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Jaina Biology
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the Andajas ( oviparous) and Jarayujas90 (viviparous) of Brahmaņical Biology are identical with the Tirikkhayoniya Jivas (Aṇḍajas and Jarayujas91 - lower animals born of eggs and lower animals born from the womb as a result of sexual union) of Jaina Biology. In both the Biological sciences the two sensed animals or the Kṣudrajantus (small animals), like (1) Krimis92 (worms or Vermes), (a) Apädikas,93 without lateral appendages (Scolecids), (b) Nupurakas94 (Annelids), and (c) Gaṇḍupadas 95 (Arthropoda), (II) the Jalaukās96 (Leeches )97 and (III) Kośasthas, (shelled animals), i. e. some forms of Mollusca, e. g. the Sankhas (Conchifera), the Suktikas98 (Pearl mussels), the Sambukas (spiral shelled Helix ), Vodika, etc.99 come under the category of the Invertebrata. (IV) The three-sensed animals of Jaina Biology and the Insects of Brahmanical Biology, typified by the ants comprising (a) Pipilika,100 Rohinika (ants, Hymenoptera), (b) Upacikā, Kunthu, Tuburaka (bugs and flies, Hemiptera, (c) Trapusavija - Kārpāsāsthikā (Cucumber-and Cotton-weevils and Lice, Aptera), Ametabola), (d) Śatapadi, Utpatāka ( Centipedes, Spring-tails, Aptera), (e) Tṛṇapatra (Plant or grass lice, Aptera) and (f) Kaṣṭhaharaka
90. Ibid.
91. Bhagavati Sūtra, 7.5.282; Jivabhigama Sutra 3.1.96;
Pannavana 1.61.91. Tattvarthädhigama Sutra II. 34.
92. Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36.128; guśruta (Krmis), Dalvana.
93. Of Suśruta's careful description, Sutrasthana, Ch. XIII; Tattvärthadhigama Sūtra, 11. 24 (apadika)
94. Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24.
95. Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24.
96. Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24; Susruta, Sutrasthana, Ch. XIII (Athāto jalaukā
.. etc.
97. Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24; Ibid.
93. Caraka and Suśruta, Ch. XXVII, Sutrasthana, Dalvana "Suktiśankha, etc. ( Caraka Sūtrasthana XXVII) no. "Voḍikajala suktisambuka bheda bahubheda grhyant) Delvania
59. Ibid. Tattvarthadhigama Sutra II; 24.
100. "Suśruta - Nagarjuna names six varieties of Pipilika (ants), six varieties of Makşika (flies), five varieties of Magakas (mosquitos) including one marine and one mouutain kind, eight varieties of satapadiş ( centipedes), thirty varie ties of scorpions, and sixteen of spiders (Lutas). Of the kitas, the glow-worm and the Tailakita (lit-oil-worm) are said to be luminous (phosphorecent) ca. Rajanighanta Khadyota tailakitau", vide the Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus, p. 194.
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