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Animals and their Classification
137
( Termites, white ants - Neuroptera, Hemimetabola)101 form the Higher Invertebrata.
Besides the four - Sensed animals of Jaina Biology 102 and the Insects of Brahmanical Biology103, typified by Hexopoda, (Şațapada ) comprising (a) Bhramara, Varata, Sāranga, (bees, wasps, and hornets), (b) Maksikā, Puttikā, Damśā, and Maśakas (flies, gnats, gadflies and mosquitos ), (c) Věścikas and Nandyž vartas (Scorpions and spiders - Arachnida, Arthropoda ), (d) Kita (butter - flies and moths) and Patangas (grass - hoppers and locusts ) also belong to the class of the Higher Invertebrata. They are all oviparous (andajas ) 105 according to both the sciences.
The Tiryak-Yoni animals having five sense-organs of Jaina Biology 106 and Brāhmanical Biology, 107 i. e. lower animals with five sense - organs, sexually generated, corresspond to the Phylum Chorodata-the Vertebrata possessing bones and blood. They are classified on the basis of their mode of reproduction.
They are as follows:
(1) Andajas, 108 ( oviparous animals) comprise (a) Matsya (fishes), Timi (whale), Makara (Shark?), Kūrmas (tortoises ), Kumbhiras or Nakras (Grāhās ) (crocodiles ), śuśumāras (dolphins ), (b) Uragas (apodal reptiles including sarpas - snakes, Ophidia ) which move on breast. (c) Bhujagas ( oviparous animala) with lateral pedal appendages which walk on arms, i, e. both Reptiles and Batrachians including Godhā (Varantas lizards), Gșhagolika ( common lizards) and Krikalāsa
101. Pannavana, 1.57. ; Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 24 102 Pannavaņā Sutta 1,58 ; Tattvarthadhigama Sutta II. 24. 103. See Caraka - Susruta, Dalvana. Caraka Sūtrani and Chapter XXVII
( Mākṣikam bhrāmaram etc,) 243 Suśrutas, Kalpasthāna Ch. VIII 104. Pannavaņa Sutta 1.58. ; Tattvārthadhigama Sutra II. 24. 105. Tattvarthadhigama Sūtra II. 34. Prasastapadabhāșya. 106. Pannavana Sutta 1.61-92 ff. Tattvartadhigama Sūtra II. 24, 34.
107. i. e. Kșudrajantus of Brāhmanical Biology -; sexually generated lower animals
possessing bones and blood. Corresponding to the vertibrata are indentical with Tiryakyoni animals, sexually generated.
108. Tattvārthadhigama Sūtra II. 34 ; Pragastapădabhāşya, etc. Prthivinirupaņam
"Pakṣisaris;pāņāmaņdajām". BJ-18
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