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280
Jaina Biology
or small. The concept that animals and plants live together38 in an orderly manner in their habitats, not strewn haphazardly over the surface of the earth is one of the important principles of ecology.”39 Modern Biology explains that “Biotic communities show marked vertical stratification. In a forest there will be successive strata of plants, mosses and herbs, shrubs, low trees and high trees.40 Each of these strata has distinctive animal populations, even such highly motile animals as birds have been found to be restricted to certain layers -- some are found to be restricted to certain layers - some are found only in shrubs, others only in the tops of tall trees". 41
38. See Ecosystem, Habitat and Ecologic Niche of 1st section, 2nd chapter, Sūtra
kịtānga II. 3; Țhānapada, Pannavaņā Sūtra. 39. Biology, p. 577. 40. See the type of plants in the second chapter, fourth section and B. 41. Ibid, p. 78.
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