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Christian Lindtner
Jambū-jyoti
or dharmānusthāna, and dharmayoga (AP 27.8; YBD 3) and the like, are typical. The best translation of dharma is thus duty or virtue, officium or virtus.
2. There are two kinds of dharmic activity, moral practice (karma), and scientific knowledge (jñāna, samjñāna) (ŚVS 1 ff; DB 1.2-3). Corresponding to this, one may also speak of two kinds of yoga, or even of three kinds of yoga (yogatraya), namely the activity of mind, language, and body (DB 6.12). From various other points of view, there are three or eight kinds of yoga, etc. Still, yoga is basically an activity that leads to moksa : mukkhena joyanāo jogo savvo vi dhammavāvāro (YV 1).
3. Corresponding to the two kinds of dharma and yoga, there are two kinds of results (phala, DB 7.5). Both are satisfactory(sukha), only in differing degrees. The first consists in the happiness of rebirth in svarga, the second in the bliss of nirvana (DB 4.83 & 8.64). The latter is a yoga without any further activity, i.e. yoga as a result, as opposed to yoga as an instrumental activity, or means (DB 8.67). It is also defined as apavarga (DB 2.77-78), or as Brahman (YB 506), as purification, visuddhi (SVS 11). This is the ultimate goal of all human endeavour : nirvanaphalam atra tattvato' nusthānam (DB 6.19). In other words, yoga is moksahetu (YB 3 & 301), as is dharma. When it is said that ahiṁsā brings about svarga and moksa (AP 30.2), ahimsā then means moral and intellectual "innocence". As such, ahimsā is the best form of activity, it is the very essence of dharma, or yoga.
Verily, dharma is one, the difference between practice and theory being but a difference of purity (śuddhi, visuddhi). Purity, again, is omniscience (AP 30.2).
The double aspect of one and the same Dharma is also suggested by a celebrated verse in the Bhagavadgitā 5.5cd (cf. 3.3), a scripture to which Haribhadra frequently alludes :
ekam sāṁkhyam ca yogaṁ ca yah paśyati sa paśyati
Understandably, Haribhadra praises the dharmamāhātmya (YDS 163). Considering this fact (according to the consensus of sarvaśāstra), no benefit in this world is as great as that of dharmadeśanā, and dharma is our only true friend, dearer than life (YDS 58 ff). Normal life is like a great disease, mahävyādhi, Haribhadra often reminds us.
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