Indian Antiquary Vol 40

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 303

NOVEMBER, 1911.] CONTRIBUTIONS TO PANJABI LEXICOGRAPHY
289
Sabbedars of the Deccan and the French and the English nations on opposite sides, postponed it to a later date. However, Muhammad Ali was recognised as Nawab in 1763, and that indeed was a step gained towards security and order in the south. But his system of government in the four Subhas-Arcot, Trichinopoly, Madara, and Nellore-was entirely destructive of the ancient village institutions of the country, and conducted as it was through rapacious renters, was the worst kind of tyranny that was compatible with the name of government. In theory, the land tax was the now asual one-half of the gross produce paid in kind. But the rapacity of the renters redaced the other half of the cultivator to almost nothing. In the vigorons language of Colonel Fullerton, a contemporary of the times, "the renters on the coast did not scruple to imprison reputable farmers, and to inflict on them the extreme severity of the punishment, for refusing to accept of sixteen in the hundred as the portion out of which they were to maintain a family, to furnish stock and implements of husbandry, cattle, feed, and all expenses incident to the cultivation of their lands." "Their share, in fact," writes another authority, was often only what they could conceal, or make away with." The system of renting, which pervaded every department of pablic revenue, pauperisud the magses, paralysed trade, wrackel irrigation, and in general produced a state of things which was wretched in the extreme and from which, despite the peace and progress of over a century, under the ægis of British role, the country has not yet thoroughly recovered,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PANJABI LEXICOGRAPAY.
SERIES III.
BY H. A. ROSE.
(Continued from p. 280, Vol. XXXIX.) Johari : the ceremony at which the bride's mother pats the tilta on the bridegroom's forehead and gives him one rupee and two laddús; other women also feed him. Karnal S.R. 1880, p. 132.
Johl, jobal: a long field or strip of low land sunk below the ordinary level. Kangra, Gloss.
Joklam: risk. Sirsa S. R. 1883, p. 191. Jol: a long strip of land running between two banks or ridges of rock. Kangra Gloss. Jongra, jongls: a yoke for oxen. Kangra Gloss. Joth: a pass in the high Himalayas ; also applied generally to a great range.
Jowara, jowari : (1) a bee or alternate gathering of neighbours to do some farm work such as lundi (reaping), niddi (weeding) on one holding. The proprietor tinds food and drink and sometimes music for all present; a bee to cat grass is often called a Icharodi ; (2) jowari, a form of service, consisting of one day's work (halatar) at ploughing time, another (danretar at reaping, and a third at karoti, or mowing time. Kangra S. R. (Lyall), p. 45.
Ju =jo (P. D., p. 516).
Jaa: yoke consisting of a straight piece of wood which rests against the humps of the xen, 4 small pogs keeping it from shifting laterally. Karpál S. R. 1880, p. 162.
Jaa: to fix the yoke to the plough. Karnal S. R., p. 116.
Jas kt angathi: a yoko-ring sent by the bridegroom's fathor to the bride's house shortly before the wedding. Karnal S. R. 1872-80, p. 180.
Jubar: a plain. Simla Hills. Jugti: carefully.
Jah: waste land near the house and home fields where the cattle graze every day. Kângra Gloss.