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earlier grammarian ; and he has to say only this much: ta- vargosya ca-tavargau (16) along with some illustrations. Thus we have two opinions of grammarians: one, that everywhere n is necessary changed to ņ; and the other, thet intervocalic n is cbanged to ņ but in the ipitial and in the duplicate, it remains unchanged.
In this connection another opinion of Hemacandra deserves our attention. In his Deść Namamala (BSS ed. p. 208), he states that a Desi word with initial n is impossible or does not exist ; that his Sūtra vādau (i. 229) refers only to such Prākrit words as are derived from Sanskrit, and hence it does not refer to Desi words at all. This clarification of Hemacandra indicates that the pon-Aryan languages which influenced the Aryan languages had a preponderance of cerebral sounds; and ibis cofirms the view of modern philologists that the Indo-Aryan owes its cerebral elements to non-Aryan languages and dialects.
The substance of the various view may be put in this way : i) The intervocalic nis necessarrily changed to ņ, there is no difference of opinion on this. ii) The presence of n or ņ, in a conjunct group, should be decided from its Sanskrit counterpart. iii) Nothing can be definitely stated about ipitial n or n. This has to be decided on the strength of older Mss. In Western India the tendency to retain initial n is stronger, and Hemacandra and other grammarians have accepted it optionally. 27
There is only one Ms of ŠKk; the author lived in Pattan in Gujarat and the Ms., which is later than Hemacandra, is copied in Surat. So it was thought proper to retain initial n and duplicate nn.
Dr. HIRAL AL JAIN is one of our leading text critics for Prākrit and Apabhraíśa. He has really saved the Kathākośa of Śriicandra from oblivion by editing it so ably from a single and dilapidated Ms. He has not only enriched the published Apabhramsa literature, but also obliged the students of folklore. On behalf of the Editiorial Board of the Prakrit Text Society I record my sincere thanks to him for allowing us to include this edition in the Series of the Prakrit Text Society. Kolhappr 20-1-69
A. N. Upadhye 1. It is also spelt Kathakoșa. 2. For details about Mānya kheţa, see the Intro. pp. 21 f. of Mahapurāņu
of Puspadanta, Vol. III (Bombay 1941) by Dr. P.L. VAIDYA ; also
Kannada Sahitya Parishat patrike, 26. 2, December 1941. 3. H.L. JAIN : Apabhramsa Literature, Allahabad University Journal, Vol.
I, pp. 157-85, Allahabad 1925; Apabhramsa bhāsā aura sāhitya, Nāgart Pracărint patrika, Vol. IVX, 1-4. M. WINTERNITZ: A Histary of Indian Lit., II, p. 543, Calcutta 1933, A.N. UPADHYE : Bịhatkathakosa (Bombay 1943 Intro. 59 f.; Sricandra and his A pabbrśa Kathākosa,
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