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Parikṣāmukham
181
[The fallacy is obvious, for there may be fire without smoke ]'.
Siddhasena has defined Driṣṭāntābhāsa as follows: "Logicians have declared that fallacies of the example (Driṣṭāntābhāsa) in the homogeneous form, arise here from an imperfect middle term or from a defect in the major term etc.
Logicians have declared that fallacies of the example in the heterogeneous form arise when the absence of the major term (Sadhya) or the middle term (Sadhana or Hetu) or both, is not shown, or when there is a doubt about them".
In the commentary to Nyāyāvatāra the varieties of Sadharmya and Vaidharmya Driṣṭantābhāsa are thus described :
"Fallacies of the homogeneous example (Sadharmya Drişṭāntābhāsa) arise from a defect in the major term ( Sadhya) or middle term (Hetu) or both, or from doubt about them, thus:
(1) Inference is invalid ( major term) because it is a source of knowledge (middle term) like perception (homogeneous example). Here the example involves a defect in the major term (Sadhya) for perception is not invalid.
(2) Perception is invalid (major term) because it is a source of true knowledge (middle term) like a dream (homogeneous example). Here the example involves a defect in the middle term (Hetu) for a dream is not a source of true knowledge.
2.
1. The Science of Thought Pages 57-58 " साधम्र्येणात्र दृष्टान्तदोषा न्यायविदीरिताः । अपलक्षण हेतूत्थाः साध्यादिविकलादयः ॥ audona zezain zanefaciften: | साध्यसाधनयुग्मानामनिवृत्तेश्च संशयात् ॥”
Nyāyāvatāra. 24, 25. Translated by S. C. Vidyabhūṣaṇa. Pages, 21 and 23.
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