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Animals and their Classification
139
(c) Parņamsgas117 ( arboreal mammals, comprising some Rodents (Śaśa, šāyikā, hare, rabbit, 118 squirrels, etc.), a wild - cat - the sloths and the a pes.119
(d) Non-carnivorous quadrupeds ( Catuspadas), Akravyādāh, such as, Jāngalas 120 - mrga, (deer ), etc., (2) Kulecaras121 (mammals grazing on the banks of rivers aad frequently marshy places, e.g. Hasti ( elephants ), Gandāra (rhinoceros ), Gāvaya (Bos gavaeus), Mahişa (buffalo ), Varāha (hog), some species of deer also, (3) Grāmyas122 (domesticated quadrupeds ), some with undivided hoof (ekaśapha i. e. egakhurā), 123 e. g. Ašva (horse), Asvatara (mule ); Gardabha (ass ), some with cloven hoof (dvikhurā ), e. g. Ustra (camel ), Gona (cow), Aja (goat), Avika (sheep), 124 etc.
(e) Carnivorous quadrupeds, Guhāśaya125 (living in natural caves or hollows, Carnivorous - Kravyāda or Sanapphadā, comprising Simha (lion), Vyāghra (tiger ), Rkşa (bear ), Dvipina a kind of tiger, leopard or Panther ), śvā (dog), Sșgāla (Jackal), Mārjāra (cat),126 etc.
The Carnivora are termed Vyalas, 127 or Kravyādas128 and Herbivora as pasus129 in the Brāhmanical works in a wider sense.
117. Parnamrgas, apes, etc. are also enlisted in the class of Jarigalas, Ibid. 1.8. Tattvärthādhigama Sutra II. 34. 119. Bhagavati Sūtra 12.8.60. 120. Kalyānakāraka mentions Jāngala and Anupa animals, Kalyāṇakāraka. V. 19, p. 21;
Susruta, Sūtrasthāna, Chap. XXVII. It also gives a list of dietary animals. 1 hey are divided into two classes, viz. () Anūpas (animals that live in marshy land or water-logged land (or water) (2) Jāngala animals that live in dry (hilly) jungle land. The Anûpas are subdivided into eight classes and the Jāngalas into five on the basis of real and natural distinctions of food and natural distinctions of food and habitat, in all they are sub-divided into thirteen classes; "Trayodasabhedá satsu eva antarbhūtāh / Samkhyeyam nirddeśādeva satsamkkyāyām labhayāṁ tena şadvarga
iti niyamārtham .. Dalvana, Sūtrasthāna, Chap. XXVII. 121. Kulecaras are included into the class of Anupa. 122. Grāmyas are placed in the class of Jangalas. 123. “Grāmyagabdena ca ekasaphaśabdena ca grāmyaḥsapaḥ kṣuraḥ - Dilvana". 124. Tattvärthadhigama Sūtra II, 34. 125. Gubāsaya is included into the class of Jängala. 126, Tattvärthadhigama Sūtra II. 34. 127. Susruta. 128. Ibid. 129. Ibid,
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