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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAN
wing precious stones (maņi 6.29) have been mentioned: diamond (Vajja 3.75), ruby (Paumarāya 6.39); Mapikka (2.11), saphire (Indanila 3.132; 14.90), emerald (Maragaya 3.75;22.23), lapis lazuli (Veruliya 3.75;14.90), sun-crystal (Surakanta 3.75 ; Pusamani 6.39) and moon-stone (Sasikanta 8.265; Candamani 3.132). Then there were the Sphatika (phaliha 2.9, the species of quartz), Kakiniratna (Kāgani 4.78, an illuminating gem) and the Karketana (Kakkeyaņa 3.75). The sea is called a mine of gems (Rayaņāyara 53.51). Precious gems available from the sea were pearls (Mottiya 3.1; 4.5; 53.108;72.27) and corals (Vidduma 28.116, Pavāla 64.10). The shells and conch-shells (Sippi, Sarkha 8.258, 259) are also mentioned. All these precious materials were used in decorating ornaments, utensils, buildings and vehicles of conveyance.
Various metals referred to are Gold (Suvanpa 53.107, Hema 14.53; Kanaya 2.3; 34.58; 64.10; Kañcaņa 3 28; 53.113; Cāmiyara 26.14, Ja mbūņaya 71.9); Purified Gold (niddhanta Kanaya 20.57); dust of gold (Kanayacunna 6.70 or Kanayara 66.21); Silver (Ruppaya 14.141; 64.10; Rayaya 3.150; Hiranna 3.68); Copper (Tamba 27.32); Tin (Tava=Trapu 118.8); Iron (Loha 28.115; 77.70, Āyasa 33.37) and Lead (Sīsaya 26.50). The reference to Darpana (10.5) indicates that the mirror was prepared from some glittering metal or stone.
Mineral powders mentioned in the PCV are Sindūra (red lead 2.39 or vermilion); Geruya (the red chalk 12.106; 71.3) and other powders of different colours (dhaukayangarāga 27.33; vicittadhāūrasenam 29.3; raugāvaliniogam cunneņam pañcavaņņeņam 29.2;40.5)
The specific rocks referred to are Pandukambala-sila (2.25) and Koțisilā (48.103). The former is said to be found on the Meru mountain on which the ablution ceremony of new born Jinas is performed and the latter to have been lifted by Vasudeva Lakşmaņa to prove that he could kill Rāvaņa. Phalihasila or crystalline rock was used in constructing walls (68.9) and staircases (68.12) of palaces.
Forest Yield:-The reference to charcoal-makers (14.15) indicates that the forests were harnessed for making fuel. The wood.gatherers (dárukamma 31.44;103.30) perhaps supplied the wood for fuel and furniture. The references to chariots and carts reveal that timber was largely available. Reeds were used for making cane-seats (vettāsaņa 69. 14). Bamboos and Palāsa trees were used for preparing vessels and utensils (41.4). Elephants were caught from the forests (94.103). They were employed in army and for the ride of the kings. The reference to
