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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAN
in controlling and taming (8.218, 223) the turbulent and wild elephants. It was very common conveyance of the royal persons (16.44; 76. 11). Kings preferred the best species of the elephant (lakkhnapasattha 3.2) and for recognising these qualities of elephants and horses even the princess were given special training (24. 6). The Bhuvanālaukāra elephant of Rāvana (8.215) is said to be seven cubits in height, nine in length and ten in circumference. It was considered to be the best type of elephant. The enclosure or the shed where the elephants were maintained by the kings was called Sālā (80.63). The divine elephant called Erāvana (Airāvata) was the conveyance of Devendra (2.38). It is referred to as having four tusks (71.3). The female elephant is called Karenu (42.18) or Kariņi (80.53) and her young ones as Kalaha (Kalabha 78,28).
Next to the elephant was the horse who was held in high esteem. It is called Turaya (Turaga 3.74), Turaiigama (4 36) or Āsa (Asva 5.73). A horse like an elephant constituted one of the 14 gems of Chakravarti kings (4.36). Horses formed a separate column of the Caurangabala of kings (92.52) and were also yoked to chariots for carrying the passengers (94.34).
The camel is called Utta (Ustra 14.29), Karaha (Karabha 8.272). The ox is called Vasaha (34.35), Balaya (80.13), Bailla (Balivarda 99.24). The bull-stall (Gottha=Goștha 103.40) is referred to. The donkey is called Khara (99.25) and the ass as Gaddabha (Gardabha 77.112) or Rásaha (Rásabha 71.54). She-buffalo is called Mahisi (Mahişi 3.158), and its male as Mahisa (Mahișa 99.25) who was used as a beast of burden. The cow is called Go (14.29), Godheņu (5.95), Dheņuya (3.46), or Gái (3.158). The wild cows (Arapņuya gäviņa khīra 41.8) were found in jungles. The cow pen (Goula= Gokula 5.95) was a place where the cows were kept and sold by the cow-herds (5.95). Mahisī and Utta are specifically referred to as her bivorous animals (Tanacārī 14.29). The cow, she-buffalo and the mare (Govasabhavalava 2.2; 80.13) were of immense utility to the people. They were considered as the harbingers of prosperity and wealth,
There are references to the goat (Aja 11.26) and the sheep (Mesia Meși 41.55). The dog is called Suņaya (Sunaka 22.84) or Sāņa (Švāna 2.116). Its young one Kukkura is also refered to (94.80). The cat (Majjara=Märjära 32.4); the rat (Müsaa=Mūsaka 5.100) and the cock (Kukkuda=Kukkuța 82.41) are also on record.
1. See Kautilya, II. 31.9. also.
