________________
Jaina Conception of Space and Time
of the immeasurable minutest modes of substances 38 whereas Conventional time is the auxiliary cause of the measurable modes of substances. As time-atoms are spread over the entire cosmic space, Absolute time is present everywhere in the cosmic space. As the motion of a material atom is available throughout the cosmic space, samaya division of Conventional time is also present in the entire cosmic space. But as the motion of the sun and other heavenly luminaries is not available outside the space inhabited by human beings, the divisions of Conventional Time having reference to this motion are confined only to this portion of cosmic space.3. Absolute time being what it is, usage or division of past, present and future is metaphorically or secondarily applicable to it; but it is primarily applicable to Conventional time.40
5. Time Substance according to Svetämbaras A few out of this Svetāmbara thinkers who recognise time as an independent substance favour the Digambara view. Ae. Hemacandra is the foremost among them. 41 But others reject the Digambara view. According to them time is not atomic. It is not a manifold of atoms. It is one and pervades the entire cosmic space. Though it is one whole, it can be said to have spatial parts. It has extension over the cosmic space and the parts of this space covered by it are obviously understandable in terms of the parts of time substance. Consequently time substance is entitled to being characterised as an extensive substance (astikaya). Tradition however restricts the use of this notion to five substances, but this does not annul its extensity (tiryak pracaya or astikayata).42 Though it pervades the entire cosmic space, its divisions, viz. day, month, year etc. which depend upon planetary movements are not possible outside human region because planetary movements are available in human region only.48 As it pervades the entire cosmic space, it is motionless.
38 77 quart:...daran 59917*: Tarlac, To 822 39 va ular fara aflegara- n-ra14- -faser-ucatat
-पक्ष-मासायनादिसवितृगतिपरिवर्तनकालवर्तनया व्यवहारकालो मनुष्यक्षेत्रे सम्भवतीत्यच्यते तत्र ज्योतिषां गतिपरिणामात्, न बहिः, निवृत्तगतिव्यापारत्वात ज्योतिषाम् ।
Tharfe T. 862 40 तत्र परमार्थकाले भूतादिव्यवहारो गोणः, व्यवहारकाले मुख्यः। राजवार्तिक, पृ. ४८२ 41 H ETTI, l. 8€ 42 व्यवहारस्तु रूढ्याऽस्तिकायैः पञ्चभिरेव प्रवचने, न चैतावतैवास्तिकायताऽपह्नोतुं शक्या।
सिद्धसेनगणिटीका (तत्वार्थ), पृ० ४३४ 43 miff#771 bila teatar: 12197913, R6. Poy
