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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
Gp. A. 3, S. M. A. 22; by mahapanan, Ing. A. 8, Gp. B. 1, and anapay ámi in Aśoka's edict, Cunn. I. 74; as in the forms of Jaina Prâkit áná, K.S., anna, Bhag. 379, etc. Pâli áná, Hem. II. 42; for ñána we have nuwana, L. V. K. C. P. P. 6, naena, K. J. 104; n for ñch in panaes, Wewelk. 18, P. P. 4 pañchásat, cf. panna in the inscription of Delhi, Cunningham, 112; the Prakrits have nor nn, Pâli mm, Hem. II. 43, and E. M. J. P. 41; we find unorganic nasals as parasite consonants since the 9th century, thus we have
Maenda madhya, P. P. 46, but maeda, 36; haendae=dchhadana, Amb. A, 10, K. J. 51; naengú Amb. B, 24; namwd, D. 1. 20, R. D. 14, Wandar. 5; kaesumbu kabyapa; mun-mudga, Kávy. V, 5, Pâli munga, B, I, 268; dasambul dasabala, Kávy.
I, 60; welemba, elembi, aswalembi, 'mare' from wadawa (see Childers, Notes II); numba for nuba = nabhas, Gutt. 68; tambanawd to boil' tap (comp. Ascoli Zigeunerisch. 42); sunga-blakshna, dilindu poverty' from daridra, R. D. 15; múndu, muhundu for mada, muhuda hamuda, samudra, Gp. B, 14, S. M. B. 7; mundu mardha, Amb. A, 25, 56, D. I. 4; welenda 'merchant,' old wanajainscription at Galvihara, to which may be added a Tamil word introduced into Simhalese panguwa (Tamil pangu) bhága; kumbuk or kubuk kakubha, Ab. 562, Mah. 188; nindi nidra, P. P. 30, 37, Gipsy, lindra, Mikl. VIII, 7; mahaengi mahargha, but maha aeg, P. P. 13, K. J. 105; ng for gg in mang-márga, Pali magga, Amb. B, 54, of. Gipsy mangává to beg, pray,' Mikl. VIII. 12.
=
In contrast to these words there is a great number of other words where a genuine nasal became supported by the sonant of its organ.
First nd for n: anduwa "government," from Påli and; pandura, "tribute," from Pali pannakáro, Amb. A, 47; Nám. 191, Kávy. IX. 18.
Second nd for n: aenda "bed" from yahana= Páli sayana; kanda, "hill, embankment," old kana, inscription at Habarane 2, Amb. B, 55, derived from Skt. skhanna, "raised, elevated," skhand; kindard kimnara; Dewundara for Dewunuwara (Devanagara); piydnandae for piyanan, i. e., piyd, "father" and honorific suffix dae (has no meaning at all); wandurd, " monkey," =vdnara, comp, Hindi bandará; sanda "at the time when" from kshana;
The Magadhi and Pâli word phasu (phisu according to Cunn. 97) cf. ispasuwa, pásu, L. V. K. B. believe is to be explained by the supposition of a similar process. Prof. Weber (J. G. Or. S. 1879, p. 18), like Childers, rejects the explanation of the Northern Buddhists of "sukhasparsa," which would presuppose an adjective sparsa, sparsuka. He thinks this could not assume the sense "pleasant." But in Mahar. Prakrit we find a verb mhusa, from which we are led to conclude an original form smys for Skt. mris and Latin mulceo. If we imagine an adjective smaríu derived herefrom, this would meet all the
[AUGUST, 1882. Amb. A, 12, Kdvy. I. 14, and often, but kanda, P. P. 32.
Third mb for m: imbul" cotton tree," Skt. salmall, Hindi simbala (see Beames I. 346); aembul sour" (this is a doubtful case, as the word may be derived either from amla or from abila or be a tats. for Pâli ambila) Skt.amla, dram. Mag.dbila; dumbara "dark coloured" dhúmra; nambuwa namra; kalamba kalapa, Gutt. 63; bambana, cf. bambhana in the inscriptions of Kap. Dhauli, Jaugada, Cun. ningham, I. 68, Hem. II. 74. (Elu poetry) = brdhmana; bambara bhramara, Maldivian maburu; rómbu roman (corrupted tats. as proved by 6); hambu=dchama, Amb. A, 11, 28; kambura, Amb. B, 47=kammára.
DOUBLE AND COMPOUND CONSONANTS. Double consonants become single in Simhalese (without compensatory lengthening, as in Hindi and other Indian vernaculars), compound consonants either underwent the process of assimilation and became double consonants previously, or they were preserved by the insertion of a vowel (see above). In the course of time it became very common to drop concluding vowels as well as vowels between consonants, and in the 9th century therefore and later, double consonants as well as compound consonants are met with frequently enough. Assimilation takes place as innawd for hidnawa, sad, sidati. Another case of doubling consonants is from the change of i and u into ya and wa and subsequent assimilation in nominal themes (see above). The change, however, did not always take place, thus from balu we have balld, from baetalu, baetaluwa; assimilation in attam and wattam, S. S. 23 (wat, Nám. 164); wissam = viśvakarman, S.S. I, 12.
46
SOFTENING AND HARDENING.
Softening of surds to sonants is so frequent and natural a process in all languages, that we need not here advert to it, but may notify the change under the head of the respective letters. But the opposite process of hardening sonants is also found in the Simhalese. Instances
are:
Dik. dagaep; behet; panguwa bhaga, cf. difficulties regarding the signification of phasu, and as for the etymological connection, the transition smaríu, smásu, phasu, or following the other method mhásu, bhásu, phâsu, is easy enough. If with Prof. Weber I here derive phasu rather from smaréu than from sparsu, I do so under the supposition that at the time of the formation of this word, the verbe mris and spris were already perfectly separated not only in Skt. but also in the vernacular dialects, for it is clear that mris and spris are merely differentiations of the same root, smrit.
