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Origin and development of ā- passives*
1. The problem of the origin and developinent of Gujarati āpassives and their corresponding past participles (considered now dialectal) with -n-suffix has not been satisfactorily solved so far. These forms are attested in Old Gujarati. As against most of the other NIA languages with pariphrastic passive, Gujarati has like Sanskrit and Prakrit, a suffixal passive.?
Hoernle derived thesc forins from Sk. -ay-causatives (pāyayati etc.). Grierson and Tessitori accepted that view. Bloch did not find that view attractive, but he could not advance any alternative solution, althongh he is inclined to suspect some analogical inflnence. Pandit has referred to the various alternatives considered by Bloch and dismissed Dave's suggestion as unsatisfactory. Dave derived the Perfect participial -āņa- from the -āna- ending of the preset participle of Sk. Ātmanepadi verbs and O. Guj. mūkāi etc. were created on the analogy of O. Guj. mūkāņau etc. This suggestion is phonologically teneble but semantically it faces insuperable difficulties.4
It was K.K. Shastri who happens to have made a correct surinise in this matter. Like Chatterji he has derived the passive suffix -ā- from the -äy- of the Sanskrit denominatives, and has supported this with Gujarati denominative formations like kastāvī be pained', gamdhāvā ‘stink', sukāvù'dry up and has connected the -na-suffix of the perfect participle with the -ņa-suffix (instead of the usual -ta-) taken by a class of Sanskrit verbs. Both these suggestions are in the right direction, but Shastri has not examined their implications in detail and has not established his view by a systematic discussion of the relevant data and has not considered the diffuculties involved. In what follows an attempt is made to systematically work out his view.
2. Out of the six types of Sanskrit denominatives, among the kyar(=-ya-) type, which take Ātmanepadi endings there are some roots whose denoninative forins signify 'to experience a feeling-state', 'to be in a state or “to achieve a state', instead of the usual meaning of
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