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ANIMALS AND THEIR
(First Section)
Classification of Animals: Lower Invertebrates
INTRODUCTION
To catalogue the vast array of animals the Jainacaryas have used a classification system of animals based upon observation of similarities of structure1, sense-organs2, mode of origin3 and development.4 In the study of taxonomy they have differentiated superficial and accidental similarities from the significant fundamental ones. Homologous structures of various animals (which arise from common rudiments and are similar in basic plan and development) have been distinguished from analogous structures (which are similar in function). Accordingly the arm of a man, the wing of a bird, the fin of a fish are homologous7, with basically similar structural plan and similar 1. E. G. Catuspadas ( quadrupeds) Egakhura (Solidungular), Dukhura (Biungular), Gamḍīpaya (Multiungular), and Saṇapphaya (animals having toes with nails); Parisarpas reptiles) Bhuja parisarpas (those which move on arms) and Uraḥparisarpas (those which move on breast); Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36; 179181; Pannavana 1. 69, 70; 1-76.; Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24
2. Bhagavati, 1.5. 48-49; 2.1. 83-84; 9. 32. 375; 20. 1. 663; 24. 17. 708-712. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, 36. 17; 136, 150-155, Pannavana Sutta, 1. 56, 57, 58, 61-91, 92-138. "Krmyādinām pipilik ādinām bhramarādīnām manuṣyādināṁ ca / yathasamkhya me kaikavṛddhani indriyani bhavanti yathakramaṁ / Tad yatha kṛmyādinām apadikanupurakagaṇḍūpada sankha - šuktika - sambūka - jalūkā - prabhṛtinām sparsana rasanendriye bhavataḥ I.....seṣānam ca Tiryag-yonijānāṁ matsyoragabhujanga - pakṣicatuşpadānāṁ sarveṣām ca nārakamanuṣyadevānāṁ pancendriyani /" Tattvarthädhigama Sutra, II. 24.
3. Bhagavati 7.5.282; 9.32.375; Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36.170;
Jivabhigama Sūtra 1.33.
; Panṇavana Sūtra, 1.56
1.57
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THIRD CHAPTER
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1.58
1.68
1.75
1.84
; Tattvarthadhigama 1.85
Sūtra II. 34
CLASSIFICATION
(Sammucchima). (Sammucchimā). (Sammucchimä). (Sammuchhima and Gabbhavukkämtiya).
4. Ibid.
5. Arms of man, wings of birds, fin of fish are homologous; Tattvärtha Sūtra II. 34.
6. Wings of bat and bird are analogous structures.
7. Pannavara I. 92,138 (Manussa) 1.86 (Khchacara); 1.62-63.
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