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302
Phylum Tracheophyta
Sub Phylum pteropsida
Subclass Coniferophytae
Class Angiospermae
Subclass Dicotyledoneae
Subclass Monocotyledoneae
Jain Education International
1:
Vascular plants.
: Class Gymnospermae e.g. green trees (Vrksas),119 shrubby Plants (Gucchas )120 shrubs (gulmas ).121 No true flowers or evules are present, the seeds ard born naked on the surface of the conescales. : Order Gnetales: Climbing shrubs shrubs shrubs (lata), or (Vall1), 122 small trees in common with the angiosperms.
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Jaina Biology
Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary (Osahi ),123 e. g. rice, wheat pulses, etc.
Most flowering plants. 124 Embryos with two cotyledons or seed leaves.
: The grasses (tṛṇa), 125 water lilies (Nalina)126 orchids, etc. Leaves with parallel veins, stems in which the vascular, bundles are scattered, and flower parts in three or six. The embryo has only one seed-leaf.
It is suggestive from the study of the Jaina Agamas that in plants, much more clearly than in animals, an evolutionary sequence is evident ranging from forms, such as, the blue greens (algae) (sevāla )127 and plant bacteria 128 (Vanasatikāyika Jiva) which reproduce by asexual means (sammurcchima) to ones with complicated life cycles and 119. Bhagavati 8. 3. 324; Pannavana, 1. 39; Jivabhigama p. 44, etc.
120. Bhagavati 24. 4. 692.
121.
Pannavana 1, 43, p. 18.
122. lbid, 1. 45, p. 19.
123. Ibid, 1.50, pp. 20-21.
124. Bhagavati 6. 7. 249; 2. 2. 693.
125. Pannavana 1. 47. p. 20.
126. Bhagavati Sūtra 21. 6. 691.]
127. Sevala, Sütrakṛtänga II. 3. 55; Pappavanä 1. 51, p. 2; Jivavicara 8.
128. For plant bacteria see Bhagavati 7. 3. 276; 8. 3. 324; Uttaradhyayana 36.96;
Pannavanā 1. 40 ff. ; Gommaţsara ; ( Jivakanda ), v. 189. p. 117. for earth quadrates see Sūtrakṛtānga Book 1; Bhagavati 33. 1. 884; Uttaradhyayana 36. 70; 84, 92, 108, 117; 1. 19. 55 (Ekendriyajiva Pannavanā); Gommļasāra, (Jivakanda ), v. 89, p. 68; Lokaprakāśa, 4th Sarga, v. 25; Sarga, v. 123 ff.
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