Indian Antiquary Vol 62

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 302

$$ 232-234]
ON THE MODERN INDO-ARYAN VERNACULARS
[FEBRUARY, 1933
Hindi poetry strong nouns with a bases (e.g., OH. ghorau <ghodau < ghöțaka b) often end in ū. See $ 29, n. 1. The same is the case in the modern Central Pahāri (Gșh.) and in Western Pahāļi, as in jāno or jānī, going (for Gșh, see LSI. IX, iv, 311). In WPh. ū and o are freely interchanged, as in gūā or göā, gone. In Assamese every u is pronounced u, but u, not ū, is written. Hence the > u in bulisē (8229) is really >ü, and we should properly write būlice.
232. In Dardic generally ürü, but sometimes it represents other vowels. It must be remembered that in Kāšmiri, and probably elsewhere (Cf. G.Ph. 14), o and ū are absolutely interchangeable. The average Kāšmiri is unable to distinguish between the sourds of these two letters. E.g., he will at one moment say poś, and the next moment pūš, ard rot be aware that he has sounded them differently.
(a) Interchange. Av. karana., Skr, karna- ; $. kün, kön, Bš, kör, KI, kuro, but K, kan, an ear. Av. dantan., Skr. danta-; Wai. dit, others don, don, duit, &c., a tooth. Skr. puspa-, Kl. pūg-ik, Km. põg, but Trw. pašū, a flower. (6) Vocalization of labial consonant and crasis. OPrs. *ava- + r stā-; Kl. ušt, others ust-, ul-, uth-, &c., rise. Skr. svarna-; Bš, sūn, others son, sön, &c., gold Av. span; Wai. cũ, Paš. Süsi-ng, $. dî, Ks. hün", a dog. OPrs. r Xiyav., Av. r sav-; Wai. r cū., Grw. r co., go. Av. xivas ; Wai. &i, V. ašū, others do, &c., six. Skr. raabha-; Kh. rexi, a bull. Frs, kafa, Mazandarani, kas (GIP. I, ii, 353); Km. kūdi (base k88-), shoe.
An instance of elision of n with consequent crasis is Skr. mănuşa-, manusya ; $. mūg, others muš, mod, &c.
(c) Accent. Due to accent is Av. pura., Skr. pútra-; Wai, Kl. pūr, My. pūth, Trw. pūc, others pufr, piutr, pult, &c., son.
In K., ai followed by u becomes ū. Thus, in the base kait-, how much ? Masc. Sg. nom. kūtu, but f. kiits", see $236.
Regarding the change of ū to , see $ 193, and to i, $ 236. Regarding y prefixed to ă, see $ 226a.
233. Dardio ủ This sound has been noted only in Kāšmiri. Like y, it occurs only in words like gür', pr. gū'r', cowherds. As in the case of y, the sound of ū is really not changed by epenthesis, see &$ 126, 230.
Exceptionally, however, in a few words, when i is followed by ü-mätrā, it becomes ü. see $236. Thus:--Ks. kūr" (krūrab), cruel, fem, kür"; gūd", foolish, fem. gida.
Dardic ü. 234. This sound only occurs in Dardic and in those IAVs. that are under Dardic influence. It has the three grades of ", ü, and i.
Dardic ü or i-mātrā always represents an old final i. Thus, Kš, kar" m, she was made for me, is for an older kari-me. In Kašmir, even pandits, when speaking Sanskrit, pronounce a final i ori as ü (Cf. Bühler, Kashmir Report, JBRA., 1877, 25, 26). In fact, in Kš, ü-mātrā and i-mātrā are quite commonly confounded, and words, such as māj", a mother, are often written maji.
In Kš. most nouns of the 3rd declension, i.e., strong feminine nouns with i-based, end in ü-mäträ, so that the latter is the typical feminine termination of the language, just as u-mātrā is the typical masculine termination. Thus gur", a horse, gur", a mare (quasi Skr. *ghögikah, *ghôţiki, cf. $ 183).
Regarding the epenthetic effect of u-mātrā on a preceding vowel, see $$ 126, 164. When the letter a precedes ü-matrā, it becomes ü. Occasionally a mätrā () is followed by ü-mātrā,
116