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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAW
are experts in laws (niikusala) and affectionate to the people (loyassa vi piyasama 3. 56). They are the chief guardians of the people and they maintain order and law, They are named as follows: Padisui, Sammui, Khemankara, Khemandhara, Simarikara, Sīmandhara, Cakkhunāma, Mahappā, Vimalavāhaņa, Abhicanda, Candābha, Marudeva, Pasenai and Nabhi.
These names are corroborated by other Jaina works except some differences in their order. The PCR (3. 72-88) mentions Yaśasvin and Vipula for Mahappā and Vimala. The TP (4. 421-494) and the AP (3.62f) give seventh place to Vimalavāhana. The JP (Su, 28) puts them in quite a different order while the TSP (I. p. 96-110) mentions only seven Kulakaras starting from Vimalavāhana, agreeing with the order given in the JP but it leaves out Candābha.
The TP (4. 452, 474) reveals that with the deterioration of the public life the institution of punishment also grew up. It states that the first five Kulakaras promulgated the punishment of 'hakāra' i. e. expressing disgrace at crime. The next five Kulakaras enacted the punishment of 'mākāra' i. e. ordering non-repetion of the crime. The JP (Su, 29) adds that the last Kulakaras brought into force the punishment of dhikkāra' i. e. repudiating the crime. The AP (3. 216) mentions that Bharata, the first Cakravartin prescribed fourth kind of punishment namely. 'sarīradandanam' i. e. corporal. It indicates that with the increase of crimes the punishment became more severe.
The Kulakaras are variously called as Yugadipuruṣas because they were born in the beginning of the Yuga, Kulakaras because they estalished the instutution of family (family-life), Kuladharas because they taught how to maintain the family life, and Manus because they discovered the means of livelihood.
Fourteen Manus are recognised in the Brahmanical tradition 4 also. It is said that every Manu is born after regular interval of seventyone Mahayugas i. e. 30,67,20,000 years (approx). But their names
1. See Sthānanga, 7. 556. Sānticandra, the commentator on JP states that the
Avasyakacūrņi also mentions seven names. He further explains that it is a practice to describe more and more ancestors of the meritorious and eminent persons. According to different traditions their number is seven, ten or even fifteen. (See AvaN, 151, Sthānanga, 556, 767; Samavā, 157 and JP, 40).
See also AvaN, 148, 166. 3. Prajānām Jivanopāyamananānmānavo matāḥ, āryāņām kulasamstyāyakste
Kulakarā ime Kulänām dharoņādete mataḥ Kuladharā iti,
Yugādipuruşāḥ proktī yugādau prabhavişnavaḥ (AP, 3.211-22). 4. Visnupurāna, 1.3.16-18; Manu, 1.61-63.
