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Jaina Biology
and the girdles97 (kadi ) which attach them to the rest of the body, make up the appendicular skeleton.
The pelvic girdle98 consists of three fused hip bones, and the pectoral gridle99 consists of the two collar bones, or clavicles, and two shoulder blades ( amsalaga ) or scapulas. The pelvic girdle is securely fused to the vertebral column 100 whereas the pectoral girdle is loosely and flexibly attached to it by means of muscles.
The appendages of man are comparatively primitive, terminating in five digits - the fingers 101 and toes. 102
The bones of the arm 103 are the humerus of the upper arm, the radius and ulna of the lower arm, the eight tiny carpals of the wrist, the five slender metacarpals of the palm, and the fourteen phalanges, or finger bones 104 two in the thumb105 and three in each finger. The leg bones are the femur in the thigh, the tibia and fibula in the shank, 107 the seven tarsals in the ankle, the five metatarsals across the instep and the fourteen phalanges in the toes. The great toe has only two phalanges, every other toe having three. The patella or knee cap108 is a separate bone of the leg; there is no counterpart for it in the arm 108a.
The Joints (Sandhi ):
The joint (sandhi )109 is the point of junction between two bones, such as, those between the bones of the skull ( siraṁ), 110 the
97. “Kadi", Tandula Veyaliya, p. 41. *Amsalagabahulaga... ... samdhi saṁghāya.
samdhiyamiņam” Ibid, 17 ; "Urujāņušamghāpayasamdhiyam/" Ibid, 17.
"Jamghatthiyasu ūru paitthiyā tatthiya Kadipiųhi/” Ibid p. 41 98. "Kadipithi / Kadiyasthivedhiyaim atharasa pitțiahiņ Tamdula-Veyaliya, p. 41. 99. “Amsalaga-amsayoh-skandhayoh, etc.” Ibid Comm.). p. 39. 100. Tatthiya Kadipithi Kadiyaţthịvedhiyaim athārasa pitthiatthiņi", Ibid, p. 41. 101. "Anguli-arguttha", Tandula Veyaliya 17, p. 38.
"Pitthakaramdaga", Ibid., p. 16. p. 35. 102. Ibid, 17, p. 38. 103. Biology, p. 341 104. "Bāhulaga-anguli", etc. Ibid., 17, p. 38. 105. "Amgutthega" Ibid. 106. "Uru", "Jamghatthiyāsu uru paitthiya,”. Ibid., p. 41. 107. Jamgha", Ibid, p. 41 108. Jánu, Ibid, 17. p. 38. 108a Biology, p. 341 109. "Saţthi samdhisayam", Tandula Veyaliya, 16, p. 35; Ibid. 17, p. 38. 110. “Caukavālam siran," Ibid. 16, p. 35 ; Sisaghadi, Ibid, p. 38.
; "Aşthikhandarūpaih siro bhavati", Ibid. (comm.) p. 36.
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