Comprehensive Critical Dictionary of Prakrit Languages Volum 01

Author(s): A M Ghatage
Publisher: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Page 17

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sg. ip -Itāu ( neruiyaltāe Niraya, 63 ): Loc. sg. in si shows the influence of the literary Apa, with which the (suyanijjuñası Kapp. 32); Nom. sg. of - stems in - writers were thoroughly arquainted. In its phonology, (bhagavan Kapp. 1; vynnavari Utt. 3. 18): forms like we fir d the contusion between written -m- and -12 lummurā (Utt. 1. 17), kõladhammunā (Viva 49 ); (samur à VajLag (2); simplification of the conjuncts verbs like ikkhui (Kapp. S. 64); kuwauti (Suy. 1. (hosoi Vajlag. 54); a shortening of the final vowels 4. 1. 16): duruhāmi (Lvūs. 108): past tense forms in (ju l'ajLag. 234; nunaha VajLag. 129); the change -Ithā ard-irisu (rippalaitha Näya. 1. 1. 159; hari su cf -s- to -A- (dhe Vajlag 296 ) and -y- in place of -rSuy. 1. 14. 3), and a number of peculiar forms of the (taheja VajLag 83). In its morpholory, we have the infinitive (paruuttue Näyā. 1.12 39 ) and Gerund (ciccā forms of the Nom. and Acc. falling together ala Utt. 7. 28, rijalittu Ult. 8 2; ladihu Dasave. 8. 29). Acc. VajLag. | 4: arui Acc VajLag 273 ): pronominal In its syntax and vocabulary AMg. resembles Päli and forms like pai ( Inst. Vajlag. 190: Loc. VajLag. 704) is nearer to it than the later Prakrits. The language of and gerunds in eri or vi langheri Erz. 78. v. 181). the canonical works like the Painnas, however, is hardly It shows a further contraction of syllables (āvintassa different from the older stage of JM.
Erz. 82. v. 255; atth.nto881 aj Lag. 132 ) and all traces
of the Sk, -aya- formans of the verbs are lost (cintai (ii) Jain Māhārāstri
Erz. 1. v. 24 ; răruni Vaj Lag. 56).
The various Nijjuttis and narrative works like Paumacariya, Vasudevahirdi and others may be taken to represent the archaic form of JM, the linguage of the non-canonical books of the Sve âmbara writers. Here the Nom. sg. always ends in -0. The Dat. sg. has a -ya ending (vahāya VasuHi. 169. 19) and a Inst. sg. is formed with int ( nuravaina PaumCa.(V.) 5. 110). The Loc. sg. of Fem. words also ends in
ayari ( disāyar VasuHi. 280 27 ); mayā is used along with mae as Inst. sg. 1 Per. pron.; a form in -um (janar Vasalli. 174.26 ) is found for 1 P. sg present, And there are future forms like bhuñjihai (Vasu Hi. 22. 28 ) and patisse han (PaumCa (V) 8. 191). There is a constant confusion between the Inf and Ger. This form of the language also shows a large number of syntactical peculiarities. A number of words and forms of AMg. are also utilized. In its classical form, as represented by Haribhadra's Samarādityakathā, JM. comes nearest to pure Mahārāstri and shows the influence of Sk, in the use of cri- forms, compounds ending in-bhaya (-bhuta) and the literary words. The late form of this language is best seep in the stories of Devendra in his commentary on Uttaradhyayana and the anthology called Vajjālagga. Here we see a strong influence of the Apabhramsa dialects making itself felt both in its phonology and grammar. This is but inevitable when we find writers like Somaprabha composing works in all the three languages, Sk. JM. Aps, without any plan and mixing them in all possible ways. In this context, it must be clearly under stood that this so called Apa, influence originates from the spoken languages (in all probability the mother torgues of the writers and traces of it can be detected even in the AMg. canon (acchuhin Utt. 22. 16 ) and the older works in JM But this late form of JM.
(iii) Jain Sauraseni The name Jain Saurasenl is given to the Prakrit dialeci which is seen io the works of the Digambara writers, most of whom come from the south. It is modelled on the name Jain Maharastri which is used to designate the Prakrit found in the non-canonical works of the Svetumbara writers. The Digambara view is that the orginal canon, containing the teachings of the last prophet Mahavira, was lost along with the language in which it was composed, when the community migrated to the south, sometime before the beginning of the Chrits ian era. Their religious needs were however met by the writings of later scholars like Puspidanta, Bhutabali and Gunadhara in the form of Sutras called Sakhan. dagama and Kasāyapāhuda. Later on these works were commented upon by scholars like Virasena and Jinasena, in extensive works called Dhavala, Mahadhavala and Jayadhavala, mostly written in Prakrit but with passages in Sanskrit as well. In the meantime the religious and the philosophical teachings were written down in manual in verse by scholars like Kunda kunda, Vattakera, Yativrsabha and others upto the 12th century. All these writings are included in the scope of Jain Saurasepi.
The language found in all these books is fairly uniforra but differs considerably from the Jain Mäha. rastri of the writers from the north. It charges the Sanskrit sounds ta and tha into du and chu and preserves the original sounds da and tha. It changes the dental pasal into na and knows only one sib lant 80. Some. times jña is changed into a Peculiar grammatical forms are a Loc fg. en dieg in mht and the adverbial ablative ending -do The verbal terminations like - i and te are changed to - 11 and -de. Passive is formed with -iya