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dummia- and the alternative form dūmia- 'distressed illustrate crossinfluencing. Intransitivity was a factor causing such a semantic change. We have in Apabhramsa rappiijai (MP. 89.12.10) 'is coloured a newy formed passive from earlier passive rappai (substituting still earlier raccai) correponding to the active ramjai. cf. Pischel, Grammatik, $ 66. ibid, $ 126. Bharateśvara-bāhubali-rāsa (ed. Jinavijaya Muni, 1941) hayagayarahavari kariya sanāļhu (St 87b) 'equipped with cavalry, elephant and chariot forces', Grammatik, $ 67. It occurs in a passage of Svayambhu's Paumacariya (8th cent.) (ed. H.C. Bhayani, Singhi Jain Series, Bombay, part I 1961): diņayare naha-kusume-vva galiņae, dime nisi-vairie-vva voliņae (Paumacariya 67-1-3) When the sun, lika a sky flower melted' (withered, i.e. slipped down) and the day. like an enemy of the night dissappeared' Pischel (Grammatik, $562) explains this with the help of Sk. åsinaPk. ūsiņa,Mudrārāksasa; 29, 15; 30, 1; Pischel, $$ 346, 567.
11.
12.
Bibliographical Note
In the section on the verbal substitutes in Hemacandra's Siddhahema-sabdānuśasana (VIII 4, 2-258), in his Desimamamāla and in other grammatical and lexicographical works of Indian Prakrit grammarians we find rich data relating to passive stems.
H. Jacobi was the first to put forth the view of analogical origin of some irregular' Prakrit passive stems ("über unregelmassige passiva im prakrit', Kuhn's Zeitschrift, 28, 249-256, 1887). He convincingly explained the formation of the form-types sippai, dubbhai, hammai, civvai, on the basis of linkage between the present active, past passive participle, infinitive of purpose, absolutive, etc. of certain
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