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ANIMAL KINGDOM :
A classification system of animals has been formulated by the Jainācāryas on the basis of the observation of their structural similarities, sense-organs, 2 mode of origin3 and development. In the study of taxonomy they have differentiated superficial and accidental similarities from the significant and fundamental ones. Homologous structures of various animals have been distinguished from analogous structures. Structure of animals may be both homologus and analogous, for example, the wings (pakşas) of birds and bat? (valgulis) have a similar structural plan and development as well as the same function. Because all animals have essentially the same problems to solve for survival, there is the basic unity of life among them. The Basis For Animal Classification according to Jaiua Biology
According to Jaina Biology, the main divisions of the animal kingdom, the phyla, are differentiated by basic characteristics which usually are not unique for a single phylum, but occur in unique combinations in various ones. Some factors basic to the determination of an animal's classification are as follows :
(a) The presence or absence of cellular differentiation and the presence of sense-organs two to five-sense-organs. 10 Animals may be
1. Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 36. 179-181 ; Pannavanā 1.69. 70; 1. 76
Tattvärthadhigama Sätra II. 24. 2. Bhagavati 1. 5. 48-49; 2.1.82-84 ; 9.32.375; 20.1.663; 24.17. 708-717.
Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36. 127 ; 136; 150-155 ; Pannavanā 1.55, 57, 58, 61-91,
92-138 ; TS. II. 24 3, Bhagavati 7.5.282; 9.32.375; Uttarādhya yana 26.170 ; Jivābhigama 1.33, 57, 58,
68 ; 75 (Gabbhavukkaṁtiya ), 84, 85, 91.] 4. Ibid.) 5. Arms of man, wings of birds, fin of fish are homologous-Tattvartha Satra II. 34. 6. Wings of bat and bird are analogous structures 1. 62-63. Pannavada, 1.62-63 7. Wings of Cammapakht and Lomapakkhi, Paộnavaná 1.86. 8. Ibid. (Wirgs of bats and birds have the same function ) 9. Most of the two-sensed animals have one-celled body, e.g. kşmi (worm, while
the five-sensed animals have cellular differentiation. 10. Bhagavati Sūtra, l. 5. 49; 2.1. 83-84 ; 9.32, 375; 20.1.663 ; 24.17. 108-155
Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36. 127; 136; 150-155 Pannavana Sutta, 1. 56. 57, 58, 61-91, 92-138 ; Tattvārthadhigama Sūtra II. 24.
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