Indian Antiquary Vol 62

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 353

DECEMBER, 1933]
CHANGE OF GRADE. VOICING OF SURDS
[$$ 344-346
344. The change of a sibilant to h occurs principally in the Dard Group, esp. in Şiņā and Kāšmiri. It also occurs sporadically elsewhere. It occurs much most frequently as a representative of ó or š. This is very common in Kš. Thus (initial) :
Skr. syūma-, Kš. ham", blackness ; Skr. simbā, Ks. hem, a pod ; Skr. éambala., Kš. hambāla, viaticum ; Skr. śuşka-, Kš. kokku, dry; Skr. sama., Ksr ham, extinguish ; Skr. érnga-, Kg.heng, a horn; Skr. kava, Ks. hap., a corpse ; Skr. Barikā, Ks. hār, & cowry; Skr. särikä, Kš. hārü, a starling; Skr. sarad., Kš. harud, autumn; Skr. Sivarātri-, Kš. hērat., N. of a festival ; Skr. āşādhah, Kš. här, L. P. hähr, N. of a month, S. hā", summer; Skr. siras, Ks. hir, but Paš. šir, a head ; Skr. sata-, Kš. hat., a hundred.
I have not noted any instances of initial š becoming h. When ó or is non-initial the resultant h is often apocopated. Examples are
Skr. u pavisati, he sits ; K rbeh-, Trw.rbih, My bhai. (for baih), Ş. Grw. rlai-; Skr. dasa-, Av. dasa.; Ks. dah, $. dãi, Paš. dē, ten ; Skr, vimsati., Kg. wuh, ş bi, twenty; Skr. pag., Av. xěruš; Kš. šeh, Aš. sü, şsi, Trw. so, Gwr. M. šoh, Kl. šöh, Grw. šo, Bš. šo, Wai. šū, V. uši, Paš. š, six. This last is the only case in which the change is general in Dardic. In it the initial ša is retained as representing the Av. compound xš, except in Aš. ş. and Trw., where we have the Indian 3. Other examples of $ are Skr. vişa-, Kš. veh, poison, cf. the S. P. and L. forms given above ($ 340); Skr. rarga-, Kš. warihy, & year; Skr. pausa-, Kš. põh, N. of a month ; Cf. S. põh", P. L. põh (§ 340).
In Kašmiri the š which becomes h, is preserved when ü-mātrā, e, or y follows. So that the grammatical rule has arisen in Kỹ. that when these follow h it becomes š, though this is etymologically reversing the true order of affairs. Thus:
Kš.bah (dvadasi), the twelfth lunar day, sg. dat.baši; Kš. V pih- (Skr. Vpis-), grind; piši, she was ground; piše, they (fem.) were ground; pišyöv, he was ground; Kš. tsahu, astringent ; fem. sg. tsašis; tsäšer, astringency ; Kš. hil, like, fem.sg. hjši; hišer, resemblance ; põh (? purisa-), ordure ; sg. dat. paši. In Kš. warihy, a year, the g of Skr, varsa- has not been preserved, but retains the form of h, although preceding y.
The change of 8 to his much more rare. Thus, Skr. divasa-, K;. doh, Gwr. bā, Trw. di, a day; Skr. svastir., S. săh, Paš. säi, Grw. išpo, šil. Here the initial 8 of sv has been preserved, as forming part of a compound consonant.
345. It is well-known that the Pašto language possesses a letter , derived from an original š (GIP. I, ii, 209). This letter becomes x in Northern Pošto (id. 203). We find the same dialectic difference in Pašai. Wherever Eastern Pas. has š, the Western dialect has x (Grierson, ZDMG. liv, 665). Thus EPag. širing, W Paš. Xoring, a dog. This is the only instance of a sibilant becoming x that I have noted in Dardic, but it will be remembered that a similar change occurs in the Gādi dialect of WPh. (Ch.) (8 339).
CHANGE OF GRADE. 346. Voicing of Surds. This was common in Ap. (Ho. iv, 396), and also occurred in Sr. Mg. Pr. in regard to t, th (P. Gr. $ 203) and in Pr. generally in regard to the cerebrals (Pr. Gr. & 198). All these cases refer to medial, and not to initial consonants. This voicing has been preserved in the IAVs. Thus - Skr.
Ap. sákalah, entire
ságalulau) G. sápalo, M. ságaļā, P. H. ságérā, B. ságar. bakunah, an omen sagunu
S. ságunu, H. EH. B. ságun, Bg. ságun, G. P.
sugan ; also A. xágun, & vulture. And so many other instances of k > g, including the very common H EH. B.lig, S. lögu, a person, Skr. lökaḥ. kh is softened to gh in M. rēgh, G. rēg, for Skr. rēkha, a line. Other IAVs. use the Ts.
167