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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM
deşa (Hathīgumpha Insp.). The Raghuvamsa (4.38) puts it on the eastern cost of India and mentions Utkala as a separate adjoining country. The Godavari formed its southern boundary and the Gaolia branch of the Indravati as its northern boundary (IK, p. 52).
The PCV further mentions some countries or the people who were the allies of Lavana and Ankuśa in their battle whith Rama and Lakṣmaṇa (99.55). They are said to be
"Kalapalaṁsucuda gavanganevālavavvarā puṇḍā/ Magahayaparasaulā kālingā sīhala ya taha"//.
Kalaṇalā Kālānala or the Kalas and the Nalas :-Both these tribes are mentioned together in the Puranas as Nalakalika1. The Märkandeya Purana (Venk. Press 54.35) refers to the Kalatoyakas as a people of the Godavari region in the Aparantadeśa. Except some similarity in names there is nothing definite material for identification of the Kalanalas. Nalakalika of the Bra. Pu. (Ch. 49) and Nalakanna of the MB (Bhisma, 9) is said to be probably Nelcynda identified with Nileśvaram on the Malabar coast (GD, p. 139). Or the Nalas may be the historical people who ruled during the 5th century A. D. (VGA, p. 107f).
Amsucuḍā Cūḍā - Cula:-See Supra under Sūlā.
Vanga:-Pargiter identifies the country of Vanga with the modern districts of Murshidabad, Nadia, Jessore, parts of Rajashahi, Pabna and Faridpur. Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa places it in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra (IK, p. 51). It was the ancient name of Bengal.
For Anga, Nevala, Vavvara, Punda, Magaha, Kalinga and Sihala see supra and infra.
Parasula the Parasakūlas Pāras ailas (PCR, 102.156):-Modern Persia is referred to as Pārasaküla in the ancient literature. The Parasailas can be identified with the people of modern Persia called as Parasa in ancient literature (LAI, p. 320).
Kancananagara:-Lavana and Ankuśa after having been accepted by Rāma marry Mandakini and Candramukhi, the princesses of Kañcananagara (106.1) (See Supra. Kāñcanapura).
Syandanasthali;-Rāma as a monk is said to have moved to Syandanasthali called as Mahapuri (115.1; PCR Nandasthalipuri 120.2). The river Syandika is identified with the Sai river which flows between the Ganges and the Gomati on the southern boundary of the
1. SGAM, I. p. 31.
