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JULY, 1882.)
INDO.CHINESE LANGUAGES.
187
Kā came gradually to denote the future tense in Karen (as: sá ka kha lä khä lä); the ablative (from, out of) in Burmese, Khyen, Amoy, Hokkien (as kā); place and motion, from or to, in Shan and Siamese (ki nán, there, ka núk, outside of, kă pún yonder); in Phalonng and Talaing also the ablative (kao in nú kão tá ngôš kõ, from that day onwards).
15. Ta denotes continuance in & condition; as in Karen pgā tā gå si si ta si sí, that person continues a long time in an almost dying state. Mühtühtü tahtū htū, almost noon. Tá isolates single actions or conditions out of several or different ones; it has then become the particle of impersonification and individualization, assuming the function of a definite or indefinite article, converting predicatives into nominal roots.
Ka (Karen, antithetic roota ko or kä), to screen; chi tă ka chi tà ko, to tie up something for a screen; tăka a screen; tă in its extended form tā (Karen) is prefixed to verbs to form substantives, or verbal nouns; it is also prefixed or affixed instead of a noun indefinite; it came to mean something, and finally a thing, subject, matter; a 'one' is likewise tă; compare Burmese tă suntă khú; in tà phán ta lä; and tā as a numeral auxiliary lu tă yoúk, a man, one man; khroé tà koung, a dog, one dog.
16. Pă indicates the doing or causing of an action expressed by the verb; it also intensifies action. In Karen it is interchangeable with kă (că, śa) and tă.
Karen: på käl på kā, to sheer away, as in steering a boat. Kë på ki ke på ká, to twist or contort with an oblique or side motion.
Burmese : pa rúk på rä'k, to be agitated, in a flurry; på rä'k på rá, in the way of joking, with too much freedom or familiarity.
Talaing : på táú på ták', to cause to increase; på lámpă la't, to destroy, to spoil.
To what extent these particles are used, especially in the illiterate tongues of Further India, is exemplified in Rev. Mr. Wade's Karen Dictionary (quarto 1842) beginning with the letter and the particle kă, illustrating its uses, in connection with verbs over 324 pages.
17, By allotting the expression of the accessories of time and place to a few particles, applidemonstrative particles were then again prefixed to it; thus ka klú, if analyzed, appears as ka kalu; Burmese in this and many other instances has not allowed the root
cable alike to all roots, the vowel-element in the latter became disconnected from these functions, and would now supply material for the forma tion of terms for new thoughts and knowledge. From the moment syllables began to be separated from syntheses by the conscious exercise of the retrospective and analytical power of the mind-the further development of the language depended in great part on the extent to which pronominal particles succeeded, by attachment to separated roots, in overcoming their innate tendency to restore their former connection in a symbolising synthesis, or in a complex, phonetically resembling the former. In the latter case, they joined to "phonetic couplets" which owed their origin not directly to symbolism, but to the tendency of the idiom, inherited from & previous phase of its existence, towards that peculiar mode of utterance, which characterised symbolic synthesis. We bave seen that kā rokā rt is derived from ro ro riri; & similar association of sound has been effected in kă röka rõ, or kă ri kă rikă ro kā ro. If two different actions or conditions are to be expressed in a couplet, the two predicative roots are joined upon the same principle.
Tatu, imitative of a heavy dull sound, produced by the vehement contact with another body; kò tử ka tủ, the same sound occurring repeatedly and at regular intervals; to (originally the antithetic form of tu) to strike, to beat in such a manner as to raise marks or ridges; kā tủ | kă to, to strike repeatedly BOAs to produce the said sounds, and to raise upon each stroke a mark on the body beaten.
Thus innumerable new couplets were formed, as in Burmese : kă tung kă ting; kā taung | ka sáng; kẻ táiok | ky vaiok; pa lúm Tpa tuệ ; | tã zum | ta khú; in Chinese: teen mo shuo | teem
mo hing; chia*-80a* | chia*-hái; chia" táòe | tà tsòe ; chia” thán | chia* bin.
Roots in phonetic couplets were separated from each other only by one syllable, always short and unaccented; their insertion was not sufficient to annul the innate bent of the predicative root towards regaining companionship with its former associates or others similarly inclined. and particle to coalesce; hence Burmese lu lutala, is genetically identical with Karen klu klu kld klá; and kal6 with ka klú.
