________________
220
Jambū-jyoti
5. Finally a word about Haribhadra's philosophical syncretism. If he himself had a word for "syncretism", it is suggested by the term samuccaya— often found in the title of several of his works, such as Śāstravārtāsamuccaya (SVS), Yogadrstisamuccaya (YDS), and Saḍdarśanasamuccaya (SDS). In these treatises Haribhadra provides a systematic review of the main views of various opponents, rejects some as illogical, and accepts others as partly true from his own Jaina standpoint of anekantavāda, or syādvāda.
Christian Lindtner
In SDS 2, for instance, Haribhadra claims that there are only six classical systems of Indian philosophy. Their fundamental differences (mulabheda) have to do with the devata and the number and nature of tattvas accepted by them. Otherwise, they all agree that sukha-that of svarga and that of mokṣa-is the outcome of dharma, just as duḥkha is the result of papa (SVS 2). (True, there are also some Nihilists such as the Lokayata or Cārvāka, known to maintain that dharma and adharma do not exist at all. For them kāma is the highest dharma, a position that men of wisdom must reject as absurd (SDS 81-87).)
Haribhadra is aware that the common ideal of a double dharma is expressed in different terms in different texts (SVS 23):
bhogamuktiphalo dharmaḥ sa pravṛttītarātmakaḥ | samyagmithyādirūpaś ca gītas tantrantareṣv api
In his commentary to SVS 23, Haribhadra adds that others prefer the terminology abhyudaya and niḥśreyasa. Needless to say, the earliest classical sources for this is Vaiseṣikasūtra 1.1.2: yato 'bhyudayaniḥśreyasasiddhiḥ sa dharmaḥ.
Before Haribhadra, Buddhist scholars had adopted this terminology. Thus Śāntarakṣita, in his Tattvasaṁgraha 3486 (known to Haribhadra, who mentions Sāntarakṣita) writes:
Jain Education International
yato 'bhyudayanispattir yato niḥśreyasasya ca | sa dharma ucyate tādṛk sarvair eva vicakṣaṇaiḥ ||
And already many centuries before Santarakṣita, Nāgārjuna, in the introduction to his Ratnavali 1. 2-4, had also adopted the terminology of Vaiśesika (often mentioned by him) when he presented the Buddhist Dharma to his reader :
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
