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Animals and their Classification
123 and Garbhavyutkrāntika (those which are born from the womb ).16 Next they are divided into three groups on the basis of their habitats, viz. (1) Jalacara (aquatic ), (2) Sthalacara (terrestrial) and Nabhacara or Khecara (aerial).17 Matsya (fishes ), Kacchapas ( tortoises ), Grahas (crocodiles ), Makara (a kind of Sea monster - the emblem of the goddess Gangā) and śiśumāra (Dolphin or Gangetic porpoise Cetacea) are the five kinds of Jalacaras ( acquatic animals ). 18
The longest duration of the life of the acquatic animals is one krore of Pūrvas: the shortest is less than one mubūrta. 19
Sthalacaras ( terrestrial animals ) are of two kinds, viz. Catuşpadas (quadrupeds ) and Parisarpas ( reptiles ),20 quadrupeds which come under the subphylum of Mammals will be discussed later on in details. Here it is to be known that they are of four kinds, viz. (1) egakhurā (Solidungular animals ), e.g. horses, etc., (2) dukhurā ( Biungular animals ), e. g. cow, buffalo, etc., (3) Gandipadā (Multiungular animals ) e. g. elephant etc. and (4) Sanapphadā (Animals having nails),21 e. g. lions, etc.
Parisarpas (reptiles) are of two classes : (1) Bhujaparisarpas (those which walk on their arms ), e. g. Gșhagolikā (lizards ), etc. and Urahparisarpa those which move on their breast, e. g. snakes, etc.22
The longest duration of the life of the terrestrial animals is three palyopamas; the shortest is less than one muhūrta.23
The longest duration of the life of terrestrial animals continuance i. e. the continuous birth in the same type or body is three palyopamas plus from two to nine krores of pūrva years ; the shortest is less than one muhurta" 24 16. Bhagavati Sūtra 12.8.469 ( Golamgüla - ape ); Jivābhigama Sūtra, 1.33. ;
Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36. 170. 17. Bhagavaii Sūtra 7.5.282 ; Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36.171 ; Pannavaņā Sūtra, 1.61,
p. 29. 14. One Purva year consists of 7560 millions of common years. 19. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36.175 20. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, 36.179. Paņņavaņā 1.69. 21. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra, 36. 79-180. ; Pannavaņā sutia 1.70 22. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36.18:; Pannavaņā 1.76. 22. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra :6.183. 24. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36.181. "Paliovamāim tiņni u, ukkosenna viyahiya |
authii thalayaräņam, amtomuhuttam jahanniya //
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