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CHEPTER I
19
Kunda Kunda, since he was also of South India, probably he was acquainted with Kunda Kunda's writings and adopted the method of distinction between the practical and the real point of view as suitable to his own purpose. Since our author has used the word anarya in the sense of the foreigner it must be noted that there is no race-superiority implied by term as is ordinarily assumed. In Vedic literature the term arya is used exclusively to denote the immigrant clan of Aryans as contrasted with the people of the land who are described with the sinister name of Dāsas. This racial distinction ultimately led to the Hindu social organisation of four varnas in which the Dasas were assigned the fourth name or the Sudra caste. The Jaina conception of social organisation is different from this Hindu conception. Here the distinction is based more upon profession and qualification than upon birth, as is clearly evident from the Jaina tradition that such a social organisation was originally established by Lord Rṣabha. Commenting upon the Sutra ārā mlecchasca 36. II of Tattvartha Sutra, the commentators both Pujyapada and Akalanka speak of five different classes of Aryas, Kśetra Aryas, Jäti-Aryas, Karma Aryas, Caritra Aryas, and Darśana Aryas. The first class includes all those who live in the countries Käsi, Kosala, etc.; the second class includes those who belong to the Ikṣvāku clan; the third class includes all those who are engaged in the six kinds of professions such as defence, agriculture, trade, art, etc.; the fourth class refers to all those persons who ennoble themselves by moral conduct and spiritual discipline, and the fifth class to all those who adopt the right faith as the basis of their religious discipline. In speaking about the anaryas or mlecchas they refer to two classes of mlecchas, antardvipaja, and karma-bhūmija, those that are born in foreign continents and those that are born in Bharatakhanda, called Karma bhūmi. The Sakas, Yavanas, Sabaras, and Pulindas, etc. are anaryas living in the land. This description of Aryas and Anaryas is quite clear. All the people of the land irrespective of their birth and profession are included under the class arya. The Śūdras engaged in agriculture, the blacksmith, the goldsmith
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