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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM
Country or State is generally denoted by Deśa (11.108; 33.23; 38.57; 98.61), Viṣaya (Avanti-visaya 33.11) or Janapada (Magahājapavaya 2.1). Janapada is used in the sense of the people also (puraja. pavaya the citizens of the capital 11.107). Videśa (39.117: 37.19) denoted the foreign country or other state. Then there are references to some particular people who were some ancient tribes and the region where settled in came to be known after their names. Thus the countries such as Yavana, Śaka etc. (98.64) denote the places of their habitation. The PCV says "it is also true that some peoples are named after regions to which they belong." The Asuras, Yakṣas, Kinnaras, Gandharvas etc. are such instances (7.49-50).
The unit of people's habitation is generally termed as Niveśa (3.114) or Sannivesa (5.249). Various types of settlements such as Nagara, Pura, Pattana, Kheta, Karvata, Madamba, Droņimukha, Grama and Palli (2.1,2; 11.103: 32.9; 39.63) are mentioned. The PCV does not differentiate between a Nagara, Nagari and a Pura or Puri (20.10;21. 6; 8.156; 11,5; 35.26). Sometimes Grama and Pura are identical (Kundagamapura 2.21; Kundapura 20.50). Except Nagara, Pura, Grāma ane Palli there is no reference to any habitation, the name of which ends in Pattana, Kheța, Karvata, Madamba or Droņimukha. For their significance other works1 can be referred to. There are references to a number of Dvipas A Dvipa in the Indian literature always does not mean that it should have waters surrounding it. There are several references to Saka and Yavana dvipas which were not islands but the inland-regions of the Sakas and the Yavanas in the North-West India. For example the PCV refers to Vanaradvipa (6.34) and many others (6.31-33) The Vanaradvipa can be indentified with the high lands of Kişkindhi mountains near Raichur in the Deccan plateau.
The geographical places and peoples mentioned in the PCV can be dealt under five separate heads viz., (1) Those associated with Rāma (including the route of his exile); (2) Those conquered by Lavana and Ankuśa; (3) Those associated with the great persons of the Jaina faith; (4) Those referred to in the intervening stories; and (5) Unidentified places.
Besides that we shall take up the Aryan and the non-Aryan peoples referred in the PCV. It should be noted that some clans and countries are identical as the PCV reveals. Some of them are specifically
1. TP, 4. 1398-1490; The Jinist Studies by Otto Stein, pp. 9.12 & 19; Kaut, 2.1. 2-4; Shama, p.45.
2. JP, 53. p. 217; Ava Cu, p. 191; VH, p. 146; JPS 7. 104 calls Magadha country a dvipa.
