya hue haiM, jinhoMne virodha kA ahiMsaka tarIkA prastuta kiyA aura usameM saphalatA bhI prApta kI, tathApi ahiMsaka rUpa se virodha karanA aura usameM saphalatA prApta karanA hara kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ahiMsaka prakriyA se adhikAroM kA saMrakSaNa karane meM vahI saphala ho sakatA hai, jise zarIra kA moha na ho, padArthoM meM Asakti na ho aura vidveSa bhAva na ho| itanA hI nahIM, ahiMsaka tarIke se adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa kI kalpanA eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava samAja meM hI sambhava ho sakatI hai| yadi virodhI pakSa mAnavIya stara para ho, taba to ahiMsaka virodha saphala ho jAtA hai; lekina yadi virodhI pakSa pAzavika stara para ho, to ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA sandehAspada bana jAtI hai| mAnava meM mAnavIya guNoM kI sambhAvanA kI AsthA hI ahiMsaka virodha kA kendrIya tattva hai| mAnavIya guNoM meM hamArI AsthA jitanI balazAlI hogI aura virodhI meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA adhika prakaTana hogA, ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| jahA~ taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA kI bAta hai, eka gRhastha usase nahIM baca sakatA; kyoMki jaba taka zarIra kA moha hai, taba taka AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI pUrti- donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| yadyapi isa stara para manuSya apane ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacA sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM udyoga-vyavasAya evaM bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie bhI trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kA niSedha hai, lekina jaba vyakti zarIra aura sampatti ke moha se Upara uTha jAtA hai to vaha pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM aura Age bar3ha jAtA hai| jahA~ taka zramaNa sAdhaka yA saMnyAsI kI bAta hai, vaha aparigrahI hotA hai| use apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM hotA, ataH yaha sarvatobhAvena hiMsA se virata hone kA vrata letA hai| zarIra dhAraNa mAtra ke lie kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara vaha saMkalpapUrvaka aura vivazatAvaza, donoM hI paristhitiyoM meM trasa aura sthAvara hiMsA se virata ho jAtA hai| muni nathamalajI ke zabdoM meM- koI bhI vyakti eka hI Daga meM coTI taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| vaha dhIme-dhIme Age bar3hatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kI pahu~ca ke kucha stara nirdhArita kiye the, jo vastusthiti para AdhArita haiN| unhoMne hiMsA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA - (1) saMkalpajA (2) virodhajA aura (3) aarmbhjaa| saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| vaha sabake lie sarvadhA parihArya hai| virodhajA hiMsA pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| use chor3ane meM vaha asamartha hotA hai, jo bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA astittva rakhanA cAhatA hai| ArambhajA hiMsA AjIvikAtmaka 28

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'hiMsA hai| use chor3ane meM ve saba asamartha hote haiM, jo bhautika sAdhanoM ke arjana saMrakSaNa dvArA apanA jIvana calAnA cAhate haiN| prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara kI jAne vAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se baceM, phira dUsare stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvikopArjana ke nimitta honevAlI trasa hiMsA se virata hoN| tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka tarIke ko apanAkara pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se virata hoN| isa prakAra jIvana ke lie Avazyaka jaisI "hiMsA se bhI kramazaH Upara uThate hue cauthe stara para zarIra aura parigraha kI 'Asakti kA parityAga kara sarvatobhAvena pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'eN| isa prakAra pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza pUrNatayA avyavahArika bhI nahIM rahatA hai| manuSya jaise-jaise sampatti aura zarIra ke moha se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, ahiMsA kA Adarza usake lie vyavahArya banatA jAtA hai| pUrNa anAsakta jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA vyavahArya bana jAtI hai| hai yadyapi zarIradhArI rahate hue pUrNa ahiMsA eka Adarza hI rahegI, vaha yathArtha nahIM bana paayegii| jaba zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA moha samApta hogA, tabhI vaha Adarza yathArtha kI bhUmi para avatarita hogaa| phira bhI eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI hogI, vaha yaha ki jaba taka zarIra hai aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti hai, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke lie hI kyoM na ho, yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai ki vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko pUrNarUpeNa sAkAra kara ske| zarIra ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai| koI bhI AhAra binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hogaa| cAhe hamArA munivarga yaha kahatA bhI ho ki hama auddezika AhAra nahIM lete haiM, kintu kyA unakI vihAra-yAtrA meM sAtha calanevAlA pUrA lavAjimA, sevA meM rahane ke nAma para laganevAle cauke auddezika nahIM haiM? jaba samAja meM rAtribhojana sAmAnya ho gayA ho, kyA sandhyAkAlIna gocarI meM anauddezika AhAra mila pAnA sambhava hai? kyA , kazmIra se kanyAkumArI taka aura bambaI se kalakattA taka kI sArI yAtrAe~ auddezika AhAra ke abhAva meM nirvighna sambhava ho sakatI haiM? kyA Aheta-pravacana kI prabhAvanA ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa, pUjA aura pratiSThA ke samAroha, saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana, munijanoM kA svAgata aura vidAI samAroha tathA saMsthAoM ke adhivezana SaTakAya kI navakoTiyukta ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sAtha koI saMgati rakha sakate haiM? hameM apanI antarAtmA se yaha saba pUchanA hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha virala santa aura sAdhaka hoM, jo ina kasauTiyoM para khare utarate hoM, maiM unakI bAta nahIM khtaa| ve zatazaH vandanIya haiM, kintu sAmAnya sthiti kyA hai? phira bhikSAcaryA, pAda-vihAra, zarIra saMcAlana, zvAsocchvAsa- kisameM hiMsA nahIM hai? 5. taTa do pravAha eka, pR. 40 26

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pRthvI, agni, vAyu vanaspati Adi sabhI meM jIva haiN| aisA koI manuSya nahIM jo inheM nahIM mAratA ho / punaH kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke jhapakane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, ataH jIva - hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| eka ora SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dUsarI ora navakoTiyukta pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza, jIvita rahakara ina donoM meM saMgati biThA pAnA azakya hai| ataH jaina AcAryoM ko bhI yaha kahanA par3A ki anekAneka jIva-samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai ( oghaniryukti, 747), lekina isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki hama ahiMsA ko avyavahArya mAnakara tilAMjali de deMveM / yadyapi eka zarIradhArI ke nAte yaha hamArI vivazatA hai ki hama dravya aura bhAva donoM kI apekSA se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha nahIM kara sakate haiM, kintu usa dizA meM kramazaH Age bar3ha sakate haiM aura jIvana kI pUrNatA ke sAtha hI pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko bhI upalabdha kara sakate haiN| kama se kama hiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate hue sAdhaka ke lie jIvana kA antima kSaNa avazya hI aisA hai, jaba vaha pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to pAdopagamana saMthArA evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna kI avasthAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra ho jAtA hai / pUrNa ahiMsA sAmAjika sandarbha meM punaH ahiMsA kI sambhAvanA para hameM na kevala vaiyaktika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hai, apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA hai / cAhe yaha sambhava bhI ho ki vyakti zarIra, sampatti, saMgha aura samAja se nirapekSa hokara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakatA hai; phira bhI aisI nirapekSatA kinhIM virala sAdhakoM ke lie hI sambhava hogI, sarva sAmAnya ke lie to sambhava nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai / ataH mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA sAmAjika jIvana pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza para khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA sambhava hai? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva maiM Apase samAjaracanA ke svarUpa para kucha bAteM kahanA cAhU~gA / eka to yaha ki ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM samAja kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai- AtmIyatA, prema aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, arthAt ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai- ghRNA, vidveSa, AkrAmakatA aura jahA~ bhI ye vRttiyA~ balavatI hoMgI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAyegI, samAja Dhaha jAyegA, ataH samAja aura ahiMsA sahagAmI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, yadi hama 30

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manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ahiMsA usake lie svAbhAvika hI hai / jaba bhI koI samAja khar3A hogA aura TikegA to vaha ahiMsA kI bhitti para hI khar3A hogA aura TikegA / kintu eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai, vaha yaha ki jahA~ astittva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hai, vahA~ hiMsA aparihArya hai 1 hitoM meM TakarAva svAbhAvika hai / aneka bAra to eka kA hita dUsare ke mahita para, eka kA astittva dUsare ke vinAza para khar3A hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM samAja - jIvana meM bhI hiMsA aparihArya hogI / punaH samAja kA hita aura sadasya - vyakti kA hita bhI paraspara virodha meM ho sakatA hai| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM ke saMgharSa kI sthiti ho, to bahujana hitArtha hiMsA aparihArya bhI ho sakatI hai| jaba samAja yA rASTra kA koI sadasya yA varga athavA dUsarA rASTra apane hitoM ke liye hiMsA para athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAye, to nizcaya hI ahiMsA kI duhAI dene se kAma na clegaa| jaba taka jaina AcAryoM dvArA udghoSita 'mAnava jAti eka hai' kI kalpanA sAkAra nahIM ho pAtI, jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja ImAnadArI ke sAtha ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA; taba taka ahiMsaka samAja kI bAta karanA kapolakalpanA hI kahA jaayegaa| jainAgama jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karate haiM, usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI yA saMgha ke kisI sadasya kI surakSA yA nyAya kA prazna AyA to hiMsA ko svIkAra karanA par3A / gaNAdhipati ceTaka aura AcArya kAlaka ke udAharaNa isake pramANa haiN| yahI nahIM, nizIthacUrNi meM to yahA~ taka svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki saMgha kI surakSA ke lie muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM pazu-hiMsA to kyA manuSya kI hiMsA bhI ucita mAna lI gayI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika pravRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai, yaha socanA vyartha hI hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana sakegA / nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke apavAdoM ko lekara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, use cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya karanA na cAhate hoM; kintu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI jaba kisI muni saMgha ke sAmane kisI tarUNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve ahiMsA kI duhAI dete hue mauna darzaka bane raheM? kyA unakA koI dAyitva nahIM hai? yaha bAta cAhe hAsyAspada lagatI ho ki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka hai, kintu vyavahArika jIvana meM aneka bAra aisI paristhitiyA~ A sakatI haiM, jinameM ahiMsaka saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie hiMsaka vRtti apanAnI pdd'e| yadi hiMsA meM AsthA rakhanevAlA koI samAja kisI ahiMsaka samAja ko pUrI taraha miTA dene ko tatpara ho jAve, to kyA usa ahiMsaka samAja ko 31

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apane astittva ke lie koI saMgharSa nahIM karanA cAhae? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika prazna nahIM hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava-samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA apane hitoM ke lie kI jAnevAlI hiMsA samAja jIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| samAja-jIvana meM ise mAnya bhI karanA hogaa| isI prakAra udyoga-vyavasAya aura kRSi kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA bhI samAja-jIvana meM banI hI rhegii| mAnava-samAja meM mAMsAhAra evaM tadjanya hiMsA ko samApta karane kI dizA meM socA to jA sakatA hai, kintu usake lie kRSi ke kSetra meM evaM ahiMsaka AhAra kI pracura upalabdhi ke sambandha meM vyApaka anusaMdhAna evaM takanIkI vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hogii| yadyapi hameM yaha samajha bhI lenA hogA ki jaba taka manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA ko pazujagat taka vikasita nahIM kiyA jAyegA aura mAnavIya AhAra ko sAtvika nahIM banAyA jAvegA, manuSya kI AparAdhika pravRttiyoM para pUrA niyantraNa nahIM hogaa| Adarza ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA hetu hameM samAja se AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko samApta karanA hogA aura AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke niyamana ke lie hameM mAnava jAti meM saMvedanazIlatA, saMyama evaM viveka ke tattvoM ko vikasita karanA hogaa| 32

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adhyAya-6. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA prastuta carcA meM hamArA mukhya pratipAdya dayA, karUNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kA vaha sakArAtmaka pakSa hai, jo dUsaroM ke jIvana-rakSaNa ke evaM unake jIvana ko kaSTa aura pIr3AoM se bacAne ke prayatnoM ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yaha satya hai ki ahiMsA zabda apane Apa meM niSedhAtmaka hai| yutpatti kI dRSTi se usakA artha hiMsA mata karo taka hI sImita hotA pratIta hotA hai, kintu praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo sATha paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiM, una sATha nAmoM meM sambhavataH do-tIna ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI usake sakArAtmaka yA vidhAyaka pakSa ko prastuta karate haiN| . hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai, lekina hiMsA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sktii| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya hiMsA nahIM karanA hai| yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai, lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jainadharma ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taka sImita rahA hai| jaina-darzana kA yaha kendrIya siddhAnta zAbdika dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| ahiMsA sakArAtmaka hai, isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM 'anukampA' kA prayoga huA hai| 'anukampA' zabda jaina darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa abda hai| usameM samyaktva ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM bhI anukampA kA ullekha huA hai| anukampA zabda mUlataH do zabdoM se milakara banA hai -anu+kampA (kmpn)| abhidhAnarAjendrakoza meM anukampA zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai - 'anurUpaM kampate ceSTate iti anukmpaa'| vastutaH anukampA para-pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hai, dUsaroM kI pIr3A yA duHkha kI samAnAbhUti hai| usI meM anukampA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki pakSapAta arthAt rAgabhAva se rahita hokara duHkhI-prANiyoM kI pIr3A ko, unake duHkha ko samApta karane kI icchA hI anukampA hai| yadi ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha anukampA jur3I huI hai, to phira use mAtra niSedhaparaka mAnanA eka prAnti hai| anukampA meM na kevala dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai, apitu usake nirAkaraNa ke sahaja niHsvArtha prayatna bhI hote haiN| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAya to yaha asambhava hai ki usake nirAkaraNa kA koI prayatna na ho| vastutaH jIvana meM jaba taka anukampA kA udaya 33

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nahIM hotA, taba taka samyak-darzana bhI sambhava nahIM hai| dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A ke samatulya tabhI ho sakatI hai, jaba hama usakA sva-saMvedana kreN| vastutaH dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hI vaha srota hai, jahA~ samyak-darzana kA prakaTana hotA hai aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt para-pIr3A ke nirAkaraNArtha sevA kI pAvana gaMgA pravAhita hotI hai| sarvatra AtmabhAvamUlaka karUNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| vastutaH "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka-dRSTi evaM jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kI bhAvanA ko jaba hama ahiMsA kA tArkika AdhAra mAnate haiM, to usakA artha eka dUsarA rUpa le letA hai| 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI viveka-dRSTi evaM sahAnubhUti ke saMyoga meM ahiMsA kA eka sakArAtmaka pakSa sAmane AtA hai| ahiMsA kA artha mAtra kisI ko pIr3A yA duHkha na denA hI nahIM hai, apitu usakA artha 'dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna' bhI hai| yadi maiM apanI karUNA ko itanA sImita banA lU~ ki maiM kisI ko pIr3A nahIM pahu~cAU~gA, to vaha sahI artha meM karUNA nahIM hogii| karUNA kA artha hai- dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A ke rUpa meM dekhnaa| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A merI apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai, to phira usa pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI prasphuTita hote haiN| yadi koI vyakti yaha pratijJA kara le ki maiM kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karU~gA, kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dUMgA aura cAhe vaha yathArtha meM isakA pAlana bhI karatA ho, lekina yadi vaha dUsaroM kI pIr3A se dravIbhUta hokara unakI pIr3A ko dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karatA hai, to vaha niSThura hI khlaayegaa| vastutaH jaba 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI viveka-dRSTi saMvedanazIlatA kI manobhUmikA para sthita hotI hai, to dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAtI hai| vastutaH ahiMsA kA AdhAra mAtra tArkika-viveka nahIM hai, apitu bhAvanAtmaka viveka hai| bhAvanAtmaka viveka meM dUsaroM kI pIr3A apanI pIr3A hotI hai aura jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna sahaja rUpa se hote haiM, usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI sahaja rUpa meM abhivyakta hote haiN| dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko dUra karane ke isI sahaja prayatna meM ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka pakSa sannihita hai| yadi ahiMsA meM se usakA yaha sakArAtmaka pakSa alaga kara diyA jAtA hai, to ahiMsA kA hRdaya hI zUnya ho jAtA hai| misesa sTIvenzana ne jaina ahiMsA ko jo hRdaya zUnya batAyA hai, usake pIche unakI yahI dRSTi rahI hai (The Heart of Jainism, P. 296) / yadyapi yaha unakI bhrAnti hI thI, kyoMki unhoMne jainadharma meM nihita ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko, jo na kevala siddhAnta meM apitu vyavahAra meM bhI Aja taka jIvita hai, dekhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne mAtra 34

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apane kAla ke sampradAya - vizeSa ke kucha jaina muniyoM ke AcAra, vyavahAra aura upadeza ke AdhAra para aisA niSkarSa nikAla liyA thA / ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa kI pramukhatA ke tAttvika AdhAra yaha satya hai ki zramaNa paramparA ne aura vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma ne ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ko eka vyApakatA pradAna kI hai, kintu isake sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki isa ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ke sAtha aneka dArzanika samasyAyeM bhI utpanna huI / ahiMsA ke kSetra kA vistAra karate hue jaba eka ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki jIvana ke kisI bhI rUpa ko duHkha yA pIr3A denA athavA usake ahita aura akalyANa kA cintana karanA hiMsA hai, sAtha hI dUsarI ora yaha bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki na kevala manuSya - jagat varan pazu-jagat aura vanaspati-jagat meM bhI jIvana hai, to yaha samasyA utpanna huI ki jaba jIvana ke eka rUpa ke astittva ke lie usake dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza yA hiMsA aparihArya ho, to aisI sthiti meM cunAva hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca na karake do hiMsAoM ke bIca hI karanA pdd'egaa| jina cintakoM ne jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko samAna mUlya aura mahattva kA samajhA, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA karanI par3I, kyoMki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi kI sabhI kriyAe~ pravRtyAtmaka haiM aura pravRtti, jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM yoga, cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM kyoM na ho, usameM kahIM-na-kahIM hiMsA / Asrava kA tattva to hotA hI hai / yadi hama pravRtti ke pUrNa niSedha ko hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAneM, to aisI sthiti meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA niSedhamUlaka hogii| jJAtavya hai ki una sabhI dharmoM ke lie jinhoMne pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana hI nahIM mAnA athavA yaha mAna liyA ki jIvana ke ye vividha rUpa samAna mUlya yA mahattva ke nahIM haiM athavA yaha ki paramAtmA ne jIvana ke ina dUsare rUpoM ko manuSya ke upayoga ke lie hI banAyA hai, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AI / samasyA kevala unake lie thI, jo jIvana ke ina vividha rUpoM ko samAna mUlya yA mahattva kA mAna rahe the 1 yaha satya hai ki jaina - paramparA meM nivRtti aura jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI samAnatA para adhika bala diyA gayA aura pariNAmasvarUpa jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa adhika pramukha banA / vizeSa rUpa se una jaina zramaNoM ke lie, jo nidRtyAtmaka sAdhanA ko hI jIvana kA eka mAtra uccAdarza mAna rahe the, unake jIvana-vyavahAra evaM AcAra - niyamoM ko isa rUpa meM DhAlA gayA ki ve mukhya rUpa se ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ke samarthaka banakara raha gye| jainadharma ke prAcInatama Agama granthoM meM aise kucha sandarbha avazya haiM, jo ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pahalU ko 35

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hI pramukhatA dete haiN| sUtrakRtAMga (1/11/18-16) meM eka ullekha hai ki jaba muni se koI gRhastha yaha pUche ki maiM dAnazAlA Adi banavAnA cAhatA hU~, isameM ApakI kyA sammati hai?, to muni usa samaya mauna rhe| sUtrakAra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA ki yadi muni usakI usa pravRtti kA niSedha karatA hai, to vaha usake dvArA jina prANiyoM kA kalyANa, hita evaM sukha hone vAlA hai, usameM bAdhaka banatA hai| yadi vaha isa pravRtti kA samarthana karatA hai, to anAja, pAnI, agni Adi kI hiMsA kI anumodanA karatA hai, ataH donoM hI sthitiyoM meM kahIM-na-kahIM hiMsA kA koI tattva avazya hI rahatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki aisI sthiti meM use mauna rahane kI sammati dI gyii| jainAgamoM kA yaha prasaMga eka aisA prasaMga hai, jise sAmAnya rUpa se ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi hetu prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ko svIkAra karanA bhI eka bhrAnti hI hogI, kyoMki hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha jaina AgamoM meM aise bhI ullekha haiM, jo anivArya hiMsA meM alpa hiMsA ko vareNya mAnate yaha satya hai ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa, sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ke prayatnoM meM kahIM-na-kahIM hiMsA kA tattva avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kyoMki ye saba pravRtyAtmaka haiN| jahA~ pravRtti hai, vahA~ kriyA (yoga) hogI; jahA~ kriyA hogI, vahA~ Asrava hogA aura jahA~ Asrava hogA, vahA~ bandha bhI hogaa| jahA~ bandha hogA, vahA~ hiMsA hogI; cAhe vaha sva-svarUpa kI hiMsA hI kyoM na ho| basa isa tarka zailI ne ahiMsA kI niSedhamUlaka vyAkhyA ko bala diyaa| prathama prazna to yaha hai ki kyA jainadharma ekAnta rUpa se nivRtyAtmaka hI hai? dUsare, kyA samAdhimaraNa ke antima kSaNoM ko chor3akara jIvana meM pravRtti kA pUrNa niSedha sambhava hai? kyA mahAvIra kA upadeza ekAnta rUpa se nivRtti yA zramaNa jIvana ke lie hI hai? kyA jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mUlya evaM mahattva ke haiM? jaina darzana kI anekAntika dRSTi / AyeM ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIratA se carcA kreN| jainadharma aura darzana mUlataH anekAnta dRSTi para adhiSThita hai aura anekAnta dRSTi kabhI bhI ekapakSIya nahIM hotii| dUsare, jaba taka jIvana hai, taba taka pUrNa rUpa se nivRtti sambhava nahIM . hai| pravRtti prANIya jIvana yA hamAre jAtIya astittva kA lakSaNa hai| gItA (3/5) meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jIvana meM koI bhI kSaNa aisA nahIM hotA, jisameM prANI karma yA kriyA se pUrNataH nivRtta hote haiN| pravRtti prANI-jIvana kI anivAryatA hai| jaba taka hamArA sAMsArika astittva rahatA hai, kahIM-na-kahIM pravRtti hotI hI rahatI hai| pUrNa nivRtti kA Adarza cAhe kitanA hI ucca kyoM na ho, vaha eka Adarza hI hai, 36

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yathArtha nhiiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra nirvANa prApti ke kucha kSaNa pUrva ke sAMsArika astittva ko chor3akara pUrva nivRtti kA Adarza kabhI bhI yathArtha nahIM banatA hai| cAhe hama muni jIvana hI kyoM nahIM jIyeM, pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana to vahA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hai| zArIrika gatividhiyoM, zvasana, AhAra-vihAra aura zArIrika maloM ke visarjana Adi sabhI meM kahIM-na-kahIM hiMsA hotI to avazya hai| yathArtha jIvana meM pravRtti se yA kriyA se pUrNa rUpa se nivRtta ho pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura yadi yaha sambhava nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM hameM pravRtti ke una rUpoM ko hI cunanA hogA, jinameM hiMsA alpatama ho| jaba pravRtti yA hiMsA jIvana kI eka aparihAryatA hai, to hameM yaha vicAranA hogA ki hamArI pravRtti kI dazA aisI ho, jisameM hiMsA kama-se-kama ho| vaha hiMsA karma-Asrava yA karmabandha kA hetu na bne| yahIM se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko eka AdhAra milatA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA : viSa mizrita dUdha nahIM sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM nizcita rUpa se aMzataH hiMsA kA koI-na-koI rUpa samAviSTa hotA hai, kintu use viSa-mizrita dUdha kahakara tyAjya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usameM cAhe hiMsA rUpI viSa ke kucha kaNa upasthita hoM, kintu ye viSa-kaNa viSauSadhI ke samAna mAraka nahIM, tAraka hote haiN| jisa prakAra viSa kI mAraka zakti ko samApta karake use auSadhI rUpI amRta meM badala diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM jo hiMsA yA rAgAtmakatA ke tattva parilakSita hote haiM, unheM vivekapUrNa karttavya bhAva ke dvArA bandhana ke sthAna para mukti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM badalA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra viSa se nirmita auSadhI asvAsthyakara na hokara Arogyaprada hI hotI hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA bhI sAmAjika svAsthya ke lie Arogyakara hI hotI hai| jaba hama apane astittva ke lie, apane jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie pravRttijanya AMzika hiMsA ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, to phira hamAre isa tarka kA koI AdhAra nahIM raha jAtA ki hama sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko isalie asvIkAra karate haiM ki usameM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai aura vaha viSa-mizrita dUdha hai| apane astittva ke lie kI gaI hiMsA kSamya hai, to dUsaroM ke astittva yA rakSaNa hetu kI gaI hiMsA kSamya kyoM nahIM hogI? punaH jaba dUsaroM ke astittva ke rakSaNa ke lie kI jAne vAlI pravRttiyoM meM rAgAtmakatA mAneM, to kyA apane hetu kI gayI pravRtti meM rAgAtmakatA nahIM hogI? hameM pravRtti yA kriyA ko vaha rUpa denA hogA, jo bandhana aura hiMsA ke sthAna para vimukti aura ahiMsA se judd'e| mAtra kartavya buddhi se kI gaI paropakAra kI pravRtti hI aisI hai, jo hamArI pravRtti ko bandhaka se abandhaka banA sakatI hai| 37

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yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-paramparA meM IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha kI avadhAraNA astittva meM aayii| ye bAhya rUpa se cAhe kriyA aura bandha kahe jAte hoM, kintu ye vastutaH bandhana ke nahIM, vimukti ke hI sUcaka haiN| tIrthaMkara kI lokakalyANa kI samasta pravRttiyA~ bhI IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha mAnI gayI haiN| unakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dvitIya samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI haiN| isa prakAra vItarAga purUSa kI pravRtti rUpa kriyA ke dvArA jo Asava aura bandha hotA hai, usakA sthAyitva eka kSaNa bhI nahIM hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (25/42) meM kahA hai ki jaise gIlI miTTI kA golA dIvAla para pheMkane se cipaka jAtA hai, kintu sUkhI miTTI kA golA nahIM cipakatA apitu tatkSaNa gira jAtA hai, usI prakAra kI sthiti vItarAgabhAva yA niSkAma bhAva se kI gayI kriyAoM kI hotI hai| unase jo Asava hotA hai, vaha AtmapradezoM se mAtra sparzita hotA hai, vastutaH bandhaka nahIM hotaa| bandhana kA mUla kAraNa to rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyajanya pravRtti hai| ataH niSkAma bhAva se loka-maMgala ke lie dUsaroM ke duHkhaharaNa ke hetu sevA, paropakAra Adi jo pravRtti kI jAtI hai, vaha kriyA rUpa hokara ke bhI bandhaka nahIM hai aura isa prakAra jo loga 'sakArAtmaka ahiMsA' meM bandhana kI sambhAvanAoM ko dekhate haiM, unakA cintana samyak nahIM haiN| tIrthakaroM kI jIvana zailI aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA jaina-paramparA meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA hai| usakI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM tIrthakara nAmakarma upArjana ke jina kAraNoM kI carcA huI, unameM hama dekhate haiM ki sevA aura vAtsalyamUlaka pravRttiyoM ko sabase pramukha sthAna milA hai| usameM vRddha, glAna-rUgNa, bAlaka Adi kI sevA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| yahI nahIM paramparAgata rUpa meM tIrthakara jIvana kI jina vizeSatAoM kI carcA kI jAtI hai, unameM hama pAte haiM ki pratyeka tIrthakara dIkSita hone ke pUrva eka varSa taka pratidina karor3oM svarNa mudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| yaha avadhAraNA svataH hI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki dAna aura sevA kI pravRtti tIrthakaroM ke dvArA Acarita evaM anumodita hai| jaina kathA-sAhitya meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn zAntinAtha ne apane pUrvabhava meM eka kabUtara kI rakSA karate hue apane zarIra kA mAMsa taka de diyA thaa| isa prakAra anya tIrthakaroM ke jIvanavRttoM meM bhI prANiyoM ke jIvanarakSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI sevA, dAna Adi kI pravRtti ke udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ne dIkSita hone ke pazcAt na kevala nirdhana bAhmaNa ko apanA vastra dAna kara diyA, apitu zItalezyA pheMka kara mithyAdRSTi gozAlaka kI jIvana-rakSA bhI kii| 38

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mAtra yahI nahIM, kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI tIrthaMkara mukhyataH lokakalyANa hetu hI padayAtrA karate hue apanA pravacana dete haiN| kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAta tIrthakara ke jIvana meM aisA kucha zeSa nahIM rahatA, jo unake lie prAptavya ho| praznavyAkaraNa meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki - "savvajagajIvarakkhaNadayaTTayAe pAvayaNaM sukahipaM" (2/1) arthAt bhagavAna ne samasta jAgatika jIvoM ke rakSaNa aura dayA ke hetu hI apanA upadeza diyaa| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vItarAga paramAtmA meM bhI lokamaMgala va lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA upasthita rahatI hai| yadi yaha lokamaMgala kI vRtti rAgAtmaka hotI to phira vItarAga meM yaha kaise upasthita raha sakatI thii| isakA eka tAtparya yaha hai ki saMyamI jIvana meM bhI apanI maryAdAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vyakti lokamaMgala kI pravRttiyoM se jur3A raha sakatA hai| kyA puNyakarma bandhana ke hetu haiM? sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvoM kI rakSA aura sevA tathA usa hetu kI jAne vAlI dAna-paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyoM ke mahattva aura mUlya ko svIkArane meM sabase adhika bAdhaka avadhAraNA yaha hai ki paropakAra, sevA aura prANIkalyANa kI anya sabhI pravRttiyA~ puNya-bandha kI hetu haiM, nirjarA kI hetu nahIM aura bandhana cAhe puNya kA ho yA pApa kA, vaha bandhana hI hai aura isalie adhyAtma-sAdhanA kA virodhI hai| puNya ko bhI bandhana kA hetu mAnakara ina vicArakoM ne ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA kii| AcArya kundakunda ne puNya aura pApa kA antara spaSTa karate hue puNya ko sone kI aura pApa ko lohe kI beDI kahA aura anta meM puNya aura pApa donoM se Upara uThane kI bAta kahI hai (samayAsAra, 146) / yaha satya hai ki puNya aura pApa kI adhikAMza paribhASAe~ isa avadhAraNA para khar3I haiM ki dayA aura jIvana-rakSaNa ke jo kArya haiM, ve puNya haiM aura jo dUsaroM ke ahita aura duHkha ke kArya haiM, ve pApa haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki 'paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya prpiiddnm|' gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI kahA hai"parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhaaii| parapIr3A sama nahiM adhamAI / / " yaha satya hai ki paropakAra puNya hai aura tattvArthasUtra (6/2-4) meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa donoM ko Anava kA eka bheda bhI mAnA hai aura Asava ko bandha kA hetu mAnane ke kAraNa bAda meM yaha avadhAraNA dRr3hIbhUta ho gayI ki puNya bandhana kA hI hetu hai, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina siddhAnta kI dRSTi se bhI bhrAmaka hI hai| prathama to sabhI Anava vastutaH bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| dUsare, yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hai ki puNya mAtra Amrava hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM vaha svatantra tattva hai| vaha Asava aura bandha haiM, to sAtha hI saMvara aura nirjarA bhI hai aura nirjarA kA hetu bhI hai| puNya to usa sAbuna ke samAna hai, jo pApa rUpI mala ko nikAlane ke sAtha svataH binA

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prayAsa ke nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pApa ke bandha kI nirjarA karanA hotI hai| puNya to svataH nirjarita ho jAtA hai| - jaina dharma ke karma siddhAnta meM jitanI bhI puNya prakRtiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve sabhI aghAnI karmoM kI haiM, arthAt puNya kamoM se AtmA ke sva-svabhAva kA ghAta nahIM hotA hai, unake AdhAra para janma-maraNa kI paramparA Age nahIM bar3hatI hai| ve saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa nahIM hai| ___ yaha satya hai ki yadi sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke pIche rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hai, to ve bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, kintu sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa kI sabhI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA se prerita hokara nahIM hotI haiM, apitu ve parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana ke kAraNa bhI hotI haiN| jaba dUsaroM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, to unakI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAtI hai aura aisI sthiti meM jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna hote haiM, usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke bhI prayatna hote haiN| jJAnAtmaka dRSTi se AtmatulyatA kA vicAra aura bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana svAbhAvika rUpa se loka-kalyANa kI pravRttiyoM ko arthAt rakSaNa, sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ko janma dete haiN| ataH yaha mAnanA bhrAnta hai ki loka-kalyANa kI sabhI pravRttiyoM ke pIche rAga-bhAva hotA hai| vyavahArika jIvana meM bhI aise aneka avasara hote haiM, jaba dUsare prANI kI pIr3A se hamArI antarAtmA karUNAI ho jAtI hai aura hama usakI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna karate haiN| vahA~ rAgAtmakatA nahIM hotI hai| vahA~ kevala viveka-buddhi aura parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana se utpanna karttavyatA kA bhAva hI hotA hai, jo usa sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA preraka hotA hai| dUsaroM ke prati rAgAtmakatA meM aura karttavya-bodha meM bar3A antara hotA hai| rAga ke sAtha dveSa avazya rahatA hai, jabaki karttavya-bodha meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| kisI rAhagIra kI pIr3A se jo hRdaya dravita hotA hai, vaha rAga ke kAraNa nahIM, apitu parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana yA AtmatulyatA ke bhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| pAlatU kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM aura kisI sar3aka para par3e kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM antara haiN| pahale meM rAgabhAva hai, dUsare meM mAtra parapIr3A kA aatmsNvedn| jaba dUsaroM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA aura paropakAra ke kArya mAtra karttavya buddhi athavA parapIr3A ke AtmasaMvedana se hote haiM, to unameM rAgAtmakatA kA tattva nahIM hotA aura yaha suspaSTa hai ki rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM cAhe koI kriyA karmAnava kA kAraNa bhI baneM, to bhI vaha bandhana kAraka nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki uttarAdhyayana (32/7) Adi jaina granthoM meM bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI mAnI gayI haiN| dUsaroM ke rakSaNa aura sampoSaNa ke prayatnoM meM cAhe kisI sImA taka hiMsA 40

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kI bAhya pravRtti bhI ho sakatI hai, kintu vaha yathArtha rUpa meM bandhana kA hetu nahIM hai| yadi hama aisI pravRttiyoM ko bandhana rUpa mAneMge to phira tIrthakara kI loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM arthAt lokamaMgala ke lie vihAra aura upadeza ke kArya ko bhI bandhana kA hetu mAnanA hogA, kintu Agama ke anusAra upadeza saMsAra ke jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie hotA hai, vaha bandhana kA nimitta nahIM hotA hai| niSkAma karma hiMsaka nahIM / ___ isa samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki puNya karma yadi mAtra karttavya buddhi se athavA rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara kiye jAte haiM, to ve hiMsaka nahIM haiN| puNya bandha kA kAraNa kevala tabhI banatA hai, jaba vaha rAgabhAva se yukta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki apane kisI parijana ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI aura mArga meM calate hue pIr3A se tar3apate kisI prANI ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI manobhUmikA kabhI bhI eka hI stara kI nahIM hotI hai| prathama sthiti meM rakSaNa ke samasta prayatna rAgabhAva se yA mamatvabuddhi se pratiphalita hote haiM, jabaki dUsarI sthiti meM AtmatulyatA ke AdhAra para parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai aura yaha parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana athavA kartavya buddhi hI vyakti ko paropakAra yA puNya karma hetu prerita karatI hai| jaina paramparA meM samyakdRSTi jIva ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA samyak dRSTi jIvaDA kare kuTumba prtipaal| antara sU nyAro rahe jyUM dhAya khilAve baal|| yaha anAsakta dRSTi atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH aliptatA aura niSkAmatA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo kisI karma kI bandhaka zakti ko samApta kara detA hai| jahA~ aliptatA hai, niSkAmatA hai, vItarAgatA hai, vahA~ bandhana evaM hiMsA nhiiN| jisa puNya ko bandhana kahA jAtA hai, vaha puNya rAgAtmakatA meM saMpRkta puNya hai| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki vizva meM samasta pravRttiyA~ rAga se hI prerita hotI haiN| aneka pravRttiyA~ aisI haiM jo mAtra karttavya buddhi se phalita hotI haiN| dUsare kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A isalie nahIM banatI hai ki usake prati hamArA rAgabhAva hotA hai, apitu AtmatulyatA kA bodha hI hamAre dvArA usakI pIr3A ke sva-saMvedana kA kAraNa hotA hai| jaba kisI zahara meM pIr3A se tar3apate kisI mAnava ko sar3aka para par3A huA dekhate haiM, to hama karUNArdra ho uThate haiN| yahA~ kauna-sA rAgabhAva hotA hai? jo loga dUra-darAja ke gA~voM meM jAkara cikitsA zivira lagavAte haiM, unameM jo bhI Ate haiM, kyA unake prati zivira lagavAne vAle vyakti kA koI rAga-bhAva hotA hai? vaha to yaha bhI nahIM jAnatA hai ki usameM kauna loga AyeMge, phira una ajJAta logoM ke prati usameM rAga-bhAva kaise ho sakatA hai? ataH yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai 41

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ki rakSA, sevA, paropakAra Adi pravRttiyoM ke pIche sadaiva rAgabhAva hotA hai| jaba rAga nahIM hotA hai, to dveSa bhI nahIM hotA hai aura jahA~ rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai, vahA~ bandhana sambhava nahIM hai| isI kAraNa eka DaoNkTara jaba kisI rogI ke sar3e hue aMga kA oNparezana karake use nikAlatA hai, to usameM usa sar3e hue aMga meM nihita kITANuoM ke prati dveSa aura rogI ke prati rAga nahIM hotA, mAtra bacAne kA bhAva hotA hai| kisI pyAse ko pAnI pilAte samaya hameM na to jala ke jIvoM ke prati dveSa hotA hai aura na pyAse ke prati raag| ataH sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAga-dveSa se prerita nahIM hotI haiM, ataH ve bandhana bhI nahIM hotI haiN| vastutaH sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa, sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA para AdhArita na hokara 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA para AdhArita hotI haiN| 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI yaha anubhUti taba taka yathArtha nahIM banatI, jaba taka ki vyakti ke lie dUsaroM ke pIr3A aura duHkha apane nahIM bana jaate| yadyapi jainadarzana pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI mere hI samAna haiN| AcArAMgasUtra (1/5/5) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki, "jise tU duHkha denA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai|" yahA~ viveka aura saMvedanazIlatA ke AdhAra para hI 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| vaha mAtra tArkika nahIM hai| jaba taka saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat bhAva utpanna nahIM hotA hai, taba taka ahiMsA kA aMkura prakaTa nahIM ho sktaa| ahiMsA ke lie rAgAtmakatA nahIM Atmavat dRSTi Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yadi rAgAtmakatA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA AdhAra hogI to vyakti kevala apanoM kI sevA meM pravRtta hogA, dUsaroM kI sevA meM nhiiN| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt rakSA, sevA Adi kA AdhAra na to pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA yA svArtha hotA hai aura na raag| vaha khar3I hotI hai- vivekajanya kartavya bodha ke AdhAra pr| kyA jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mahattva ke haiM? ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ke lie sabase adhika jimmedAra yaha avadhAraNA rahI ki jIvana ke vividha rUpa samAna mUlya aura mahattva ke haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana ke eka rUpa ko bacAne meM dUsare rUpoM kI hiMsA aparihArya hone para jIvana-rakSaNa ke prayatna ko hI pApa yA hiMsA meM parigaNita kara liyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki eka ke jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke liye dUsare jIvana kI kurbAnI karanI hI par3atI hai| yadi hama eka vRkSa yA paudhe ko jIvita rakhanA cAhate haiM, to use pAnI to denA hI hogaa| vanaspatikAya ke saMrakSaNa aura vardhana ke lie pRthvIkAya, apkAya aura vAyukAya kI hiMsA aparihArya rUpa se hogii| yadi 42

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hama kisI trasa prANI ke jIvana-rakSaNa kA koI prayatna karate haiM, to hameM na kevala vanaspatikAya kI, apitu pRthvIkAya, apakAya Adi kI hiMsA se jur3anA hogaa| isa saMsAra meM jIvana jIne kI vyavasthA hI aisI hai ki jIvana kA eka rUpa dUsare rUpa ke Azrita hai aura usa dUsare rUpa kI hiMsA ke binA hama prathama rUpa ko jIvita nahIM rakha skte| yaha samasyA prAcIna jainAcAryoM ke samakSa bhI AyI thii| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna unhoMne apane hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyaa| hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kI yaha avadhAraNA mukhyataH do dRSTi se vicArita kI gayI hai- prathamataH usa hiMsA-ahiMsA ke pIche rahI huI manovRtti yA preraka tattva ke AdhAra para aura prANavadha ke bAhyasvarUpa ke AdhAra pr| punaH preraka tattva bhI do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai - 1. viveka para AdhArita aura 2. bhAvanA para aadhaarit| viveka para AdhArita karma ke preraka tattva yA manobhUmikA meM mUlataH yaha bAta dekhI jAtI hai ki vaha karma kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai? karttavya-buddhi se rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM jo karma kiye jAte haiM, ve IryApathika hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM unake dvArA hone vAlA bandhana, bandhana nahIM hotA hai| isake viparIta jo karma svArthapUrti ke lie hote haiM, ve karmabandhaka hote haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki vyakti dvArA apane karttavya kA pAlana karane samaya hiMsA ho yA use hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara mAtra karttavya ke paripAlana meM hone vAlI hiMsA baMdhaka yA anucita nahIM hogii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina muni Avazyaka kriyA karate samaya, pratilekhana karate samaya yA pada yAtrA karate samaya jo zArIrika kriyAyeM karate haiM, usameM hiMsA to hotI hI hai| cAhe kitanI hI sAvadhAnI kyoM na rakhI jAya, ye sabhI kriyAyeM hiMsA se rahita nahIM haiM, phira bhI inheM mukti kA hI sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa nhiiN| vyavahArika kSetra meM nyAyAdhIza samAja-vyavasthA aura apane deza ke kAnUna ke antargata karttavya buddhi se aparAdhI ko daNDa detA hai, yahA~ taka ki mRtyudaNDa bhI detA hai| kyA hama nyAyAdhIza ko manuSya kI hatyA kA doSI mAneMge? vaha to apane niyama aura kartavya se ba~dhA hone ke kAraNa hI aisA karatA hai, ataH usake Adeza meM hiMsA kI ghaTanA hone para bhI vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| ataH manobhUmikA kI dRSTi se jaba taka antara meM kaSAya bhAva yA dveSa-buddhi na ho taba taka bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita hiMsA kI kriyA na to bandhaka hotI hai aura na anucit| AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki, "bAhara meM hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho yA na ho, pramatta yA kaSAyayukta vyakti niyamataH hiMsaka hI hotA hai|" isake viparita bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAyarahita apramAdI muni niyamataH ahiMsaka hI hotA hai, 43

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isalie yaha mAnanA ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA hotI hai, ataH vaha anucita hai-eka bhrAnta dRSTikoNa hai| hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI yadi kartA ne vaha karma mAtra kartavya buddhi se kiyA hai, usake mana meM dUsare ko pIDA pahu~cAne kA bhAva nahIM hai, to vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jo karma vivekapUrvaka aura niSkAma bhAva se kiye jAte haiM, unameM hiMsA alpa yA atyalpa hotI hai| bhAvanA yA rAgAtmakatA kI sthiti meM bhI jo prazasta rAga-bhAva hai, usameM hiMsA alpa mAnI gaI hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke vicAra ke sandarbha meM dUsarA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi do hiMsAoM ke vikalpa meM eka kA cunAva karanA ho, to hameM alpa hiMsA ko cunanA hogA aura usa alpa hiMsA kA AdhAra jaina AcAryoM ne prANiyoM kI saMkhyA na mAna kara unake aindrika vikAsa ko mAnA hai| yadi hajAroM ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA nirNaya karanA ho, to jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hajAroM ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA eka paMcendriya prANI kI hiMsA adhika bhayaMkara mAnI gayI hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke sandarbha meM anya vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki hiMsA AtmA kI nahIM hotI hai| cAhe AtmA sabakI samAna ho, kintu prANazakti kA vikAsa sabameM eka samAna nahIM hai| ekendriya meM cAra prANa haiM, kintu manuSya meM dasa prANa haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki hiMsA kA sambandha prANazakti ke viyojana se hai (pramattayogAt prANa vyaparopaNa hiMsA) aura yadi sabhI jIvoM meM prANazakti kA vikAsa samAna nahIM hai, to hiMsA-ahiMsA ke kSetra meM alpa bahuttva kA vicAra karanA hogaa| svayaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI yaha prazna upasthita huA thA ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI apekSA eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM kauna-sI hiMsA alpa hai? unake yuga meM hasti-tApasoM kA eka varga thA, jo yaha kahatA thA ki hama to varSa meM kevala eka hAthI ko mArate haiM aura usake mA~sa se pUre varSa apanI AjIvikA kI pUrti karate haiN| isa prakAra hama sabase kama hiMsA karate haiM (sUtrakRtAMga 2/6/53-54) / isa vicAradhArA kA svayaM mahAvIra ne khaNDana kiyA aura batAyA ki yaha avadhAraNA bhrAMta hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prazna para aura bhI adhika gambhIratA se vicAra huA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA paMcendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura unameM bhI eka RSi kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hotI hai (bhagavatIsUtra 6/34/106-107) / ataH jaina dRSTikoNa se hiMsA kA alpa-bahutva prANiyoM kI saMkhyA para nahIM, unake ekendriya evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa para nirbhara karatA hai| jaba cunAva do hiMsAoM ke bIca

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karanA ho, to hameM cunAva alpa hiMsA kA hI karanA hogA aura isameM bhI hiMsA kA alpa-bahutva prANiyoM kI saMkhyA para nahIM, unake aindrika vikAsa para hI nirbhara kregaa| yadi hama eka ora yaha mAne ki apane jIvana-rakSaNa hetu hama ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kara sakate haiM aura usakA hameM adhikAra hai aura dUsarI ora yaha kaheM ki cU~ki dUsare prANiyoM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM ekendriya Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA jur3I huI hai, ataH ve tyAjya haiM, to yaha Atma-pravaMcanA hI hogii| gRhastha jIvana meM to kyA muni-jIvana meM bhI koI vyakti ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se pUrNataH nahIM baca sakatA hai| ataH ekendriya jIvoM arthAt pRthvI, pAnI, vanaspati Adi kI hiMsA se bacane ke nAma para ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA na to ucita hai aura na naitika hii| 45

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adhyAya-7. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA aura sAmAjika jIvana sakArAtmaka ahiMsA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai kyoMki vaha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra hai| 'manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai|' sAmAjika jIvana se alaga hokara usake astittva kI kalpanA hI duSkara hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM hama samAja kI koI kalpanA bhI nahIM kara sakate haiN| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai taba AtmIyatA, prema, pArasparika sahayoga aura dUsare ke lie apane hita-tyAga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki eka dUsare kA hita karanA yaha prANIya-jagata kA niyama hai (parasparopagraho jIvAnAma-tattvArthasUtra 5.21) / jIvana sahayoga aura sahakAra kI sthiti meM hI astittva meM AtA hai aura vikasita hotA hai| sahayoga aura apane hitoM kA dUsare ke hetu utsarga samAja-jIvana kA AdhAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samAja sadaiva hI sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA cAhe vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA AdhAra ho, kintu vaha sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra nahIM ho sktii| Aja jisa ahiMsaka samAjaracanA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, vaha samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA, sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| jaba taka samAja ke sadasyoM meM eka-dUsare kI pIr3A ko samajhane aura use dUra karane ke prayatna nahIM hoMge, taba taka samAja astittva meM hI nahIM A paayegaa| sAmAjika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai ki hameM dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana ho aura unake prati AtmIyatA kA bhAva ho| sAmAnya rUpa se isa AtmIyatA ko rAgAtmakatA samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, kintu AtmIyatA evaM rAgAtmakatA meM antara hai| rAgAtmakatA sakAma hotI hai, usake mUla meM svArtha kA tattva vidyamAna hotA hai, vaha pratyupakAra kI apekSA rakhatI hai, jabaki AtmIyatA niSkAma hotI hai, usameM mAtra parArtha kI vRtti hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo vividha nAma diye gaye, usameM rati ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| yahA~ rati kA artha vAsanAtmaka prema yA dveSamUlaka rAga-bhAva nahIM haiM, yaha niSkAma prema hai| vastutaH jaba apanatva kA bhAva pratyupakAra kI apekSA na rakhatA ho aura vaha sArvabhauma ho, to AtmIyatA kahalAtA hai| vastutaH jaba taka anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA kI anubhUti, unake jIvana jIne ke adhikAra ke prati sammAna-vRtti aura unakI pIr3AoM kA sva-saMvedana nahIM hotA, taba taka ahiMsaka cetanA kA udbhava bhI nahIM hotaa| ahiMsaka cetanA kA mUla AdhAra AtmIyatA kI anubhUti hai| vaha sArvabhaumika prema hai| vaha aisA 46

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va hameM yahA~ ramahaMsA kA paripAlanAsA kA pi rAga-bhAva hai, jisameM dveSa kA koI aMza hI nahIM hotA hai| jisameM saMsAra ke samasta prANI 'sva' hI hote haiM, 'para' koI bhI nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH aisA rAga, rAga hI nahIM hotA hai| rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sahAre jIvita rahatA hai| dveSa, svArtha aura pratyupakAra kI AkAMkSA se rahita jo rAga-bhAva hai, vaha sArvabhaumika prema hotA hai| vahI AtmIyatA hai aura yaha AtmIyatA hI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| se ghRNA, vidveSa aura AkrAmakatA kI vRttiyA~ sadaiva hI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hotI haiN| ve hiMsA kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai| ye vRttiyA~ jaba bhI balavatI hoMgI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAegI, samAja Dhaha jaayegaa| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA, taba vaha na to hiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hogA aura na mAtra niSedhamUlaka nirapekSa ahiMsA ke AdhAra pr| vaha hamezA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| yadyapi hameM yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jisa prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke sampAdana meM nirapekSa ahiMsA kA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai, usI prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI nirapekSa ahiMsA yA pUrNa ahiMsA kA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai| samAja-jIvana kA AdhAra, jo sakArAtmaka ahiMsA hai, vaha sApekSa ahiMsA yA sApavAdika ahiMsA hai| samAja-jIvana ke lie samAja ke sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahA~ astittva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hotA hai, vahA~ nirapekSa ahiMsA sambhava nahIM hotii| samAja-jIvana meM hitoM meM TakarAhaTa svAbhAvika hai| aneka bAra eka hita, dUsare ke ahita para hI nirbhara karatA hai| aisI sthiti meM samAja-jIvana meM yA saMghIya jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra nahIM ho pAtA hai, usameM apavAda ko mAnya karanA hI hotA hai| jaba vaiyaktika hitoM aura sAmAjika hitoM meM saMgharSa kI sthiti ho, to hama pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara taTastha draSTA nahIM bane raha sakate haiN| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM meM saMgharSa ho to hameM samAja-hita meM vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna karanA hI hotA hai, phira cAhe ve hita hamAre svayaM ke hoM yA kisI anya ke| jaba koI samAja, rASTra yA usakA koI sadasya yA varga apane kSudra hitoM kI pUrti ke lie hiMsA athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAya, to nizcaya hI pUrNa ahiMsA kI duhAI dekara taTastha draSTA baneM rahane se koI kAma nahIM clegaa| jaba taka jainAcAryoM dvArA udghoSita sampUrNa mAnava jIvana kI ekatA kI kalpanA pUrNa sAkAra nahIM hotI hai, jaba taka sampUrNa samAja ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA hai, taba taka mAnava samAja meM pUrNa ahiMsA yA nirapekSa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kA dAvA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| 47

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jainadharma jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karatA hai, usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI athavA saMgha ke eka sadasya kI surakSA kA prazna AyA, to jaina AcAryoM ne sApekSika yA sApavAdika ahiMsA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jaina sAhitya meM AcArya kAlaka aura gaNAdhipati ceTaka ke udAharaNa isake spaSTa pramANa haiN| nizIthacUrNi ( gAthA 286 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jaba saMgha kI surakSA athavA kisI satI strI ke satItva ke rakSaNa kA prazna ho, to gRhastha hI nahIM muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai / aisI sthiti meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai, use cAhe dravya hiMsA kI dRSTi se hiMsA kahA jAya, kintu yadi usameM karttA kI vRtti meM nijI svArtha aura aparAdhI ke prati dveSa bhAva nahIM hai, to aisI hiMsA vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika vRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA ho, taba taka yaha socanA vyartha hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| jo loga sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt rakSaNa, sevA, sahakAra Adi jIvana mUlyoM ko kevala isa AdhAra para amAnya karate haiM ki unase nirapekSa yA pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai, unakI yaha avadhAraNA ucita nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai / nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke jina apavAdoM kI carcA hai, unheM cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya na karanA cAhate hoM, kintu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI ki jaba kisI munisaMgha ke sAmane kisI tarUNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve pUrNa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kI duhAI dekara draSTA bane raheM ? kyA unakA koI sAmAjika dAyitva nahIM hai ? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika nahIM hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava-samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA pUrNa ahiMsA kA udghoSa koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| adhika kyA kaheM, yadi sampUrNa samAja SaDjIva - nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ke paripAlana kI bAta karane lage, to kyA jainamuni saMgha kA bhI koI astittva rahegA? ataH pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA kathamapi ucita nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / saMrakSaNAtmaka va surakSAtmaka prayAsoM meM jo hiMsA kI bAhya ghaTanAyeM hotI haiM, ve sAmAjika jIvana ke lie aparihArya haiN| ahiMsA sApavAdika aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se to Antarika hai / bAhyarUpa meM hiMsA ke hone para bhI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThA apramatta manuSya ahiMsaka hai, jabaki bAhyarUpa meM hiMsA na hone para bhI pramatta manuSya hiMsaka hI hai| eka ora 48

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sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko kevala isalie asvIkAra karanA ki usameM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai, kintu dUsarI ora apane athavA apane saMgha aura samAja ke astittva ke lie apavAdoM kI sarjanA karanA nyAyika dRSTi se saMgata nahIM hai| yadi hama yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki kisI muni ke vaiyaktika jIvana athavA muni saMgha ke astittva ke lie ahiMsA ke kSetra meM kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate haiM, to hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki lokakalyANa yA prANikalyANa ke lie jo 'pravRttiyA~ saMcAlita kI jAtI haiM, unameM bhI ahiMsA ke kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| punaH jo gRhastha SaDjIva-nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA vrata grahaNa nahIM karatA hai aura jo na kevala apane lie, apitu apane parijanoM ke lie ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se pUrNataH virata nahIM hai athavA jo trasa prANI kI saMkalpajA hiMsA ko chor3akara ArambhajA, udyogajA aura virodhajA hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAgI nahIM hai, use dUsare jIvoM ke rakSaNa-poSaNa aura unakI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke prayatnoM ko kevala yaha kahakara nakArane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki unameM hiMsA hotI hai| isa hiMsA ke bhaya se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI avahelanA karanA yogya nahIM hai| vaha gRhastha ke lie eka karttavya hai aura use niSkAma bhAva se use karanA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM ghaTita hiMsA, hiMsA hai phira bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aisI hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karUNA kA strota sUkha jaayegaa| vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karUNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve, anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI, jaise- kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karUNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdaya-zUnya nahIM banAnA hai, kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta banI rahI to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpamata karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakeMge, sAtha hI hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka banakara mAnava samAja meM sevA aura sahayoga kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| sAtha hI jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM se kisI eka ko cunanA anivArya ho, to hameM alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hogaa| kauna-sI hiMsA alpa-hiMsA hogI, yaha nirNaya deza-kAla, paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara kregaa| yahA~ jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para 46

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nirbhara karatI hai- 1. prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura 2. usakI sAmAjika upyogitaa| sAmAnyatayA manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAna hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kA, kintu kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAna ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA / yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cIMTiyoM ke prati to saMvedanazIla bana sake, kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati ahiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA mahattva jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kA mahattva evaM sthAna prAcInakAla se hI rahA hai| prAcInakAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka kucheka apavAdoM ko chor3akara sabhI jainAcAryoM ne sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke mUlya aura mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve sadaiva hI gRhastha ke lie use AcaraNIya mAnate rahe haiN| Aja cAhe bhArata meM jainoM kI saMkhyA mAtra eka pratizata ho, kintu unake dvArA saMcAlita mAnava cikitsAlayoM, pazu-pakSI cikitsAlayoM, gozAlAoM, pAMjarApAloM, vidyAlayoM aura mahAvidyAlayoM kI saMkhyA kahIM adhika hai| Aja deza meM isa prakAra kI lokamaMgalakArI pravRttiyoM meM jur3I huI jo saMsthAe~ athavA TrasTa haiM, unameM lagabhaga 30% jainoM dvArA saMcAlita haiM / akAlAdi ke avasaroM para prANiyoM ke rakSArtha jaina samAja kA jo yogadAna hotA hai, use koI bhI nahIM bhulA pAtA hai| jaba bhI mAnava samAja hI nahIM apitu pazu-pakSiyoM ke bhI jIvanarakSaNa kA prazna AyA hai, jaina samAja ne sadaiva hI usameM Age bar3hakara hissA liyA hai| jaina samAja meM Aja bhI aneka aise mUka kAryakartA haiM, jo tana-mana-dhana se lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyoM meM apanA yogadAna dete haiM / isake pIche sadaiva hI jaina AcAryoM evaM munijanoM kI preraNA nihita rahI hai| jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke isa sakArAtmaka pakSa kA kitanA mUlya aura mahattva hai, isake lie hama apanI ora se kucha na kaha kara prazna-vyAkaraNasUtra ke hI nimna vacana uddhRta karanA cAheMge esA sA bhagavaI ahiMsA jA sA bhIyANaM viva saraNaM, pakkhINaM viva gamaNaM, tisiyANaM viva salilaM, khuhiyANaM viva asaNaM, samuddamajjhe va poyavahaNaM. cauppayANaM va AsamapayaM, duhaTThiyANaM va osahibalaM, aDavImajjhe va satyagamaNaM, 50 -

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etto visiTThatariyA ahiMsA jA sA puDhavI-jala-agaNi-mAruya-vaNassai-bIya-hariya-jalayara-thalayara-khahayara-tasa thaavr-svvbhuuy-khemNkrii|| yaha ahiMsA bhagavatI to hai, so (saMsAra ke samasta) bhayabhIta prANiyoM ke lie zaraNabhUta hai, pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza meM gamana karane-ur3ane ke samAna hai, yaha ahiMsA pyAsa se pIr3ita prANiyoM ke lie jala ke samAna hai, bhUkhoM ke lie bhojana ke samAna hai, samudra ke madhya DUbate hue jIvoM ke lie jahAja ke samAna hai, catuSpada-pazuoM ke lie Azrama-sthAna ke samAna hai, duHkhoM se pIr3ita-rogIjanoM ke lie auSadha-bala ke samAna hai, bhayAnaka jaMgala meM sahayogiyoM ke sAtha gamana karane ke samAna hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, bhagavatI ahiMsA to inase bhI atyanta viziSTa hai| yaha trasa aura sthAvara, sabhI jIvoM kA kSema kuzala-maMgala karane vAlI hai| yaha loka-maMgalakArI ahiMsA jana-jana ke kalyANa meM tabhI sArthaka siddha hogI, jaba isake sakArAtmaka pakSa ko ubhAra kara jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jAyegA aura karUNA evaM sevA kI antazcetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jaayegaa| mAnava samAja meM se hiMsA, saMgharSa aura svArthaparatA ke viSa ko tabhI samApta kiyA jA sakegA, jaba hama dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana kareMge, unakI pIr3A hamArI pIDA bnegii| isase ahiMsA kI jo dhArA pravAhita hogI, vaha sakArAtmaka hogI aura karUNA, maitrI, sahayoga evaM sevA ke jIvana-mUlyoM ko vizva meM sthApita kregii|

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adhyAya-8 paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura ahiMsA. tIvratA se bar3hatI huI janasaMkhyA aura upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa pradUSita hote paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kA prazna Aja mAnava samAja kI eka jvalanta samasyA hai, kyoMki pradUSita hote hue paryAvaraNa ke kAraNa na kevala mAnavajAti apitu pRthvI para svayaM jIvana ke astittva ko bhI khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai aura ve sabhI tathya, jo jIvana ke astittva ko saMkaTa meM DAlate haiM, kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM hiMsA kA rUpa haiN| ataH paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kA prazna hiMsA-ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA se nikaTa rUpa se jur3A huA hai| upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa jIvana jIne ke liye Avazyaka strotoM kA itanI tIvratA se aura itanI adhika mAtrA meM dohana ho rahA hai ki prAkRtika tela evaM gaisa kI bAta to dUra rahI, agalI zatAbdI meM peyajala aura siMcAI hetu pAnI milanA bhI duSkara hogaa| yahI nahIM, zaharoM meM zuddha prANavAyU ke thaile lagAkara calanA hogaa| ataH mAnavajAti ke bhAvI astittva ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane ke prayatna avilamba prArambha ho| yadi aisA nahIM hai to hamArI bhAvI pIr3hI kA jIvana khatare meM hogA aura apanI bhAvI pIr3hI ke saMkaTa kI upekSA karanA, yaha eka prakAra kI hiMsA hI hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne kahA thA ki bhAvI pIr3hI kI cintA nahIM karanA bhI hiMsA hai| yaha zubha-lakSaNa hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane kI cetanA Aja samAja ke sabhI vargoM meM jAgI hai aura isI krama meM yaha vicAra bhI ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai ki vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM meM paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke aise kauna se nirdeza hai, jinako ujAgara karake paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke sandarbha meM mAnava samAja ke vibhinna vargoM kI cetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jA ske| isa saMdarbha meM yahA~ maiM jainadharma kI dRSTi se hI Apa logoM ke samakSa apane vicAra rkhuugaa| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki jainadharma meM bhogavRtti ke prati saMyama, ahiMsA aura asaMgraha (aparigraha) para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| usake inhIM mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para jainadharma meM aise aneka AcAra niyamoM kA nirdeza huA hai, jinakA paripAlana Aja paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye Avazyaka hai| jainadharma ke pravartaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva yaha udghoSaNA kI thI ki na kevala pRthvI, balki pAnI, vAyu aura agni meM bhI 52

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jIvana haiN| " eka ora to ve yaha mAnate the ki pRthvI, pAnI evaM vanaspati ke Azrita hokara anekAneka prANI apanA jIvana jIte haiM, ataH inake durUpayoga, vinAza yA hiMsA se unakA bhI vinAza hotA hai| dUsare ye svayaM bhI jIvana haiM, kyoMki inake abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai / kyA hama jala, vAyu, pRthvItatva evaM UrjA (agnitatva ) ke abhAva meM jIvana kI koI kalpanA bhI kara sakate haiM? ye to svayaM jIvana ke adhiSThAna haiM, ataH inakA durUpayoga yA vinAza svayaM jIvana kA hI vinAza hai, isIliye jainadharma meM use hiMsA yA pApa kahA dUdharma pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ko jo deva rUpa mAnA gayA hai, usakA AdhAra bhI inakA jIvana ke adhiSThAna rUpa honA hI hai| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna pArzva ke kAla meM bhI pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati meM jIvana hone kI yaha avadhAraNA upasthita thI / pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, vAyukAyika, agnikAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura trasakAyika aise SaTjIvanikAyoM kI carcA prAcIna jaina AgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai AcArAMgasUtra (I.pU. pA~cavI zatI) kA to prArambha hI ina SaTjIvanikAyoM ke nirUpaNa se tathA unakI hiMsA ke kAraNoM evaM unakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdezoM kI carcA se hI hotA hai / ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM ke jo nirdeza haiM, ve paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kI dRSTi se Aja sarvAdhika mUlyavAna bana gaye haiN| Age hama unhIM kI carcA kareMge / I yaha eka anubhUta prAkRtika tathya hai ki jIvana kI abhivyakti aura avasthiti, dUsare zabdoM meM- usakA janma, vikAsa aura astittva, dUsare jIvanoM ke Azrita haiM aura isase hama iMkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate haiM, kintu isa satya ko samajhane kI jIvana-dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna rahI haiN| eka dRSTikoNa yaha rahA ki yadi eka jIvana dUsare jIvana para Azrita hai, to hameM yaha adhikAra hai ki hama jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza karake bhI hamAre astittva ko banAye rakheM kucha dharmoM ne bhI isa tathya kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki Izvara ne dUsare sabhI jIvoM ko manuSya ke lie banAyA hai, ataH manuSya ke astittva ke lie jIvana ke dUsareM rUpoM kA vinAza yA unakI hiMsA karanA pApa nahIM hai| pUrva meM ' jIvojIvasya bhojanam' aura pazcima meM 'astittva ke liye saMgharSa' (Struggle for existence) ke 56. taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva saMya chajjIva- NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhejjA, vaNehiM chajjIva- NikAya-satthaM samArabhAvejjA, jevaNe chajjIva- NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhati samaNujANejjA / 57. se bemi- sAta pANA udaya nissiyA jIvA annegaa| - 53 AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/176 AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1 / 54

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siddhAnta bhI isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa astittva meM aaye| ina sabhI kI jIvana-dRSTi hiMsaka rhii| inhoMne vinAza se vikAsa kA mArga cunaa| Aja pUrva se pazcima taka isI jIvana-dRSTi kA bola-bAlA hai| jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza karake mAnava ke astittva ko bacAne ke prayatna hote rahe haiM, kintu aba vijJAna kI sahAyatA se isa jIvana-dRSTi kA khokhalApana siddha ho cukA hai| aba vijJAna yaha batAtA hai ki jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA anavarata vinAza karake hama mAnava kA astittva bhI nahIM bacA sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM jainoM ne hI eka dUsarI jIvana-dRSTi kA udghoSa kiyA thaa| Aja se lagabhaga aThAraha sau varSa pUrva AcArya umAsvAti ne eka sUtra prastuta kiyA - 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm arthAt jIvana eka dUsare ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai| vikAsa kA mArga hiMsA yA vinAza nahIM, apitu paraspara sahakAra hai| eka-dUsare ke pArasparika sahakAra yA sahayoga para hI jIvana-yAtrA calatI hai| jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM ke sahakArI banakara hI hama apanA jIvana jI sakate haiN| prANI-jagat pArasparika sahayoga para Azrita hai| hameM apanA jIvana jIne ke liye vanaspati jagata ke sahayoga kI apekSA hai, to vanaspati jagata ko apanA jIvana jIne ke lie hamAre sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai| vanaspati se niHsRta oNksIjana, phala, anna Adi se hamArA jIvana calatA hai, to hamAre dvArA niHsRta kArbanaDAIoNksAIDa evaM mala-mUla Adi se unakA jIvana calatA hai| hama jIvana jIne ke liye jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA sahayoga to le sakate haiM, kintu unake vinAza kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki unake vinAza meM hamArA bhI vinAza nihita hai| dUsare kI hiMsA vastutaH hamArI hI hiMsA hai, isaliye AcArAMga meM kahA gayA thA - jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha to tU hI hai, - kyoMki yaha to tere astittva kA AdhAra hai| sahayoga lenA aura dUsaroM ko sahayoga karanA yahI prANI jagata kI Adarza sthiti hai| jIvana kabhI bhI dUsaroM ke sahayoga ke binA nahIM calatA hai| jise hama dUsaroM ke sandarbha meM apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, vahI dUsaroM ke prati hamArA kartavya bhI hai, ise hameM nahIM bhUlanA hai| sarvatra jIvana kI upasthiti kI kalpanA, usake prati ahiMsaka dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina AcAryoM ne jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI hiMsA aura unake durUpayoga ko rokane hetu AcAra ke aneka vidhi-niSedhoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| Age hama jala pradUSaNa, vAyu pradUSaNa, 58. parasparopagraho jIvAnAm, tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 56. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'hatatvaM' ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'ajjAveyavvaM' ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'paritAveyavvaM' ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'parighetavvaM' ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'udaveyavvaM' ti mnnsi| AyAro, 5/10

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khAdya-sAmagrI ke pradUSaNa se bacane ke liye jainAcAryoM ne kina-kina AcAra niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, isakI carcA kreNge| jala-pradUSaNa aura jala-saMrakSaNa - jala ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye evaM usake sImita upayoga ke liye jaina granthoM meM aneka nirdeza upalabdha hai| yadyapi, prAcIna kAla meM aise bar3e udyoga nahIM the jinase bar3I mAtrA meM jala pradUSaNa ho, phira bhI jala meM alpa mAtrA meM bhI pradUSaNa na ho isakA dhyAna jaina paramparA meM rakhA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki nadI, tAlAba, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna, dAtauna tathA malamUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki jala meM zArIrika-maloM ke utsarga ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo vijAtIya tatva jala meM milate haiM, unase bahutAyata se jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura jala pradUSita hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM Aja bhI yaha lokokti hai ki pAnI kA upayoga ghI se bhI adhika sAvadhAnI se karanA caahiye| mujhe svayaM ve dina yAda haiM, jaba ghI ke girane para utanI pratAr3anA nahIM milatI thI, jitanI eka gilAsa pAnI ke gira jAne pr| Aja se 20-25 varSa pUrva taka jaina muni yaha niyama yA pratijJA dilAte the ki nadI, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna nahIM karanA, snAna meM eka ghar3e se adhika jala kA vyaya nahIM karanA aadi| unake ye upadeza hamArI Aja kI upabhoktA saMskRti ko hAsyAspada lagate hoM, kintu bhaviSya meM jo pIne yogya pAnI kA saMkaTa Ane vAlA hai, use dekhate hue ye niyama kitane upayogI evaM mahatvapUrNa haiM, ise koI bhI vyakti saralatA se samajha sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM muniyoM ke liye to sacittajala (jIvana yukta jala) ke prayoga kA hI niSedha hai| jaina muni kevala ubalA huA garma pAnI yA anya kinhIM sAdhanoM se jIvANu rahita huA jala hI grahaNa kara sakate haiN| sAmAnya upayoga ke liye vaha aisA jala bhI le lete haiM, jisakA upayoga gRhastha kara cukA ho aura use bekAra mAnakara pheMka rahA ho| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI jala ke upayoga se pUrva usakA chAnanA aura sImita mAtrA meM hI usakA upayoga karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| binA chanA pAnI pInA jainoM ke lie pApAcaraNa mAnA gayA hai| jala ko chAnanA apane ko pradUSita jala grahaNa se bacAnA hai aura isa prakAra vaha svAsthya ke saMrakSaNa kA bhI anupama sAdhana hai| jala ke apavyaya kA mukhya kAraNa Aja hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti hai| jala kA mUlya hameM isaliye patA nahIM lagatA hai ki prathama to vaha prakRti kA niHzulka upahAra hai| dUsare, Aja nala kI ToMTI kholakara hama use binA parizrama pA lete haiN| yadi kuoM se svayaM jala nikAlakara aura use dUrI se ghara para lAkara isakA upayoga karanA ho, to jala kA mUlya kyA hai, isakA hameM patA lge| cAhe isa yuga 55

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meM jIvanopayogI saba vastuoM ke mUlya bar3he hoM, kintu jala to sastA hI huA hai / jala kA apavyaya na ho, isaliye prathama AvazyakatA yaha hai ki hama upabhoktA saMskRti se vimukha ho / jahA~ pUrva kAla meM jaMgala meM jAkara mala visarjana, dAtauna, snAna Adi kiyA jAtA, vahA~ jala kA kitanA kama upayoga hotA yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai| punaH vaha mala evaM jala bhI jaMgala ke choTe paudhoM ke liye khAda va pAnI ke rUpa meM upayogI hotA thA / Aja kI pA~ca sitArA hoTaloM kI saMskRti meM pratyeka vyakti pahale se pacAsa gunA adhika jala kA upayoga karatA hai / jo loga jaMgala meM mala-mUtra visarjana evaM nadI kinAre snAna karate the, unakA jala kA vAstavika vyaya do lITara se adhika nahIM thA aura upayoga kiyA gayA jala bhI yA to paudhoM ke upayoga meM AtA thA yA phira miTTI aura reta se chanakara nadI meM milatA, kintu Aja pA~ca sitArA hoTala meM eka vyakti kama se kama pA~ca sau lITara jala kA apavyaya kara detA hai / yaha apavyaya hameM kahA~ le jAyegA, yaha vicAraNIya hai / vAyu pradUSaNa kA prazna vAyu pradUSaNa ke prazna para bhI jaina - AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa thA / yadyapi prAcIla kAla meM ve aneka sAdhana, jo Aja vAyupradUSaNa ke kAraNa bane haiM, nahIM the| mAtra adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna karane vAle vyavasAya hI the / dhUmra kI adhika mAtrA na kevala phaladAra per3a-paudhoM ke liye apitu anya prANiyoM aura manuSyoM ke lie kisa prakAra hAnikAraka hai, yaha bAta vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM aura anubhavoM se siddha ho gayI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne upAsakadazAsUtra meM jaina gRhasthoM ke liye spaSTataH una vyavasAyoM kA niSedha kiyA hai, jinameM adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna hokara vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSita karatA ho / vAyupradUSaNa kA eka kAraNa phaloM Adi ko sar3Akara unase zarAba Adi mAdaka padArtha banAne kA vyavasAya bhI hai, jisakA jaina gRhastha ke lie niSedha hai / vAyupradUSaNa ko rokane aura pradUSita vAyu, sUkSma kITANuoM evaM rajakaNa se bacane ke liye jainoM meM mukha vastrikA bA~dhane yA rakhane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki jaina AcArya isa sambandha meM kitane sajaga the ki pradUSita vAyu aura kITANu zarIra meM mukha evaM nAsikA ke mAdhyama se praveza na kareM aura hamArA dUSita zvAsa vAyupradUSaNa na kareM / - paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa meM Aja dhUmra chor3ane vAle vAhanoM kA prayoga bhI eka pramukha kAraNa hai / yadyapi vaijJAnika pragati ke isa yuga meM yaha bAta hAsyAspada lagegI ki hama punaH bailagAr3I kI dizA meM lauTa jAye, kintu yadi vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai, to hameM hamAre nagaroM aura sar3akoM ko isa dhUmra pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kA prayAsa karanA hogA / jaina muni ke liye Aja bhI jo padayAtrA karane 56

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I aura koI bhI vAhana prayoga nahIM karane kA niyama hai, vaha cAhe hAsyAspada lage, kintu paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se bacAne aura mAnava zrama kI dRSTi se vaha kitanA upayogI hai, ise jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja bhI hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti meM hama eka ora eka phalAga bhI jAnA ho to vAhana kI apekSA rakhate haiM, to dUsarI ora DaoNkTaroM ke nirdeza para pratidina pA~ca-sAta kilomITara Tahalate bhI hai / yaha kaisI AtmapravaMcanA hai? eka ora samaya kI bacata ke nAma para vAhanoM kA prayoga karanA, to dUsarI ora prAtaH kAlIna evaM sAyaMkAlIna bhramaNoM meM apane samaya kA apavyaya krnaa| yadi manuSya madhyama AkAra ke zaharoM meM apane dainindina kAryoM meM vAhana kA prayoga na kareM, to usase doharA lAbha hogaa| eka ora IMdhana evaM tatsambandhI kharca baceMge, to dUsarI ora paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se bcegaa| sAtha hI usakA svAsthya bhI anukUla rhegaa| prakRti kI ora lauTane kI bAta Aja cAhe paramparAvAdI lagatI ho, kintu eka dina aisA AyegA jaba yaha mAnava astittva kI eka anivAryatA hogii| Aja yU. esa. e. jaise vikasita dezoM meM bhI yaha pravRtti prArambha ho gayI hai / vanaspati jagat aura paryAvaraNa AcArAMgasUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya jIvana se tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra hama jIvana yukta haiM aura anukUla-pratikUla, sukha-duHkhAdi vividha saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti karate haiM, usI prakAra se vanaspati jagat bhI jIvanayukta hai aura use bhI anukUla-pratikUla, sukha-duHkha Adi kI anubhUti hotI hai / " kintu jisa prakAra eka aMdhA, paMgu, mUka evaM badhira vyakti pIr3A kA anubhava karate hue bhI use abhivyakta nahIM kara pAtA hai, usI prakAra vanaspati Adi anya jIva - nikAya bhI pIr3A kA anubhava to karate haiM, kintu use vyakta karane meM samartha nahIM hote| ataH vyakti kA prathama karttavya yahI hai ki vaha unakI hiMsA evaM unake anAvazyaka durUpayoga se bce| jisa prakAra hameM apanA 60. vaNassaijIvANaM mANusseNa tulaNA padaM se bemi - imapi jAidhammayaM eyaMpi jAidhammayaM / imapi buDThidhammayaM, eyaMpi buDridhammayaM / imapi cittamaMtayaM, eyaMpi cittamaMtayaM / imapi chinnaM milAtI, eyaMpi chinnaM milAti / imapi AhAragaM, eyaMpi AhAragaM / imapi aNiccayaM, eyaMpi aNiccayaM / imapi asAsayaM, eyaMpi asAsayaM / imapi cayAvacaiyaM, eyaMpi cayAvacaiyaM / imapi vipariNAmadhammayaM eyaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM / AyAro, saM. AcArya tulasI, 1/32 57

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jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai, usI prakAra unheM bhI apanA jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai| ataH jIvana jahA~ kahIM bhI aura jisa kisI bhI rUpa meM ho, usakA - sammAna karanA hamArA karttavya hai / prakRti kI dRSTi se eka paudhe kA jIvana bhI utanA hI mUlyavAna hai, jitanA manuSya kA / per3a-paudhe paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane meM jitane sahAyaka haiM, utanA manuSya nahIM hai| vaha to paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita hI karatA hai| vRkSoM evaM vanoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA vanaspati ke durUpayoga se bacane ke sambandha meM bhI prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM aneka nirdeza hai| jaina paramparA meM muni ke lie to harita vanaspati ko tor3ane va kATane kI bAta to dUra, use sparza karane kA bhI niSedha thA / gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI harita vanaspati ke upayoga ko yathAzakti sImita karane kA nirdeza hai| Aja bhI parva tithiyoM meM harita vanaspati nahIM khAne ke niyama kA pAlana aneka jaina gRhastha karate haiN| kaMda aura mUla kA bhakSaNa jaina - gRhastha ke lie niSiddha hI hai / isake pIche yaha tathya rahA ki yadi manuSya jar3o kA hI bhakSaNa karegA to paudhoM kA astittva hI khatare meM ho jAyegA aura unakA jIvana samApta ho jAyegA / isI prakAra se usa per3a ko, jisakA tanA manuSya kI bA~hoM meM na A sakatA ho, kATanA manuSya kI hatyA ke barAbara doSa mAnA gayA hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie jina pandraha niSiddha vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai, usameM vanoM ko kATanA bhI niSiddha hai / " AcArAMga meM vanaspati ke zarIra kI mAnava zarIra se tulanA karake yahI batalAyA gayA hai ki vanaspati kI hiMsA bhI prANI hiMsA ke samAna haiN| isI prakAra vanoM meM Aga lagAnA, vanoM ko kATanA Adi ko gRhastha ke lie sabase bar3A pApa ( mahArambha) mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki usameM na kevala vanaspati kI hiMsA hotI hai, apitu anya vanya jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA hotI hai aura paryAvaraNa pradUSita hotA hai, kyoMki vana varSA aura paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke anupama sAdhana hai| kITanAzakoM kA prayoga Aja khetI meM jo rasAyanika urvarakoM aura kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga bar3hatA jA rahA hai, vaha bhI hamAre bhojana meM hone vAle pradUSaNa kA kAraNa hai| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha - upAsaka ke lie khetI kI anumati to hai, kintu kisI bhI sthiti meM kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga karane kI anumati nahIM haiM, kyoMki usase choTe-choTe jIvoM kI uddezyapUrNa hiMsA hotI hai, jo usake liye niSiddha hai isI prakAra gRhastha ke lie niSiddha pandraha vyavasAyoM meM vizaile padArthoM kA vyavasAya 1 61. taM jahA iMgAlakamme, vaNakamme, sADIkamme, bhADIkamme, phoDIkamme, daMtavANijje, lakkhAvANijje, rasavANijje, visavANijje, kesavANijje, jaMtapIlaNakamme, nillaMchaNakamme, davaggidAvaNayA, saradahatalAyasosaNayA, asaIjaNaposaNayA / upAsakadazAsUtra, saM. madhukara muni, 1/5 58

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bhI varjita hai / " ataH vaha na to kITanAzaka davAoM kA prayoga kara sakatA hai aura na hI unakA krayapa-vikraya kara sakatA hai| mahArASTra ke eka jaina kisAna ne prAkRtika pattoM, gobara Adi kI khAda se tathA kITanAzakoM ke upayoga binA hI 1. apane khetoM meM rikArDa utpAdana karake siddha kara diyA hai ki rAsAyanika urvarakoM ke upayoga na to Avazyaka hai, na hI vA~chanIya; kyoMki isase na kevala paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana bhaMga hotA hai aura vaha pradUSita hotA hai, apitu hamAre khAdyAnna bhI - viSayukta banate haiM, jo hamAre svAsthya ke liye hAnikara hote haiM / rAtribhojana niSedha aura pradUSaNamuktatA isI prakAra jaina paramparA meM jo rAtribhojana niSedha kI mAnyatA hai", vaha bhI pradUSaNa muktatA kI dRSTi se eka vaijJAnika mAnyatA hai, jisase pradUSita AhAra zarIra meM nahIM pahu~catA aura svAsthya kI rakSA hotI hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM jo bhojana pakAyA aura khAyA jAtA hai, vaha jitanA pradUSaNa mukta evaM svAsthya vardhaka hotA hai, utanA rAtri ke aMdhakAra yA kRtrima prakAza meM pakAyA gayA bhojana nahIM hotA hai / yaha tathya na kevala mano- kalpanA hai, balki eka vaijJAnika satya hai| jainoM ne rAtri bhojana - niSedha ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa aura mAnavIya svAsthya, donoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna kiyA haiN| dina meM bhojana pakAnA aura khAnA use pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai, kyoMki rAtri meM evaM kRtrima prakAza meM bhojana meM viSAkta sUkSma prANiyoM ke girane kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai / punaH dera rAta meM kiye gaye bhojana kA paripAka bhI samyak rUpeNa nahIM hotA hai| zikAra aura mAMsAhAra Aja jo paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa bar3hatA jA rahA hai, usameM vanya-jIvoM aura jalIya jIvoM kA zikAra bhI eka kAraNa hai / Aja jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA ke kAraNa jala pradUSaNa bar3hatA jA rahA hai| yaha tathya suspaSTa hai ki machaliyA~ Adi jalIva-jIvoM kA zikAra jala- pradUSaNa kA kAraNa banatA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra kITa-pataMga evaM vanya-jIva bhI paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA bahuta bar3A AdhAra hai / Aja eka ora vanoM ke kaTa jAne se unake saMrakSaNa ke kSetra samApta hote jA rahe haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora phara, camar3e, mA~sa Adi ke lie vanya jIvoM kA zikAra bar3hatA jA rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM koI vyakti tabhI praveza pA sakatA hai, jabaki vaha zikAra va mA~sAhAra nahIM karane kA vrata letA hai| zikAra va mA~sAhAra nahIM karanA 62. taM jahA - iMgAlakamme, vaNakamme, sADIkamme, bhADIkamme, phoDIkamme, daMtavANijje, lakkhAvANijje, rasavANijje, visavANijje, kesavANijje, jaMtapIlaNakamme, nillaMchaNakamme, davaggidAvaNayA, saradahatalAyasosaNayA, asaIjaNaposaNayA / 63. se vAriyA itthi sarAyamattaM / upAsakadazAsUtra, saM. madhukara muni, 1/5 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, madhukara muni, 1/6/376 56

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jaina gRhastha dharma meM praveza kI prathama zarta hai| matsya, mA~sa, aNDe evaM zahada kA niSedha kara jaina AcAryoM ne jIvoM ke saraMkSaNa ke lie prAcIna kAla se hI mahatvapUrNa prayatna kiye hai| rAsAyanika zastroM kA prayoga 1 Aja vizva meM ANavika evaM rAsAyanika zastroM meM vRddhi ho rahI hai aura unake parIkSaNoM tathA yuddha meM unake prayogoM ke mAdhyama se bhI paryAvaraNa meM asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai tathA vaha pradUSita hotA hai / inakA prayoga na kevala mAnavajAti ke lie, apitu samasta prANI - jAti ke astittva ke lie khatarA hai Aja zastroM kI isa aMdhI daur3a meM hama na kevala mAnavatA kI, apitu isa pRthvI para prANI-jagat kI antyeSThi hetu citA taiyAra kara rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa satya ko pahale hI samajha liyA thA ki yaha daur3a mAnavatA kI sarva vinAzaka hogI / AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA- 'atthi satthaM pareNaparaM - natthi asatthaM pareNaparaM "" arthAt zastroM meM eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai / niHzastrIkaraNa kA yaha Adeza Aja kitanA sArthaka hai, yaha batalAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| yadi hameM mAnavatA ke astittva kI cintA hai, to paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA dhyAna rakhanA hogA evaM ANavika tathA rAsAyanika zastroM ke prayoga para pratibandha lagAnA hogA | isa prakAra hameM dekhate haiM ki jainadharma meM usakI ahiMsaka jIvana dRSTi ke AdhAra para paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa ke lie paryApta rUpa se nirdeza upalabdha haiM / usakI dRSTi meM prAkRtika sAdhanoM ke asIma dohana, jinameM bar3I mAtrA meM bhU-khanana, jala - avazoSaNa, vAyupradUSaNa, vanoM ke kATane Adi ke jo kArya hote haiM, ve mahArambha kI koTi meM Ate haiM, jisako jainadharma meM naraka gati kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| jainadharma kA saMdeza hai- prakRti evaM prANiyoM kA vinAza karake nahIM, apitu unakA sahayogI banakara jIvana jInA hI manuSya kA karttavya hai / prakRti vijaya ke nAma para hamane jo prakRti ke sAtha anyAya kiyA hai, usakA daNDa hamArI santAnoM ko na bhugatanA par3e, isalie Avazyaka hai ki hama na kevala vanya prANiyoM, per3a-paudhoM, apitu jala, prANavAyu, jIvana-UrjA (agni) aura jIvana adhiSThAna (pRthvI) ke sAtha bhI sahayogI banakara jIvana jInA siikheN| unake saMhAraka nahIM baneM, kyoMki unakA saMhAra prakArAntara se apanA kI saMhAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, unakI hiMsA apanI hiMsA hai| 64. samavAyAMgasUtra, madhukara muni, pariziSTa 646 60

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adhyAya - 9 ahiMsA aura zAkAhAra mAnava zAkAhArI prANI hai AhAra manuSya ke jIvana ke astitva ke lie Avazyaka hai, kintu manuSya eka vivekazIla prANI hai isalie use yaha soMcanA hogA ki vaha kyA khAe aura kyA nahIM khAe ? pazu jagat evaM vAnaspatika jagat kA AhAra usakI apanI zArIrika saMracanA ke AdhAra para prAkRtika rUpa se hI nirdhArita hotA hai, ataH usake lie yaha prazna Avazyaka nahIM hai ki ve kyA khAeM aura kyA na khAeM? yaha prazna kevala manuSya ke sandarbha meM hI khar3A hotA hai ki vaha kyA, kaba aura kitanA khAe ? manuSya ke sandarbha meM zAkAhAra aura mAMsAhAra ke bIca nirNaya karane se pahale hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki prakRti ne manuSya kI zArIrika saMracanA kisa rUpa meM kI hai, usake AdhAra para hI hameM yaha nirNaya karanA hogA ki usakA AhAra kyA ho sakatA hai? yadi hama zAkAhArI aura mAMsAhArI prANiyoM kI zarIrika saMracanA kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mAnava ke dAMtoM aura dAMtoM kI zArIrika saMracanA use eka zAkAhArI prANI siddha karatI hai| usake dA~ta, usake paMje aura usakI A~toM kI banAvaTa se yaha siddha hotA hai ki manuSya eka zAkAhArI prANI hai| mAMsAhArI prANiyoM ke dA~ta nukIle hote haiM tAki ve apane khAdya ko phAr3a sakeM jabaki zAkAhArI prANiyoM ke dA~toM kI banAvaTa aisI hotI hai ki vaha apane khAdya ko kevala cabA sake yA pIsa sake / mAMsAhArI prANiyoM ke paMje evaM nakha bhI aise hote haiM jisase ve apane zikAra ko phADa sakeM jabaki zAkAhArI prANiyoM ke paMje aura nakha mAtra pakar3ane ke yogya hote haiM phAr3ane ke yogya nahIM hote haiN| mAnava kI A~toM kI banAvaTa aura usameM amla Adi kI utpatti bhI zAkAhArI pazuoM ke samAna hI hotI hai| prAkRtika rUpa meM to yahI siddha hotA hai ki manuSya kI daihika saMracanA zAkAhArI hai| eka manuSya zAkAhAra para apanA pUrA jIvana nikAla sakatA hai, kintu Aja taka koI bhI manuSya pUrNataH mAMsAhAra jIvana nahIM jiyA hai| jo rASTra aura samAja mAMsAhArI haiM, vahA~ bhI unake AhAra kA 60% bhAga to zAkAhAra hI hotA hai| ataH manuSya ke kie zAkAhAra prAkRtika AhAra hai aura mAMsAhAra prakRti viruddha AhAra hai| zAkAhAra kA manovijJAna bhAratIya paramparA meM yaha lokokti prasiddha rahI hai ki 'jaisA khAve anna vaisA hove mana / ' dUsare zabdoM meM AhAra kA prabhAva hamArI manovRttiyoM para par3atA hai| tAmasika bhojana manuSya kI manovRttiyoM ko vikRta banAtA hai| yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki prAcInakAla se hI bhAratIya paramparA meM sAtvika bhojana ko hI mahattva diyA gayA hai| amerikA ke eka pramukha patra 'janarala oNpha kriminala jasTisa ejUkezana' meM san 1993 meM aparAdha vijJAnI sI.re. jepharI kA eka mahattvapUrNa vaktavya prakAzita huA hai| ve batAte haiM ki mastiSka meM siroTomina kA stara kama hote hI vyakti AkrAmaka aura krUra ho jAtA hai / 61

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isa tathya kI puSTi 'zikAgo TrivyUna' meM prakAzita eka Alekha se bhI hotI hai| vaijJAnikoM ne yaha batAyA hai ki mA~sa athavA proTInayukta ve bhojya padArtha, jinameM TripTophena nAmaka amIno amla nahIM hotA hai, unake upabhoga se mastiSka meM siroTomina kI kamI ho jAtI hai aura uttejaka taMtrikA saMcArakoM meM vRddhi ho jAtI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti ke mastiSka meM tanAva bar3ha jAtA hai| tanAvoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa jahA~ eka ora vyakti svayaM udvelita rahatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora ye tanAva usameM AparAdhika vRtti ko janma dete haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki tAmasI evaM rAjasI bhojana hameM hiMsaka vRtti kI ora le jAtA hai| phalataH vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti samApta ho jAtI hai aura hiMsaka evaM AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko bala milatA hai| zAkAhAra aura svAsthya manuSya ko AhAra kI AvazyakatA apane ko svastha rakhane ke lie hI hotI hai ataH yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki zAkAhAra aura mAMsAhAra meM kauna hamAre svAsthya ke lie adhika hitakara hai ? vizva svAsthya saMgaThana ke buleTina saMkhyA 637 meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha huA hai ki mAMsa khAne se lagabhaga 160 bImAriyA~ hamAre zarIra meM praviSTa ho jAtI haiM / mAMsAhAra jahA~ hamAre zarIra meM vyAdhiyoM ko janma detA hai, vahIM zAkAhAra hameM na kevala una vyAdhiyoM se dUra rakhatA hai apitu aneka vyAdhiyoM kI svata: hI cikitsA kara detA hai, kyoMki adhikAMza auSadhiyA~ vanaspatiyoM se hI utpanna hotI haiM / ve vAnaspatika utpAda haiN| mAMsAhAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa pazuoM kI aneka bImAriyA~ manuSyoM meM saMkramita ho jAtI haiN| manuSya kI A~teM mAMsAhAra ke pAcana meM utanI sakSama nahIM haiM, phalataH mAMsAhAra aneka bImAriyoM ko janma de detA hai| vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai| zAkAhAra jahA~ supAcya hai, vahIM mAMsAhAra duSpAcya hai| mAnava AMte zAkAhAra ko 2 ghaNTe meM pacA detI hai, jabaki utanI hI mAtrA ke mAMsAhAra ko pacAne meM 4 se 5 ghaNTe lagate hai| AhAra kA samyak pAcana nahIM hone se hI aneka roga janma lete haiM / zAkAhAra kA arthazAstra I sAmAnyatayA mAMsAhAra ke sambandha meM yaha tarka diyA jAtA hai ki vaha sastA hotA hai aura sahaja upalabdha hotA hai, kintu aba yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki eka pauNDa mA~sa paidA karane ke lie dasa pauNDa anAja kharca karanA hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA manuSya jina prANiyoM kA mA~sa khAtA hai ve saba adhikAMzatayA zAkAhArI hai| unase adhika mA~sa prApta karane ke lie unheM jo bhojana diyA jAtA hai, vaha anAja hI hotA hai aura yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki pazu ke zarIra meM yadi eka kilo mA~sa bar3hAnA hai to usake lie usa para kama se kama dasa kilo anAja kharca karanA hogaa| sAmAnyatayA mAMsa ke lie jina pazuoM kA upayoga hotA hai, ve isI dharatI se apanA poSaNa yA isI dharatI se utpanna vanaspatiyoM se hI apanA poSaNa karate haiM / Aja AvazyakatA hai ki mAMsAhAra 62

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aura zAkAhAra ke arthazAstra ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jaae| yaha kauna-sA Arthika siddhAnta hogA ki hama eka mAMsAhArI ke lie nau AdamiyoM ko bhukhamarI ke lie vivaza kreN| kucha loga yaha bhI kahate haiM ki samudra aura tAlAboM se machalI pakar3anA eka prakAra se lAbha kA arthazAstra siddha hotA hai / yahA~ bhI yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki matsyotpAdana ke lie jisa bhUmi aura jala kA upayoga kiyA jA rahA hai, usa bhUmi aura jala se zAkAhArI utpAdanoM ko bhI bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai| tAlAboM meM machaliyoM ke utpAdana kI apekSA kamalagaTToM aura siMghAr3oM kA utpAdana adhika lAbhaprada siddha hotA hai| machaliyoM ko pakar3ane meM jitanA mAnavIya zrama kharca hotA hai, yadi vahI zrama kRSi ke kSetra meM kiyA jAe to vaha adhika lAbhakArI hI siddha hogaa| yadi matsyautpAdana aura machalI pakar3anA lAbhakArI vyavasAya rahA hotA, to matsyotpAdaka aura machalI pakar3anevAle ko kRSakoM kI apekSA pU~jIpati honA cAhie thA, lekina Aja bhI unakI jo Arthika sthiti hai, vaha isa bAta kA spaSTa saMketa karatI hai ki kRSi kI apekSA matsyotpAdana aura machalI pakar3anA adhika lAbhaprada nahIM hai| aba to vijJAna ne itanI unnati kara lI hai ki samudrI jala meM bhI zAkAhArI utpAdanoM ke lie prayatna kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAMsAhAra ke samarthana meM Aja sAmAnyatayA yaha tarka diyA jAtA hai ki AgAmI 25 varSoM meM khAdyAnna kI samasyA bhayaMkara rUpa dhAraNa kara legI, kyoMki janasaMkhyA jisa tejI se bar3ha rahI hai, usake lie tathA mAMsAhAra ke sthAna para zAkAhAra kI pratiSThA karane ke lie AgAmI 25 varSoM meM hameM khAdyAnna kI vartamAna upaja ko usase 50% adhika bar3hAnA hogA / bhUmi sImita hai aura isalie khAdyAnna kI samasyA banI, ata: mAMsAhAra hI usakA eka pUraka vikalpa ho sakatA hai kintu vaijJAnikoM kA kahanA hai ki mAMsAhAra ke sthAna para yadi vAnaspatika utpAdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAe to adhika vyaktiyoM ko poSaNa diyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM, isakA vikalpa zAkAhAra hI hai, kyoMki mAMsa kI prApti ke lie jo vAnaspatika utpAda una jAnavaroM ko khilAe jAte haiM, unase dazamAMza hI hameM mAMsa prApta hotA hai aura isa prakAra 90% vAnaspatika poSaNa sAmagrI vyartha calI jAtI hai / vaijJAnikoM kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki vAnaspatika utpAdoM kI apekSA mAMsa utpAdana meM jala kA bhI adhika kharca hotA hai aura yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki AgAmI 25 varSoM meM na kevala anna kA apitu jala kA bhI saMkaTa bar3hane vAlA hai aura yaha spaSTa hai ki zAkAhAra ko pacAne ke lie jitane jala kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usase adhika jala kI AvazyakatA mAMsAhAra ke pAcana ke lie Avazyaka hotI hai / zAkAhAra aura ahiMsaka cenatA yaha spaSTa satya hai ki mAMsAhAra kA AdhAra prANI-jagat yA jIva jantu hai, jabaki zAkAhAra kA AdhAra vanaspatiyA~ aura anAja haiM / yaha nizcita hai ki mAMsAhAra

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binA prANiyoM kI hiMsA ke upalabdha nahIM ho sakatA / mAMsAhAra ke lie jIva-vadha eka Avazyaka tathya hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se prANiyoM ke vadha ke sAtha krUratA jur3I huI hai| binA krUratA ke vadha sambhava nahIM hai| jabaki zAkAhAra meM apekSAkRta rUpa se krUratA kA abhAva hotA hai yadyapi yahA~ koI vyakti yaha tarka de sakatA hai ki yadi jaina dharma vanaspati jagat meM bhI jIvana ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai, to jisa prakAra mAMsAhAra meM jIvana kA vinAza yA hiMsA aparihArya hai, usI prakAra zAkAhAra meM bhI hiMsA rahI huI hai / hiMsA cAhe vanaspati yA paudhoM kI ho yA prANiyoM kI, hiMsA to hiMsA hI hai, ataH yaha kahanA ki zAkAhAra ahiMsaka hai, yukti saMgata nahIM hai, kintu isa prakAra ke tarka nirarthaka haiM, kyoMki vanaspati jagat kI hiMsA aura pazu-jagat kI hiMsA meM bahuta bar3A antara hai| sAmAnyatayA mAMsAhAra ke antargata jina prANiyoM kA mAMsa khAyA jAtA hai, ve saba vikasita aura apane jIvana kA rakSaNa karane meM prayatnazIla prANI hote haiM, cAhe ve mUka prANI hoM, kintu unakI bhAvAbhivyakti pUrNatayA sazakta aura spaSTa hotI hai| unakI bhAvAbhivyakti aura unake jIvana ko bacAne ke prayatnoM ko khulI A~khoM se par3hA jA sakatA hai| ata: karuNA ko eka ora rakhakara hI unakI hiMsA sambhava hotI hai| vanaspati jagat kI hiMsA meM vaise krUratA ke bhAva nahIM hote, jaise pazu jagat kI hiMsA meM hote haiN| ata: mAMsAhAra kA sIdhA sambandha krUra bhAvanAoM ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| mAMsAhAra aura krUratA sahagAmI hai| karuNA ko samApta kie binA hama mAMsAhAra ke himAyatI nahIM bana sakate / kintu karuNA mAnava jIvana kA eka aisA Avazyaka tattva hai ki jisake abhAva meM manuSya eka dariMdA yA eka hiMsaka pazu se bhI badatara bana jAtA hai| jisa deza, samAja aura rASTra meM prANiyoM ke krUratApUrvaka vadha kA jitanA samarthana kiyA, vaha samAja, deza yA rASTra utanA hI kalahapriya aura saMgharSarata dekhA gayA hai| mAMsAhAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa manuSya ke jIvana meM barbaratA kA vikAsa hotA hai phalata: saMvedanazIlatA aura karuNA samApta ho jAtI hai| saMvedanazIlatA yA karuNA manuSya kA sabase bar3A vaiziSTya hai| yadi mAnava meM saMvedanazIlatA aura karuNA ke tattva ko jIvita rakhanA hai,to hameM mAMsAhAra ko chor3anA hogaa| manuSya tabhI taka manuSya hai, jaba taka usake jIvana meM saMvedanazIlatA aura karuNA hai| yadi mAnava jIvana se ye tattva samApta ho jAeM, to manuSya cAhe AkRti meM manuSya banA rahe kintu vaha eka pazu se bhI badatara hogaa| dUsare, saMvedanazIlatA aura karuNA ke abhAva meM mAnavoM meM ApasI saMgharSa bhI itane adhika bar3ha jAyeMge ki mAnavajAti kA astitva hI khatare meM hogaa| zAkAhAra aura mAMsAhAra ke bIca cunAva karane se pUrva manuSya ko yaha cunAva kara lenA hai ki vaha mAnava-jAti meM samRddhi, sukha, zAnti, saMvedanazIlatA, samatA Adi sadguNoM ko jIvita rakhanA cAhatA hai yA phira hiMsA, tanAva, yuddha, raktapAta, krUratA Adi ko apanI virAsata meM chor3anA cAhatA hai| 64

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16 aTakapakaraNa Our Important Publications 1. Studies in Jaina Philosophy Dr. Nathamal Tatia 100.00 2. Jaina Temples of Western India Dr. Harihar Singh 200.00 3. Jaina Epistemology Dr. I.C. Shastri 150.00 4. Concept of Pancasila in Indian Thought Dr. Kamla Jain 50.00 5. Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy Dr. J.C. Sikdar 150.00 6. Jaina Theory of Reality Dr. J.C. Sikdar 150.00 7. Jaina Perspective in Philosophy & Religion Dr. Ramji Singh 100.00 8. Aspects of Jainology (Complete Set : Vols. 1 to 7) 2200.00 9. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana Prof. Sagarmal Jain 40.00 10. Pearls of Jiana Wisdom Dulichand Jain 120.00 11. Scientific Contents in Prakrit Canons Dr. N.L. Jain 300.00 12. The Heritage of the Last Arhat : Mahavira Dr.C.Krause 20.00 13. The Path of Arhat T.U. Mehta 100.00 14. Multi-Dimensional Application of Anekantavada Ed. Prof. S.M. Jain & Dr. S.P. Pandey 500.00 15. The World of Non-living Dr.N.L. Jain 400.00 anu.-DaoN.azoka kumAra siMha 200.00 17. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (sampUrNa seTa sAta khaNDa) 630.00 18. hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (sampUrNa seTa cAra khaNDa) 760.00 19. jaina pratimA vijJAna DaoN. mArutinandana tivArI - 150.00 20. mahAvIra aura unake dazadharma pro. bhAgacandra jaina 80.00 21. vajjAlaggaM (hindI anuvAda sahita) paM. vizvanAtha pAThaka 80.00 22. prAkRta hindI koza sampA.-DaoN. ke.Ara. candra 400.00 23. jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA pro. sAgaramala jaina 350.00 24. gAthA saptazatI (hindI anuvAda sahita) paM. vizvanAtha pAThaka 60.00 25. sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI (tIna khaNDa) pro. sAgaramala jaina 300.00 26. guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa pro. sAgaramala jaina 60.00 27. bhAratIya jIvana mUlya pro. surendra varmA 75.00 28. nalavilAsanATakama sampA.- DaoN. surezacandra pANDe 60.00 29. anekAntavAda aura pAzcAtya vyAvahArikatAvAda DaoN. rAjendra kumAra siMha 150.00 30. dazAzrutaskandhaniyukti : eka adhyayana DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha 125.00 31. paJcAzaka-prakaraNam (hindI anuvAda sahita) ana.- DaoN. dInAnAtha zarmA 250.00 32. siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya 100.00 33. jainadharma kI pramukha sAdhviyA~ evaM mahilAe~ hIrAbAI boradiyA 34. madhyakAlIna rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma DaoN. (zrImatI) rAjeza jaina 160.00 35. bhArata kI jaina guphAe~ DaoN. harihara siMha 150.00 36. mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhagavatIprasAda khetAna 65.00 37. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. phUlacanda jaina 80.00 38. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana DaoN. zivaprasAda 100.00 39. bauddha pramANa-mImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA DaoN. dharmacandra jaina 200.00 40. acalagaccha kA itihAsa DaoN. zivaprasAda 300.00 Parswanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi-221005 INDIA 50.00