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Jaina Biology
vacuum, independent of other forms ; instead many species have had a marked influence on the adaptation of other species. As a result many types of cross-dependency between species32 have arisen. Some of the clearest and best understood of these types involve insects ( kita ), e.g. bhramaras (bees ), kita - patanga (butter-flies and moths )33. Insects are necessary "for the pollination of a great many plant”34 e.g. gourd plant (tumbi).35 It may be said that flowering plants have developed bright colours and fragrance, presumably to attract insects and birds and ensure pollination, e. g. Utpala36 (Nymphaea caerubea, blue Jotus), pauma37 (Nelumbium Speciosum, lotus), Nalina 38 (water-lily, Nelumbium Speciosum).
Other types of species to species adaptation are found as ones of host-parasite, 39 prey-predators, 40 commensals and mutualistic interdependence. 42
Terrestrial Life Zones (Sthalacarasthānas) : Biomes
As pointed out in the first section of the second chapter in connection with the habitat and niche of the living things-plants and animals, a physical area, some specific part of the earth surface, the place where an organism lives, air, soil, or water and the status of an
32. See the first section of the second chapter "The world of Life Plants";
Biologic Interre ationship and types of Interactions between Species of Plants
and Animals. 33. Uttaradhayayana Sūtra 36.146: Pannavanā Sūtra 1.58 ;
Tattvārthadhigama Sūtra 11. 24 34. Biology, p. 586. 35. Paņnavaņā 1. 4. 5. ( Tumbi) 36. Bhagavati Sūtra 9. 33. 385 ; 11. (1-8). 416. 37. It id. 11. 11-X). 416. 38. Ibid, 39. Sátrakītānga II. 3. 58.
“Te jiva . . ņāņāvihãņam tasathāvarāņam poggalāņam sariresu vā.. aṇusūyattae
viuțanti" 40. Ibid. II. 3.43.
"Te jivā ņāņavihaņam tasathāvarāņam pāņāņam sariram accittam kuivamti etc." 41. Ibid. II. 3. 44. 42. Ibid. il. 3, 64. ( Kūbana, 54 (Sevālı ), 55 ( tana ), etc.
See the first section of the second chaprer "Biologic Interrelationship" Types of Interations Between Species of Plants and Animals" for all these facts of species adaptation.
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