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172
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
(JUNE, 1971.
for, cf., Kanna påpeyum kavya nara mum-ulannevaram (Kavi Kuma, Salva). Words ending in consonants incorrectly took the augment in, and if we remember Kesava's rule 48, the letters y,r, 1,1%, n,?, R, L, very often occur at the end of words without any vowel,' it is clear that in Kabava's time (if not before ) there was a tendency to terminate such words in a vowel, and as a consequence, the augment in came to be too frequently used. Kesava's rule 109 should, therefore, be read with rule 48; and the inference is that for words ending in consonants, the augment in was an exception in a few instances: ágal, iga! (éga!?), pagal, irul, súl. In other Kannada words the in augment is an error (dôsha). Sauskřit words ending in consonants do not become themes in Kannada, until they have become the inflexion base. "Saiskrit nominal themes ending in consonants are in Kannada made to end in a or # with the final consonant doubled or the final consonant dropped (Smd. 86).
Again we are told that the Primitive Dravidian uses the post-position kdi (instr.-abl.-loc.).
If by Primitive Dravidian is meant Old High Tamil, we should in keeping with the principles of Dravidian Phonology) find the gattaral preserved in Kannada and dropped in Tamil (the late Primitive Dravidian). But we have a startling result from the comparative method. We find not kal (leg) bat kay (Kannada) or Chey (Telugu) (hand), wbich is not an improper instrumental post-position.
The post-position tô-dan is preserved in the adverbial form in Old Kannada odam, Modern Kannada odane, meaning at once. But comparing lirayigala suygalodaneye piriyavu divasangalddurarara varaparisphuritañgal odane kundidu virulgalum munche banda jalaldgamadol (kavyávolöhana) gili-y-odan-odi-y-odi nudi galtu madála sa raja haasa mandali-y-odan-di-y-ddi nade galtu (Smd. S 195 ex), it will be evident that the post-position is not odam but odan, and that its use is not merely adverbial in the older dialect. It meant not only, 'at once' but with also.
Under the locative- In its primitive form ul, it is found in Tamil, Old Kannada and in the word undu in Telugu, But in Middle Kannada ne! was changed to oĻ, ex maradol in a tree, Tamil marattul. An important point in the history of the Kannada langaage would have been settled if the grammarian had illastrated his statement regarding u used as'a post-position in what he calls Old Kannada, If u found a place in the list of case-sigas in Old And Middle Kannada (as certainly it does in Mr. Subbayya's table), it is a pity, we have not been lucky enough to find an example of its use. Dr. Kittel in his Dictionary writes u!=o=in, inside, etc., and quotes ullaralda =ul-(l-)aralda, & compound verb, meining in-blossomed, so that ul instead of being a post-position is here a pre-position. Though I have not come across the post-positional use of this u in Kannada literature (Old or Mid.), I am yet inclined to believe Mr. Subbayya's statement regarding Tamil ud, the dialectic equivalent of the Kannada ol. The inclusion of o! as a locative case-sign in New Kannada is probably a mistake, whilst that of attan + 3 in the table under New Kannada is certainly an error.
Further, among the instrumental case-signs of Old and Mid, Kannada, we find im for ablative 7. Is this a real distinction between the case-signs ? I am of opinion that it is in in both cases; cf. Samprîtiyin-áranan-agalal (Karirdja-marga 1, 1); Sukhadin-ire (11, 20); atisaya-dhavafokti-krama. dina Ripuven (IT, 53); janapati nijabdku-yugadin-ásléahisidan (IT, 74); vyatyadin-idurode (II, 88); gurulajja bharadin-e Ragi (1, 59); ada Rin-allig-ant-avu dosham (I, 67); tatrdlókadin-dkankshipa mukti-y-ak lum (Smd. Pref. 10) dhirarin-akshara-(Smd. I, 1). In fact, illustrations could be drawn from almost any work of the so-called Old Kannada dialect.
Yet another case-sign might have been added to under the instrumental ablative e as in bharade, te Rade, kramade, etc., which in a later period became bharadi, te Radi, kramadi, etc.; the change of into i is found not in New Kannada (if I understand Mr. Subtayya's New Kannada aright), but in late Mid, Kannada where the i stood for the instr.-abl.-loc, case-signs,
