Indian Antiquary Vol 62

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 355

DECEMBER. 1933]
FIARDENING OF SONANTS
[$$ 319-331
Ap. ll, resultant from rt (cf. Hc. ii, 30) is rarely reduced to d ( orr) as in :nirvártatë he is
nivealiai
P. r nibbar, H. EH. Bg. 0. accomplished
Vnibar., B. Vnibar. S.Vnibir. So, for tth kústā, leprosy
kúttha Most IAVs. kórh, but M.G. kör, Bg. kur. In one very common word in R.H. EH. and B. p>b, i.e., the sTs. partüb, for pratāpaḥ, might. It is common as a proper name, but in R. (J.) it is used as a common noun. In H. būdšāh, for Prs. pädšāh, a king, the initial letter was changed on account of the indecent meaning of the IAV. word pād (Skr. pardah) (Blochmann, JASB., xxxvii, I, 1868, 36). Tradition says that the change was made under the orders of the Emperor Akbar.
349. It will have been observed, as a general result of the above that while sporadic instances of the voicing of surds occur in most IAVs, and are also common in the special case of SEBg., they are most frequently noticeable in Rājasthāni and related languages. This fact is important as the Ap. of Hc. and Mk. was a dialect of the Sr. Pr. Group, with which also R. was once closely connected.
350. In Dardic (following Ps. Pr. and Shb.) there is a tendency to preserve intervocalic mutes, and there are also many instances of the Ps. Pr. custom of hardening sonants. But, in process of development the original and secondary surds have often become voiced to sonants. In the case of a secondary surd, the resultant sonant thus reverts to its original form, e.g., 9 > > 9 (see ZDMG, LXVI, 79-82). In the first place, initial surds are sometimes voiced as in Kš. gäš (kāśa-), light; My. gi, for ki, what? This is especially common when a vowel or sonant consonant immediately precedes or follows, as in v. r pez-, go; be-bzi, going outside ; ti-bzi, going to ; Bš. as-ke, he, but am-gi, they ; Bš. pa or ba, on (ení), ba being used before words beginning with sonant consonants, as in ba-ben, in the forest, and pa in other cases, as in pa-pti, on the back.
Examples of voicing of original medial surds are : V. (att)ege, one (ēka-), and the - ka suffix, as in My.dā or dā-g, the back; V. buto-g, a share ;
Bě, vin-an or vin-aga-n, striking ; V. pesumtio-go, ş. şide-go, My. kut-ag-il, struck.
Kš. kan, an ear, but (medial k) hasi-gan, N. of a place, Hasti-karna-. Av. panca- ; Paš. Grw. panj, KI. Kh. ponj, My. påz, five. Comparison with such forms as Kš. pönts, Bš. puc, &c., show that these can hardly have been borrowed
directly from Persian. (r or r for d.) Aš. Gwr. kukur, a cock (kukkuța-); Wai. gur, Kš. guru (ghotaka-),
a horse ; Bš. bar-este, a share (rvat-). Gwr. puda-mi, before (pravat.); Bš. radar or rötr, night (rätri-).
Bš. kapā or kabā, angry (xafa); Ks. r beh-, sit (upavisati); Kl. rāwā, silver (rupaka-). As examples of the apparent retention of sonants (formula g>k>g), we have :
Kš. bagu, a share (bhäga-); bag, vulva (bhaga.); mög, a cloud (mēgha-). Kš. ajwend-, Carum copticum (ajavinda-); baj", a partner (bhäjika-). (p or r for d), Wai. coro-k, Kl. cūri, hair (cūdikā); Kš. brar", a cat (vidāla-). Kš. harad-, autumn (sarad-), Kš. ārādan, worship (ārādhanā).
Kš. abod", unwise (abudhaka-).
351. Hardening of Sonants. In Northern Panjābi, and probably in Standard Panjābi, an aspirated sonant preceding an accented syllable is often pronounced as an unaspirated surd. Thus bhrā, brother, is pronounced prà in a low tone. For further particulars, see $ 152, and NP. Gr. xvii, and 17 ff. Elsewhere I have noted only isolated instances of the hardening of sonants, except in Dardic and in those IAVs. which show traces of its influence, viz., in CPh. WPh. NL, and the Bhil dialects of G. ($ 35, and ZDMG. Ixvi, 77 f.) Possibly
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