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312
Order Carnivora
Order Rodentia
Order Lagomorpha
Order Primatee
Order Antiodatyla
Order Perissodactyla
Order Preboseidea
Oader Cetacca
: Dogs (Sunaga or Sva ), Cats (Biḍalı) bears (Rksa), etc.69
1:3
Rats (mūṣikā), squirrels (śayika), beavers and porcupines (sallaka) etc.70 : Rabbits (Sasaka) and hares (Śasá).
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: Monkeys, apes72 and man (manuṣya).73
Even-toed ungulates (dukhură),74 e.g. and cattle, dear, camels etc.
: Odd-toed ungulates (egakhura) horses rhinocereroses, etc.75
:
: (Gaṇḍipada): Elephants (Hasti)76
: Whales (Timi ).77
It is suggestive from this survey of the classification of the animal kingdom that the Jainacaryas recognized in principle the grades of likeness or similarity in animal classifications, viz. (1) the complete identity of type which exists within a single species, (2) The likeness between species of the same great genus (such species have the same great genus (such species have the same great genus) such species have the same bodily parts, differing only in degree in number, size, etc. and (3) the likeness by analogy between greatest genera themselves, on the basis of sense-organs, for they grasped firmly the homology between arm, foreleg, wings, fin, between bone and fish spine, between feather and scale.78
They never applied any cut and dried method of classification of animal. They were well aware of the difficulties of the existence
69. Ibid.
70. TS. I1. 34.
71. TS. II. 34.
72. Bhs. 12. 8. 450.
73. TS, II. 34; Uttaradhyayana Sutra, 36. 194; Pannavanā 1. 72.
74. Pannavanā 1. 72.
75. Ibid., 1. 71,
76. Ibid. 1. 73,
77. Pannavana 1. 63,
78. Bhagavati Vyakhyāprajñapti, 1, 5. 49; 2. 1. 83-34; 9-32-375; 2c. 1. 663 24. 17. 708-12; Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36. 127; 136; 150-155.
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