Sramana 2011 10

Author(s): Sundarshanlal Jain, Ashokkumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525078/1

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ISSN 0972-1002 zramaNa - SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology Vol. LXII No.IV Oct.-Dec. 2011 Priral Tirtharkara Rsabhadeva teaching his daughters Brahmi and Sundari vArANasI Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Established : 1937

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Vol. LXII STHUT SRAMANA (Since 1949) A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology No. IV October-December 2011 Editor Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain Joint Editor Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh. Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi (Established: 1937) (Recognized by Banaras Hindu University as an External Research Centre)

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ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Shugan C. Jain Chairman, New Delhi Prof. Cromwell Crawford Univ. of Hawaii Prof. Anne Vallely Univ. of Ottawa, Canada Prof. Peter Flugel SOAS, London Prof. Christopher Key Chapple Univ. of Loyola, USA Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari B.H.U., Varanasi Prof. K. K. Jain B.H.U., Varanasi Dr. A.P. Singh, Ballia EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Ramjee Singh Bheekhampur, Bhagalpur Prof. Sagarmal Jain Prachya Vidyapeeth, Shajapur Prof. K.C. Sogani Chittaranjan Marg, Jaipur Prof. D.N. Bhargava Bani Park, Jaipur Prof. Prakash C. Jain JNU, Delhi Prof. Gary L. Francione New York, USA Prof. Viney Jain, Gurgaon Dr. S.P. Pandey, PV, Varanasi ISSN: 0972-1002 Annual Membership For Institutions: Rs. 500.00,$50 For Individuals: Rs. 150.00, $ 30 SUBSCRIPTION Life Membership For Institutions: Rs. 5000.00, $ 250 For Individuals: Rs. 2000.00, $ 150 Per Issue Price : Rs. 50.00, $ 10 Membership fee & articles can be sent in favour of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 PUBLISHED BY Shri Indrabhooti Barar, for Parshwanath Vidyapeeth I. T. I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-221005, Ph. 0542-2575890 Email: pvpvaranasi@gmail.com, sudarshan.pvvaranasi.jain@gmail.com NOTE: The facts and views expressed in the Journal are those of authors only. (patrikA meM prakAzita vicAra aura tathya lekhaka ke apane haiN|) Theme of the Cover: Tirthankara Rsabhadeva teaching his daughters Brahmi and Sundari. Type Setting- Raj Graphics, Lanka, Varanasi Printed by- Mahaveer Press, Bhelupur, Varanasi

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Contents iv Our Contributors sampAdakIya (kAlacakra aura RSabhadeva) v-vi bhAratIya cintana meM mokSa tattva : eka samIkSA 1-8 pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa 9-28 pro0 dharmacanda jaina vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM draupadI kathAnaka : udbhava evaM vikAsa 29-36 DaoN0 zIlA siMha jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi 37-49 DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha 5. parIkSAmukha meM pramANa-lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana 50-58 DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana 59-71 DaoN. (zrImatI) darzanA jaina jainAgamoM meM svapna-vijJAna 72-78 ku0 maJjU jaina Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art 79-88 Prof. Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages 89-109 Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh sthAyI stambha jijJAsA aura samAdhAna pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra jaina jagat sAbhAra prApti Advertisement 110-112 113-117 118-120 121 122

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Our Contributors Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain Director (Research), Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Prof. Dharma Chanda Jain Professor & Head, Department of Sanskrit, Jay Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) Dr. Sheela Singh Research-Lecturer, State Institute of Hindi, Orderly Bazar, Varanasi-221002 Dr. Rahul Kumar Singh Research Associate, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastav Research Associate, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Dr. (Smt.) Darshana Jain C/O Shri Om Prakash Jain, Street of Laxminath Mandir, Kekari, District. Ajmer (Raj.) Km. Manju Jain C/O Dr. Udai Chand Jain, 361, Arvind Nagar, Udaipur (Raj.) Prof. Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari Professor, Department of History of Art, B.H.U., Varanasi221005 Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Associate Professor, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005

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sampAdakIya ( kAlacakra aura RSabhadeva) kAlacakra jainAgama ke anusAra dRzyamAna jagata (kevala bharata evaM airAvata kSetroM ke Arya khaNDa) meM kAla-cakra sadA ghUmatA rahatA hai| yaha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai1. avasarpiNI kAla isa kAla meM jIvoM kI Ayu, bala, sukha-sampadA Adi ghaTatI jAtI hai| isakI avadhi 10 kor3A - kor3I sAgara mAnI jAtI hai| isa kAla ke chaH upa-vibhAga hote haiM- suSamAsuSamA, suSamA, suSamA-duSamA, duSamA- suSamA, duSamA aura duSamA - duSamA / inakI samaya sImA kramaza: isa prakAra hai- cAra kor3A - kor3I sAgara, tIna kor3A - kor3I sAgara, do kor3A - kor3I sAgara, 42 hajAra varSa kama eka kor3A-kor3I sAgara, 21 hajAra varSa aura 21 hajAra vrss| chaThaveM kAla ke antima 49 dinoM kI avadhi pralaya kI sthiti hai aura zrAvaNa kRSNa pratipadA se utsarpiNI kAla prArambha hotA hai| caturtha kAla (duSamA- suSamA) meM 63 zalAkApuruSa (24 tIrthaGkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva yA balabhadra, 9 nArAyaNa aura 9 pratinArAyaNa) janma lete haiN| isake tRtIya kAla (duSamA- suSamA) meM 14 kulakara hote haiN| 2. utsarpiNI kAla isameM jIvoM kI Ayu, sukha-sampadA Adi uttarottara bar3hatI jAtI hai| isakI avadhi bhI 10 kor3A - kor3I sAgara hai evaM isake bhI cha: upavibhAga (Are) haiM- duSamAduSamA, duSamA, duSamA- suSamA, suSamA-duSamA, suSamA aura suSamA- suSamA / yaha avasarpiNI kAla se ulaTA calatA hai arthAt duHkha se sukha kI ora jabaki avasarpiNI kAla sukha se duHkha kI ora bar3hatA hai| isa utsarpiNI kAla ke prArambha meM 49 dinoM taka suvRSTi hotI hai| isake dvitIya kAla (duSamA) meM 20 hajAra varSa bIta jAne para kulakaroM (14 manu) kI utpatti hotI hai jo manuSyoM ko khetI karanA, khAnA pakAne Adi kI zikSA dete haiN| tIsare kAla meM 63 zalAkApuruSa utpanna hote haiN| avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI donoM kAloM kA saMyukta nAma hai- 'kalpakAla' / donoM kAloM kA cakra eka jaisA hai| avasarpiNI ke kAloM ko kramazaH uttama bhogabhUmi, madhyama bhogabhUmi, jaghanya bhogabhUmi, uttama karmabhUmi, madhyama karmabhUmi aura adhama karmabhUmi kAla kaha sakate haiN| isI taraha viparIta krama se utsarpiNI kAla ko jAnanA /

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vi : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 vartamAna huNDAvasarpiNI kAla : asaMkhyAta avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAloM ke vyatIta ho jAne para huNDAvasarpiNI kAla AtA hai| Ajakala avasarpirNI ke paJcama kAla kA huNDAvasarpiNI kAla cala rahA hai| isa huNDAvasarpiNI kAla meM apavAdasvarUpa kucha asAdhAraNa bAteM hotI haiN| jaise- sabhI tIrthaGkaroM kA janma ayodhyA meM honA cAhie thA parantu isa kAla-doSa ke kAraNa 5 tIrthaGkaroM (RSabhanAtha, ajitanAtha, abhinandananAtha, sumatinAtha aura anantanAtha) kA hI janma ayodhyA meM huA hai| isI prakAra sabhI tIrthaGkaroM kA mokSa sammeda zikhara se honA cAhie thA parantu 4 tIrthaGkaroM (AdinAtha, vAsupUjya, neminAtha aura mahAvIra) kA mokSa anya sthAnoM se huA hai| tIrthaGkaroM para upasarga nahIM honA cAhie parantu isa kAla meM 3 tIrthaGkaroM supArzvanAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra para upasarga hue| caturtha kAla meM hI 24 tIrthaGkara hote haiM parantu isa kAla meM prathama tIrthaGkara tIsare kAla meM utpanna hokara usI kAla meM mokSa ko prApta ho gye| tIrthaGkaroM ko putrI utpanna nahIM hotI parantu kAla-doSa ke kAraNa prathama tIrthaGkara AdinAtha kI do putriyA~ (brAhmI aura sundarI) huiiN| mukhapRSTha citra-paricaya : isa aGka ke mukha pRSTha para tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva dvArA apanI donoM putriyoM ko zikSA dete hue dikhAyA gayA hai| brAhmI ko lipi vidyA (a, A, Adi varNa jJAna) tathA sundarI ko aGka vidyA (1, 2, 3 aadi)| bharata, bAhubalI Adi 101 putroM ko bhI unhoMne vibhinna vidyAoM meM nipuNa kiyA thaa| jaba RSabhadeva kA janma huA thA taba bhogabhUmi kA antima samaya thA aura karmabhUmi kA praarmbh| bhogabhUmi kAla meM loga apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kalpavRkSoM (icchita phala pradAna karane vAle 10 prakAra ke vRkSa) se kara lete the, unheM zrama nahIM karanA par3atA thaa| jaba ve kalpavRkSa nahIM rahe to logoM ko AjIvikA calAne hetu RSabhadeva ne cha: prakAra kI zikSA dI- 1. asi (zastra vidyA), 2. masi (lekhana kArya), 3. kRSi (khetI), 4. vANijya (vyApAra), 5. zilpa (dastakArI) aura 6. vidyA (gAyana, vAdya, citrakArI aadi)| isa taraha RSabhadeva ne logoM ko AjIvikA ke sAdhana batalAye tathA unake kAryoM ke AdhAra para samAja ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA- 1. kSatriya, 2. vaizya aura 3. shuudr| Age calakara unake putra prathama cakravartI bharata ne brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA karake samAja ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyaa| yaha sampUrNa vibhAjana logoM ke kAryoM ke AdhAra para thA, na ki jAti ke AdhAra pr| pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina

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bhAratIya cintana meM mokSa tattva : eka samIkSA pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina zuddha Atma-svarUpopalabdhi hI mokSa hai| isameM sabhI darzana eka mata haiN| mokSa meM jJAna, sukha, indriyA~, zarIra, nivAsa-sthAna Adi kI kyA sthiti hotI hai? kyA bauddhoM kI taraha nirvANa sambhava hai? mokSa kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA unheM Izvara kahA jA sakatA hai? kyA koI anAdi mukta bhI hai? Adi praznoM kA samAdhAna isa Alekha meM kiyA gayA hai| - sampAdaka sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA carama lakSya hai 'mokSa' jisakA artha hai 'saMsAra-bandhana se mukti' athavA apane nija zuddha svarUpa kI praapti| ata: jisa darzana meM AtmA kA jaisA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai vahA~ usa Atma-svarUpa ko prApta honA mokSa hai| jaise vijAtIya tattvoM se azuddha sone ko hama agni meM tapAkara usake vijAtIya tattvoM ko haTAkara zuddha karate haiM vaise hI vijAtIya karma athavA ajJAna ke AvaraNa se jo AtmA malImasa ho rahA hai use saMyama, samAdhi athavA taparUpa agni meM tapAne para usakA zuddha svarUpa prakaTa ho jAtA hai| mokSamArga (zreyomArga) kaThopaniSad meM AyA hai ki saMsArI prANI do prakAra ke mArgoM meM se kisI eka mArga para calatA hai, ve do mArga haiM:- preyomArga (saMsAramArga) aura zreyomArga (muktimaarg)| preyomArga kA varaNa karane vAlA prANI ApAtataH ramaNIya viSayabhogoM meM pravRtta hokara saMsAra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| adhikatara prANI ajJAnavaza isI mArga kA anusaraNa karate haiN| isa prakAra kI pravRtti kA mUla kAraNa hai- rAga aura dvess| indriyoM ko sukha dene vAle padArthoM se rAga (prema, lagAva, bhogecchA Adi, 'sukhAnuzAyI rAgaH') tathA indriyoM ko duHkha dene vAle padArthoM se dveSa (ghRNA, heyadRSTi, krodha Adi, 'duHkhAnuzAyI dveSaH') karanA hI preyomArga hai| ina rAgI-dveSI pravRttiyoM kA prabhAva hamAre citta aura indriyoM para itanA adhika par3atA hai ki vaha avaza hokara zreyomArga (parama kalyANakArI mArga, dharmamArga) kI upekSA kara detA hai| zreyomArga kA avalambana karane vAlA prANI viSayabhogonmukhI pravRtti ko rokakara antarmukhI (AtmonmukhI) hokara citta-zuddhi ko karatA hai| hamAre sAMsArika jIvana ke Upara ajJAna, rAga, dveSa Adi kA tamopaTala

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2 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 itanA gAr3hA hai ki use dUra karane ke lie nirantara saddRSTi, sad-jJAnAbhyAsa tathA sadAcaraNa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| indriya-saMyama, AtmadhyAna, yama-niyama, samAdhi, samatA, tapa Adi ke dvArA isI bAta ko kahA gayA hai| ata: jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra rUpa ratnatraya ko sammilita rUpa se mokSamArga (zreyomArga) batalAyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI trividha sAdhanoM ko etadartha Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM bhI prakArAntara (nAma-bheda ) se yahI bAta kahI gaI hai / " gItA kA bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga aura karmayoga kramazaH samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ko hI nAmAntara se kahatA hai / itanA vizeSa hai ki jainadarzana meM ina tInoM ko pRthak-pRthak mukti kA mArga na mAnakara tInoM kI sammilita anivAryatA mAnI hai|' jahA~ inheM pRthak-pRthak mukti kA mArga batalAyA hai vahA~ usake mahattva ko pradarzita karanA hai parantu pUrNatA hetu anya do sAdhana bhI anivArya haiM kyoMki saddRSTi aura sad- jJAna ke binA karmayoga (samyakcAritra) kA phala nahIM hai, sadAcAra aura sad-jJAna ke binA bhaktimArga (samyagdarzana) sambhava nahIM hai tathA sad-dRSTi aura sadAcAra ke binA jJAnamArga (samyagjJAna) bhI phaladAyI nahIM hai| muktAvasthA 'mokSa' yA 'mukti' zabda kA sIdhA artha hai - karmabandhana - janya paratantratA ko haTAkara svatantra ho jaanaa| jaina darzana meM ise siddha avasthA bhI kahA gayA hai| siddha kA artha hai 'zuddhatA kI prApti' / jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki karmabandha ke rAgAdi kAraNoM kA uccheda hone para mokSa hotA hai|" jo AtmA anAdikAla se kaluSatAoM se ghirA huA thA vaha mukta hone para nirmala, caitanyamaya tathA jJAnamaya ho jAtA hai| AtmA kI karmanimittaka vaibhAvikI zakti ke kAraNa jo saMsArAvasthA meM vibhAvarUpa (mithyAdarzana, ajJAna tathA asadAcArarUpa) pariNamana ho rahA thA, muktAvasthA meM vaha vibhAva- pariNamana (rAga-dveSAdi rUpa nimitta ke haTa jAne para) zuddha svAbhAvika pariNamana (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra) meM badala jAtA hai| arthAt mokSAvasthA meM AtmA apane zuddha caitanyasvarUpa meM sthita ho jAtA hai|' isIlie use 'Atma-vasati' kahA hai| isa avasthA ke prApta hone para AtmA ananta catuSTaya (anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha, anantavIrya ina cAra guNoM) ko prApta kara letA hai| isa avasthA - prApti ke bAda punarjanma nahIM hotA hai| AtmA ko vyApaka na mAnane se usake nivAsa sthAna ko bhI mAnA gayA hai| 'tIrthaGkara' hokara mukta honA eka vizeSa avasthA hai parantu bAda meM koI bheda nahIM rahatA hai|

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bhAratIya cintana meM mokSa tattva : eka samIkSA : 3 jainadarzana meM mAnA gayA hai ki pahale sabhI jIva karmabandhanayukta (saMsArI) the| bAda meM dhyAna-sAdhanA dvArA mukta hue haiN| inhIM kI ve pUjA karate haiM aura inheM hI Izvara mAnate haiM parantu jagatkartA Adi nhiiN| cU~ki jainadarzana meM AtmA ko zarIra-parimANa kahA hai| ata: saMsArAvasthA meM karmajanya choTA yA bar3A jaisA zarIra milatA hai vaha tadrUpa pariNata ho jAtA hai kyoMki usameM dIpaka ke prakAza kI taraha saMkoca-vikAsa zakti hai| mukta hone para karmabandhana na hone se koI zarIra nahIM rahatA hai| avyavahita pUrvabhava kA zarIra-parimANa (kucha nyUna) banA rahatA hai kyoMki usameM saMkoca vikAsa ke kAraNakarmoM kA abhAva rahatA hai| ata: muktAvasthA meM AtmA na to saMkucita hokara aNurUpa hotA hai aura na vyaapk| AtmA meM svAbhAvika rUpa se eraNDabIja, agnizikhA Adi kI taraha Urdhvagamana svabhAva mAnA jAtA hai jisase vaha zarIra-tyAga ke uparAnta Upara lokAnta taka gamana karatA hai| lokAnta (siddhAlaya) ke bAda gati meM sahAyaka dharmadravya (gatidravya) kA abhAva hone se Age (alokAkAza meM) gamana nahIM hotA hai| ananta zakti hone para bhI mukta jIva lokAnta ke bAhara nahIM jAte kyoMki ve saba prakAra kI kAmanAoM se rahita (pUrNa-kAma) haiN| ananta jJAna aura ananta sukha kI jo vahA~ sattA mAnI gaI hai vaha atIndriya aparokSa jJAna (kevalajJAna) tathA atIndriya sukha (Atmastha jJAna-sukha) hai| indriya, mana, zarIra Adi kA abhAva hone se vahA~ tajjanya sukhAdi kA abhAva hai| zarIra kA abhAva hone se pUrNata: arUpI aura sUkSma avasthA hai| isIlie aneka mukta (siddha) jIva eka hI sthAna para binA vyavadhAna ke Thahara jAte haiN| vahA~ para sabhI mukta yA to padmAsana meM haiM yA khaGgAsana meM, kyoMki mukta jIva inhIM do avasthAoM meM dhyAna karate hue mukta hote haiN| muktAvasthA meM sabhI ekasamAna jJAna, sukhAdi se yukta hote haiN| unameM koI bheda nahIM hotA hai| yadi vahA~ koI bheda (kSetra, kAla, gati, liGga Adi ke bheda se bAraha prakAra kA) hai to vaha upacAra se pUrva janma (bhUtakAla) kI apekSA se hai|11 anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA jainadarzana meM jIvanmukta ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha sazarIrI avasthA hai aura Ayu kI samApti para niyama se usI bhava meM videhamukta hotA hai| isake sabhI ghAtiyA karma (AtmA ke svAbhAvika yA anujIvI guNoM ke pratyakSa ghAtaka jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya karma) naSTa ho jAne se vaha 'arhat' (kevalajJAnI) kahalAtA hai| isa taraha jainadharma meM bauddhoM kI taraha abhAvarUpa nirvANa (mokSa) ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai kyoMki bhAvarUpa padArtha kA kabhI abhAva nahIM hotA hai| nyAya-vaizeSikoM kI taraha

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4 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 AtmA ke jJAna aura sukha vizeSa guNoM (buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayatna, dharma, adharma aura saMskAra- ye nau nyAya darzana meM AtmA ke vizeSa guNa mAne gae haiM jinakA muktAvasthA meM abhAva ho jAtA hai| jaina jJAna aura sukha ko chor3akara zeSa kA abhAva mAnate haiN|) kA abhAva bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai kyoMki yadi aisA mAnA jAegA to AtmA jar3a ho jAegA aura koI bhI vyakti jar3a (acetana) honA nahIM cAhatA hai| hA~, itanA avazya hai ki vahA~ du:kha ke sAtha indriya-janya jJAna, sukhAdi kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM AtmA aura mana kA saMyoga hone para jJAnAdi AtmA ke vizeSa guNa utpanna hote haiM aura mokSa meM mana kA saMyoga na hone se jJAnAdi guNa bhI nahIM rahate haiM / 12 sAMkhya-yoga darzana kI bhI karIba-karIba yahI sthiti hai kyoMki cetana puruSa tattva sAkSI mAtra hai aura buddhi (mahat) prakRti kA vikAra (jar3a) hai| ataH yahA~ bhI muktAvasthA meM jJAna nahIM hai kyoMki vaha prakRti ke saMyoga se hotA hai aura muktAvasthA meM AtmA ke sAtha prakRti kA saMyoga nahIM mAnA gayA hai / vedAnta darzana ke anusAra muktAvasthA meM sukha aura jJAna kI sattA to hai parantu vahA~ eka hI Atma tattva hai| 13 muktAtmAoM meM tirohita ATha guNoM kA AvirbhAva jainadarzana meM siddhAlaya meM pudgala (jar3a tattva) ke paramANuoM ke sAtha AtmA kA saMyoga to hai parantu AtmA meM rAgAdi kA abhAva hone se ve paramANu karmarUpa pariNata nahIM hote haiN| ataH punarjanma nahIM hotA hai / jainadarzana meM karma mUlataH ATha prakAra ke mAne gae haiM jo AtmA ke svAbhAvika ATha guNoM ko Dha~ka dete haiN| ina karmoM ke haTane para sabhI siddhoM (videha muktoM) meM nimna ATha guNa prakaTa ho jAte haiM / 14 1. 2. 3. anantadarzana (tInoM lokoM ke dravyoM kA avalokana)- darzanAvaraNIya karmakSaya se prakaTa guNa / anantavIrya (atula sAmarthya yA zakti) - antarAya karmakSaya se prakaTa guNa / sUkSmatva (amUrtatva yA azarIratva) - nAmakarma ke kSaya se prakaTa guNa / 6. avagAhanatva (janma-maraNa kA abhAva ) - Ayukarma ke kSaya se prakaTa guNa | 4. kSAyika samyaktva (nirmala zraddhAna) - mohanIya karma ke kSaya se prakaTa guNa / anantajJAna (tInoM lokoM kA traikAlika pUrNa jJAna) - jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kSaya se prakaTa gunn| 5.

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bhAratIya cintana meM mokSa tattva : eka samIkSA : 5 isa guNa ke hone para eka sthAna para ananta siddha Thahara sakate haiM kyoMki unake amUrta hone se koI bAdhA nahIM hotii| agurulaghutva (choTe-bar3e kA bhedAbhAva, samAnatA)- gotrakarma tathA nAmakarma ke kSaya se prakaTa gunn| 8. avyAbAdhatva (ananta sukha yA atIndriya apUrva sukh| sAtA-asAtArUpa AkulatA kA abhAva)- vedanIya karma-kSaya se prakaTa gunn| yahA~ itanA vizeSa hai ki eka-eka karmakSaya janya guNa kA yaha kathana pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se sAmAnya kathana hai kyoMki unameM anya karmoM kA kSaya bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| vastuta: AThoM hI karmoM kA samudAya eka sukha guNa kA pratibandhaka hai|5 abhedadRSTi se jo kevalajJAna hai vahI sukha hai| digambara mAnyatAnusAra nirgrantha muni hI siddha hote haiM parantu zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra strI tathA gRhastha bhI siddha ho sakate haiN| anya vizeSatAe~ mukta hone para bhI vastu kA jo svabhAva hai utpatti, vinAza aura nityatA vaha muktAtmA meM bhI hai parantu vaha samAnAkAra (SaT-guNa hAni-vRddhi rUpa) hai| muktoM ko niraMjana, nirAkAra, nikala, paramAtmA, siddha Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| siddha na to nirguNa haiM aura na zUnya; na aNurUpa haiM aura na sarvavyApaka apitu Atma-pradezoM kI apekSA carama-zarIra (arhantAvasthA kA zarIra) ke AkArarUpa meM rahate haiN| ve sAMkhyavat na to caitanyamAtra haiM aura na nyAya-vaizeSikavat jar3a apitu caitanyatA ke sAtha jJAnazarIrI (sarvajJa) haiM kyoMki AtmA jJAna-svarUpI aura caitanyarUpa hai|16 ataH muktAtmA jJAna guNa ke avinAbhAvI sukhAdi ananta catuSTaya se bhI sampanna hai| upasaMhAra isa taraha zuddha Atma-svarUpopalabdhi mokSa hai jahA~ sabhI prakAra ke duHkhoM (AdhyAtmika, Adhibhautika aura Adhidaivika) kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| isa kathana se sabhI AtmavAdI darzana sahamata haiN| vahA~ atIndriya jJAna aura sukha kI sattA ko bhI vedAnta aura jaina svIkAra karate haiM parantu nyAya-vaizeSika tathA sAMkhya meM inake astitva kA prazna hI nahIM hai kyoMki nyAyadarzana meM ina guNoM kA mokSa meM abhAva hai tathA sAMkhya meM bhI jJAna aura sukha prakRti-saMsarga ke dharma haiM jinakA vahA~ abhAva hai| bauddhoM ke yahA~ to AtmA jise ve paJcaskandhAtmaka mAnate haiM usakI citta-santati kA hI abhAva vahA~ mAna lete haiM jo sarvathA akalpanIya hai|

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6 ): zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 vedAnta meM AtmA ko sarvathA nitya aura vyApaka mAnA gayA hai, ataH vahA~ bandhana aura mokSa kI vyAkhyA sApekSavAda ke binA durghaTa hai / bauddha darzana meM AtmA ko sarvathA anitya kahA hai so vahA~ bhI bandha-mokSa vyavasthA sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki vahA~ karmakartA, karma-bandhana se chuTakArA prApta karane vAlA sAdhaka tathA karmaphala- bhoktA alagaalaga haiN| nyAya darzana meM to caitanyAbhAva hai, ataH yaha pakSa bhI mokSopayogI nahIM lgtaa| isIlie logoM ko vRMdAvana ke jaMgala meM nivAsa karanA nyAya vaizeSika ke mokSa jAne kI apekSA adhika acchA lagatA hai / 18 jaina apane AtmasvarUpAnusAra mokSa meM duHkhAbhAva, ananta atIndriya jJAna, darzana, sukha aura sAmarthya ko svIkAra karate haiN| usake arUpI svabhAva ke kAraNa usameM avyAbAdhatva, sUkSmatva Adi ko bhI mAnate haiN| avyavahita pUrva-janma ke zarIraparimANa ke arUpI AkAra ko mAnate haiM kyoMki AtmA na to vyApaka hai aura na aNurUpA Urdhvagamana svabhAva hone se lokAnta meM nivAsa mAnate haiN| karma-sambandha na hone se punarjanma nahIM maante| jIvanmuktoM ko 'arhanta' yA 'kevalI' kahate haiM aura videhamukta ko 'siddha' / dravya kA svarUpa 'utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya' rUpa svIkAra karane ke kAraNa muktAtmA meM bhI samAnAkAra pariNamana to mAnate haiM parantu sthAna - parivartana (gamana kriyA) nahIM maante| vahA~ sabhI mukta sadA pUrNataH karmamukta rahate haiM tathA sabhI samAna guNa vAle hote haiM, vahA~ koI bhI bheda nahIM hai| yadi koI bheda mAnA hai to upacAra se muktapUrva janma kI apekSA / karmAbhAva hone se sabhI nAma - karmajanya zarIra tathA mana Adi se rahita haiN| zuddha caitanyarUpa AtmA kA vahA~ vAsa hai| jJAna, sukhAdi AtmA se pRthak nahIM haiN| muktAvasthA ko prApta sabhI jIva Izvara haiM kyoMki jainadarzana meM koI anAdi dRSTikartA Izvara nahIM hai / sabhI jIva saMsAra-bandhana kATakara mukta hue haiN| mukta pUrNakAma hone se vItarAgI (icchArahita) haiN| sandarbha 1. zreyazca preyazca manuSyametastau saMparItya vivinakti dhiirH| zreyo hi dhIro'bhipreyaso vRNIte preyo mando yogakSemAd vRNIte // cittameva hi saMsAro rAgAdiklezavAsitam / tadeva tairvinirmuktaM bhavAnta iti kathyate / / - kaTha0 upa0 1.2.2

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bhAratIya cintana meM mokSa tattva : eka samIkSA : 7 tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA, AcArya kamalazIla, pR0 104 samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaH / tattvArthasUtra, 1.1 tathA 9.39 46 & ; . 10. draSTavya, dIghanikAya hindI (anuvAda), pR0 28-29 nyAyasUtra 4.2.38-48, vedAntasAra, pR0 47-50 dekheM, Ti0 3 bandhahettvabhAva-nirjarAbhyAM kRtsnakarmavipramokSo mokssH| appaNo vasahiM ve| uttarAdhyayana, 14.48 AtmalAbhaM vidurmokSa jIvasyAntarmalakSayAt / nAbhAvo nApyacaitanyaM na caitanyamanarthakam / / siddhi-vinizcaya, pR0 384 tadanantaramUrdhvaM gacchatyAlokAntAt // tattvArthasUtra, 10.5 puurvpryogaadsnggttvaadvndhcchedaattthaagtiprinnaamaacc| tattvArthasUtra, 10.6 AviddhakulAlacakravad vypgtlepaalaambuvdernnddviijvdgnishikhaavcc| tattvArthasUtra, 10.7 dharmAstikAyAbhAvAt / tattvArthasUtra, 10.8 kSetra-kAla-gati-liGga-tIrtha-cAritra-pratyekabuddha-bodhita-jJAnAvagAhanAntarasaMkhyAlpa-bahutvata: saadhyaaH| tattvArthasUtra, 10.9 sAkSAtkAre sukhAdInAM kAraNaM mana ucyte| bhASA-pariccheda, kA0 85 yadA sarve vimucyante kAmA hyasya hyadi sthitAH / tadA mo'mRto bhavatyatra brahma samaznute / / kaThopaniSad, 2.3.14 sammattANANadaMsaNa-vIriya-suhumaM taheva avghnnN| agurulaghumavvAvAhaM aTThaguNA hoti siddhANaM ||lghu siddha-bhakti, 8 aTThavihakammaviyaDA sIdIbhUdA NiraMjaNA NiccA aTThaguNa kayakiccA loyaggaNivAsiNo siddhA ||go0jii0, 68 svabhAvapratighAtAbhAvahetukaM hi saukhyam / pra0sA, ta0pra0, 61 karmASTakaM vipakSi syAt sukhasyaika-guNasya ca /

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8 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 asti kiJcana karmaikaM tadvipakSaM tataH pRthak / paM0a0, u0 1114 jaM kevalaM ti NANaM taM sokkhaM pariNAmaM ca so cev| khedo tassa Na bhaNido jamhA ghAdI khayaM jAdA ||pr0 sA0, 60 // sakalavipramuktaH sannAtmA samagravidyAtmavapurbhavati na jaDo, nApi caitnymaatrruupH| svayambhUstotra, TIkA 5/13 paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, nyAyadarzana, bhAratIya darzana , pR0 270 svarUpaikapratiSThAna: pritykto'khilairgunnaiH| nyAyamaJjarI, pR0 77 ___ muktaye ya: zilAtvAya zAstramUce sacetasAm / gotamaM tamavekSyaiva yathA vittha tathaiva saH // naiSadhacarita, 17.75 varaM vRndAvane ramye zRgAlatvaM vRNomyaham / vaizeSikoktamokSastu sukhalezavivarjitAt / / sa0 si0 saM0, pR0 28 navAnAmAtmavizeSaguNAnAmuccheda: mokssH| ***

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa pro0 dharmacanda jaina vidvAn lekhaka ne kAla ke sambandha meM pracalita jainetara vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karate hue jaina dRSTi se kAla kA svarUpa ubhaya-paramparAnusAra batalAyA hai| jainadarzana meM kAla ko pRthak kyoM kahA hai? dravya-vyavasthA meM usakI kyA upayogitA hai? ina saba viSayoM para isameM sapramANa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| - sampAdaka bhAratIya paramparA meM kAla : bhAratIya paramparA meM kAla gahana cintana kA viSaya rahA hai| vibhinna prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanika siddhAntoM meM eka kAlavAda nAmaka siddhAnta bhI mAnya rahA hai, jisakA mantavya hai ki jo koI bhI kArya ghaTita hotA hai, usameM kAla hI pramukha kAraNa hotA hai| kAlavAda kI isa mAnyatA kA pratipAdaka eka prasiddha zloka hai kAlaH pacati bhUtAni, kAlaH saMharate prjaaH| kAlaH supteSu jAgarti, kAlo hi durtikrmH| arthAt kAla hI pRthvI Adi bhUtoM kA pariNamana karatA hai, kAla hI prajA yAnI jIvoM ko pUrva paryAya se pracyavita kara anya paryAya meM sthApita karatA hai| kAla hI jIvoM ke so jAne para jAgatA hai| kAla kI kAraNatA kA apAkaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| kAla ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| atharvaveda, nArAyaNopaniSad, zivapurANa, bhagavadgItA Adi grantha isake sAkSI haiN| atharvaveda ke 193 kANDa ke 53-54veM sUkta meM kAla kA vivecana huA hai| vahA~ kAla kI mahimA kA gAna karate hue kahA hai kAlaH prajA asRjata, kAlo agre prajApatim / svayambhUH kazyapaH kAlAt, tapaH kaalaadjaayt|| kAlAdApa samabhavan kAlAd brahma tapo dishH| kAlenodeti sUryaH kAle nivizate punH||| kAla ne prajA (jagat evaM jIvoM) ko utpanna kiyaa| kAla ne prajApati ko utpanna kiyaa| svayaMbhU kazyapa bhI kAla se utpanna hue tathA tapa bhI kAla se utpanna huaa| kAla se jala-tattva utpanna huaa| kAla se hI brahmA, tapa aura dizAe~ utpanna huiiN|

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10 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 kAla se hI sUrya udita hotA hai tathA kAla meM hI niviSTa hotA hai / nArAyaNopaniSad meM kAla ko nArAyaNa', zivapurANa meM kAla ko Izvara tathA viSNupurANa meM use brahma kA parama pradhAna rUpa kahA gayA hai|" bhagavadgItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM - kAlo'smi lokakSayakRtpravRddho, lokAn samAhartumiha pravRttaH / 6 arthAt maiM loka kA kSaya karane vAlA pravRddha kAla hU~ tathA isa samaya lokoM ko naSTa karane ke lie pravRtta huA hU~ / kAlavAda kA prathama ullekha zvetAzvataropaniSad meM prApta hotA hai- 'kAlaH svabhAvo niyatiryadRcchA bhUtAni yoniH puruSa iti cintyA " isakA tAtparya hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, yoni, puruSa Adi kAraNa haiN| jyotirvidyA meM kAla ke AdhAra para hI samasta gaNanAe~ kI jAtI haiM tathA jIvana kI bhUta-bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM kA Akalana kAla ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| bure dinoM yA acche dinoM kA AnA Adi janamAnyatA, kAla kI kAraNatA ko iMgita karatI hai| kAlavAda kI mAnyatA ke anusAra kAla hI sarvavidha kAryoM kA kAraNa hai| 8 bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI kAla ke svarUpa evaM usakI kAraNatA kA pratipAdana huA hai, kintu inameM kAlavAda kI mAnyatA se bhinna pratipAdana hai| vaizeSika darzana meM kAla ko eka dravya mAnA gayA hai / "pRthivyApastejo vAyurAkAzaM kAlo digAtmA mana iti dravyANi "" sUtra se spaSTa hai ki kAla eka dravya hai| kAla kA anumAna jyeSThatva - kaniSThatva, krama- yaugapadya, cira- kSipra Adi pratyayoM se hotA hai|' vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra kAla nitya hai / saMkhyA meM eka hI hai| bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM ise vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| prazastapAdabhASya meM kAloM kI saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyoga aura vibhAga - ina pA~ca guNoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai / " vaizeSika darzana meM kAla ko sabhI kriyAoM kA sAmAnya kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, aisA 'kAraNane kAla: 11 sUtra se siddha hotA hai| kAla nimitta kAraNa banatA hai, samavAyI kAraNa nhiiN| nyAyadarzana meM bAraha prameya padArthoM meM kAla kI gaNanA nahIM kI gayI hai, kintu kAla kI sattA ko svIkAra avazya kiyA gayA hai / udAharaNArtha mana kI siddhi karate hue naiyAyika kahate haiM- "yugapajjJAnAnutpattirmanaso liGgam / ' "12 yahA~ yugapad zabda kAla kA bodhaka hai| prasaMgavaza eka sthala para akSapAda gautama ne dizA, deza, kAla aura AkAza kI kAraNatA ke sambandha meM kAla zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai / 13

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 11 sAMkhyadarzana ke 25 tattvoM meM kahIM bhI kAla kA ullekha nahIM AyA hai, tathApi sAMkhyapravacanabhASya ke dvitIya adhyAya meM ullekha prApta hotA hai ki dizA aura kAla AkAza ke hI svarUpa haiN|14 ye donoM AkAza prakRti ke guNa vizeSa haiN| AkAza ke vibhu hone ke kAraNa dik aura kAla bhI vibhu haiN| jo dik-kAla Adi ke khaNDa prApta hote haiM ve upAdhi saMyoga Adi se AkAza se utpanna mAne gaye haiN| isa prakAra sAMkhyadarzana meM prakArAntara se kAla ko aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA usake vibhu aura khaNDa donoM svarUpa svIkAra kiye gae haiN| yuktidIpikAkAra ne upAdAna kA sAmarthya hone para bhI kAla kI apekSA ko aMgIkAra kiyA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM kAla ko tRtIya tuSTi ke rUpa meM bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai|15 yoga darzana meM vyAsabhASya ke antargata kAla kA vivecana kSaNa evaM krama kI vyAkhyA karate hue prApta hotA hai| kSaNa ko paribhASita karate hue vyAsa kahate haiM ki eka paramANu pUrva sthAna ko chor3akara uttara sthAna ko jitane samaya meM prApta hotA hai vaha kAla 'kSaNa' kahalAtA hai| isa kSaNa ke pravAha kA viccheda na honA hI krama kahalAtA hai| kSaNa vAstavika hai tathA krama kA AdhAra hai| krama avAstavika hai, kyoMki do kSaNa kabhI bhI sAtha nahIM rahate haiN| pahale vAle kSaNa ke anantara dUsare kSaNa kA honA hI krama kahalAtA hai, isalie vartamAna eka kSaNa hI vAstavika haiM pUrvottara kSaNa nhiiN| muhUrta, ahorAtra Adi jo kSaNa-saMmAhAra rUpa vyavahAra hai, vaha buddhi kalpita hai, vAstavika nhiiN|16 kAla aura dik ko sAMkhyadarzana kI bhA~ti yoga dArzanika vijJAna bhikSu ne AkAza se hI utpanna svIkAra kiyA hai|17 mImAMsA darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa vaizeSika darzana ke hI samAna mAnA gayA hai| pArthasArathi mizra kI zAstradIpikA TIkA ke vyAkhyAkAra paMDita rAmakRSNa kA maMtavya hai ki vaizeSika jahA~ kAla ko apratyakSa mAnate haiM, vahA~ mImAMsaka mata meM vaha pratyakSa hai|8 advaita vedAnta darzana meM vyAvahArika rUpa se kAla ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vedAnta paribhASA meM naimittika pralaya meM kAla ko nimitta mAnA gayA hai| zuddhAdvaita darzana meM kAla ko atIndriya hone se kArya se anumita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|19 bauddhadarzana meM bhI bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna ke rUpa meM kAla svIkRta hai| vastu ko kAlakSaNa ko svIkAra karane ke AdhAra para hI kSaNika kahA gayA hai| vyAkaraNa darzana meM bhI kAla kI carcA prApta hotI hai| bhartRhari ne vAkyapadIya ke tRtIya kANDa meM kAla samuddeza ke antargata kAla ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM para vicAra kiyA hai| kAla ko helArAja ne amUrta kriyA ke pariccheda kA hetu pratipAdita kiyA haikaalo'muurtkriyaapricchedhetuH| utpatti, sthiti aura vinAza kriyAoM meM tathA ina kriyAoM se yukta padArthoM kI utpatti Adi meM kAla nimitta kAraNa hotA hai|

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12 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 jainadarzana meM kAla kI dravyatA viSayaka matabheda : jaina darzana meM kAla ko dravya svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM mata- vaibhinnya hai / tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti athavA umAsvAmI 'kAlazcetyeke' 21 sUtra se matabheda kA saMketa karate haiN| jaina darzana meM loka ko SaDdravyAtmaka kahA gayA hai22, ataH usameM kAla dravya kA samAveza svata: ho jAtA hai, kintu bhagavatIsUtra meM loka ko paMcAstikAyAtmaka bhI kahA gayA hai| 23 paMcAstikAya meM kAla kA antarbhAva nahIM hone se usakI pRthak dravyatA para praznacihna upasthita hotA hai| digambara paramparA meM to nirvivAda rUpa se kAla ko dravya aMGgIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA meM do mata haiN| kucha zvetAmbara jaina dArzanika kAla ko pRthak dravya aGgIkAra karate haiM tathA kucha nhiiN| ina donoM matoM kA ullekha jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM, haribhadrasUri viracita dharmasaMgrahaNi meM, upAdhyAya vinayavijaya kI kRti lokaprakAza Adi granthoM saMprAta hai / 24 kAla kI pRthak dravyatA asvIkRti meM tarka : jo dArzanika kAla kI pRthak dravyatA aGgIkAra nahIM karate ve kahate haiM ki dharmAstikAyAdi dravyoM kA paryAya hI kAla hai, usakA pRthak astitva asiddha hai| isa mata ke pratipAdana meM vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM nirUpita bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM gautama gaNadhara ke madhya saMvAda pramukha AdhAra hai / 25 gautama gaNadhara ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA- 'kimidaM bhaMte! kAle tti pavuccati / ' bhagavan yaha kAla kise kahA jAtA hai? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA- jIvA ceva ajIvA ceva / arthAt kAla jIva bhI hai aura ajIva bhii| jIvoM kI paryAya rUpa se yaha kAla jIvasvarUpa hai evaM ajIva dravyoM kI paryAya rUpa meM yaha ajIva rUpa hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai- samayAti vA vilayati vA jIvAti vA ajIvAti vA pavuccati 25 arthAt jo paryAya utpanna hotI hai evaM vilIna hotI hai, vaha jIva evaM ajIva paryAya hI hotI hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bhI kAla kA jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ke paryAya rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ para kathana hai- "so vattaNAirUvo kAlo davvassa ceva pjjaao| 27 vaha vartanAdisvarUpa kAla dravya kI hI paryAya hai / haribhadrasUri viracita dharmasaMgrahaNi ke TIkAkAra malayagiri kA bhI kathana hai ki kAla jIva evaM ajIva dravyoM kA paryAya hotA hai, usakA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| malayagiri ke zabdoM meM- "jIvAdivastu se vyatirikta kAla nAmaka parikalpita padArtha pratyakSa se kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai|' / 28 TIkAkAra malayagiri

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 13 yahA~ kAla ke dravyatva ko aGgIkAra karane vAle vaizeSika mata ko pUrvapakSa meM upasthApita karate haiM - "pratyakSa se kAla bhale hI upalabdha na ho, anumAna se to usakI prApti hotI hai, kyoMki pUrvApara vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai| vaha pUrvApara vyavahAra vastu ke svarUpa mAtra kA nimitta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki vaha to vartamAna meM bhI hotA hai| isalie vaha jisa nimitta se hotA hai vaha kAla hai, usa kAla kA pUrvatva aura aparatva svayaM jAna lenA cAhie, anyathA anavasthA kA prasaGga AtA hai| ataH pUrvakAlayogI pUrva hai tathA aparakAlayogI apara hai|" kahA gayA hai- "pUrvakAlAdiyogI yaH sa pUrvAdyapadezabhAk pUrvAparatvaM tasyApi svarUpAdeva naanytH|"29 AcArya malayagiri vaizeSikoM kI isa yukti kA pratyuttara dete hue kahate haiM ki yadi kAla eka hI hai to usameM pUrvAparatva kaise sambhava hai? yadi sahacArI ke samparka ke kAraNa kAla kI pUrvatva, aparatva Adi kalpanA kI jAtI hai to yaha bhI samIcIna nahIM hai, kyoMki itaretarAzraya doSa kA prasaGga AtA hai| kyoMki sahacArI rAma Adi kI pUrvatA kAlagata pUrvatvAdi yoga se hogI evaM kAla kI pUrvatvAditA sahacArI rAma Adi ke yoga se hogii| isa prakAra eka ke asiddha hone para dUsarA asiddha ho jAtA hai| isalie para parikalpita kAla yukti se anupapanna hone ke kAraNa vartanAlakSaNa kAla hI svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki isameM binA kaThinAI ke pUrva Adi kA prayoga sambhava hai, kyoMki atIta vartanA ko pUrva, bhAvI vartanA ko apara aura tatkAla meM hone vAlI vartanA ko vartamAna kahA jAtA hai| usa vartanA lakSaNa kAla ke prati dravya bhinna hone ke kAraNa yaha ananta hai| isalie yaha kathana upayukta hai ki vaha kAla jIvAjIvAdi paryAya rUpa dharma hai| kAla pRthak dravya nahIM hai, isakI puSTi meM lokaprakAzakAra upAdhyAya vinayavijaya kahate haiM- "vartanAdi paryAya rUpa kAla jIva-ajIva kA svarUpa hai evaM dravya se abhinna hai| vartanAdisvarUpa kAla pRthak dravya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yadi dravya kI paryAya hI pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jAyegI to anavasthA doSa kA prasaGga upasthita hogaa| kAla to dravyoM ke paryAyarUpa hai, ata: vaha pRthak dravya nahIM ho sktaa|" upAdhyAya vinayavijaya anya tarka dete hue kahate haiM, "jisa prakAra vyoma sarvatra vidyamAna hone se astikAya mAnA jAtA hai to usI prakAra vartamAnasvarUpa evaM sarvatra vyApta kAla ko bhI astikAya kI koTi meM aGgIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu aisA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM pA~ca hI astikAya mAne gae haiN"|31 isa prakAra jahA~ kAla kI pRthak dravyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai vahA~ jainadArzanika kAla kI pRthak dravyatA ko siddha karane meM bhI aneka hetu prastuta karate haiN|

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14 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 kAla kI pRthagdravyatAsiddhi meM tarka : yaha to vidita hI hai ki digambara paramparA meM nirvivAda rUpa se kAla ko pRthak dravya aGgIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA bhI isakI siddhi meM aneka tarka prastuta karatI hai| AgamoM meM dravya chaha kahe gae haiM tathA astikAya paaNc| kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki dravya pA~ca hote haiN| isa Agama saMdarbha se hI siddha hotA hai ki kAla bhI eka dravya hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra evaM anuyogadvAra sUtra meM dharmAstikAyAdi chaha dravyoM kA kathana hai|32 kAla kI pRthakdravyatA siddhi meM AcArya vidyAnanda, malayagiri aura upAdhyAya vinayavijaya ne aneka tarka die haiN| vidyAnanda digambara dArzanika haiM, kintu tattvArthazlokavArtika meM unhoneM dravya ke lakSaNa 'guNaparyAyavad dravyam'33 ko kAla meM ghaTita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| ve kahate hai ki 'dravya guNa evaM paryAyayukta hotA hai| kAla bhI guNayukta evaM paryAyayukta hotA hai| kAla meM sAmAnyataH saMyoga, vibhAga, saMkhyA, parimANa Adi guNa tathA vizeSarUpa se sUkSmatva, amUrtatva, agurulaghutva, eka pradezatva Adi guNa hote haiN| anya padArthoM ke krama-vartana meM jo vartanA Adi kAraNa haiM ve kAla kI paryAya haiM, ata: kAla bhI guNaparyAyavAna hone se dravya hai|34 prazna utpanna hotA hai ki alokAkAza meM kAladravya nahIM hotA hai ata: vahA~ paryAyaparivartana kaise hotA hai? isa prazna ke uttara meM vidyAnanda kahate haiM ki AkAza to akhaNDa hai usake lokAkAza evaM alokAkAza bheda aupacArika haiN| ata: lokAkAza meM kAladravya ke nimitta se jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai vaha sampUrNa AkAzadravya kA eka sAtha hotA hai| ata: alokAkAza kA bhI paryAya parivartana sAtha hI ho jAtA hai|35 AcArya malayagiri kAla ko dravya siddha karane hetu nimnalikhita tarka dete haiM-36 dharmAstikAyAdi pA~ca dravyoM se pRthak aDhAI dvIpa samudra ke bhItara rahane vAlA SaSTha kAla dravya hai jisake kAraNa bItA huA kala, Ane vAlA kala ityAdi kA jJAna hotA hai tathA ye kAlavAcI zabda bhI yathArtha haiM kyoMki Apta ke dvArA prayoga kie gae haiN| Agama meM bhI sAkSAt kahA gayA hai ki chaThA dravya kAla hai, yathA "kai NaM bhaMte davvA paNNattA?! cha davvA paNNattA taMjahA dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe AgAsatyikAe, jIvatyikAe poggalatthikAe addhAsamae iti|" 3- yaha addhAsamaya pUrvApara koTi se rahita nahIM hai, kyoMki atyanta asat kA

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa: 15 utpAda nahIM hotA tathA sat kA sarvathA vinAza nahIM hotA, apitu vaha kAla pUrvApara meM anvayI hai| usakA anvayI rUpa dhruva hai, pUrvAparaparyAya ke nAza evaM utpAda se usameM vyaya evaM utpAda kI siddhi hotI hai| ata: 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' isa sallakSaNayoga se kAladravya kI sattAsiddhi hotI hai| 'guNaparyAyavad dravyam' evaM 'dravyam sallakSaNam' / sUtrAnusArI dravyalakSaNa bhI kAla meM ghaTita hone se vaha svatantra dravya hai| upAdhyAya vinayavijaya ne bhI kAla kI siddhi meM vibhinna tarka die haiM, yathAjisa prakAra skandhAdi kAryoM se paramANu svarUpa kAraNa kA anumAna hotA hai usI prakAra sUrya Adi kI gati ko dekhakara kAla kA anumAna hotA hai|37 samayAdi vizeSa svarUpa ke AdhAra se kAla kA pRthak dravyatva siddha hotA hai|38 loka meM nAnAvidha Rtubheda dRSTigocara hotA hai, jisakA kAraNa kAla hai|39 anya samasta kAraNoM ke hone para bhI AmrAdi vakSoM meM phala nahIM lagate haiM, ve nAnA zakti samanvita kAla kI apekSA rakhate haiN|40 kAla dravya ko svIkAra kie binA vartamAna, atIta, bhaviSyata Adi zabdoM kA prayoga saMbhava nahIM hai tathA kAladravya ke binA inakA pRthak rUpa se jJAna bhI sambhava nhiiN|41 kSipra, cira, divasa, mAsa, varSa, yuga Adi zabda bhI kAla dravya ko siddha karate haiN|42 jisa zuddha pada se jo vAcya hotA hai vaha saMsAra meM avazya hotA hai, isa anumAna se bhI kAla zabda ke dvArA kAladravya kI siddhi hotI hai||3| bhaTTa akalaGka ne tAttvArthavArtika meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki AkAza dravya anya dravyoM kA AdhAra hotA hai, parantu unakI vartanA meM nimitta kAladravya hI hotA hai| kAladravya kI vartanA meM anya nimitta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kAla dravya kA vartanA lakSaNa dUsare dravyoM kI sattA siddha karane ke sAtha svakAla dravya kI bhI sattA siddha kara detA hai|44 kAla ke upakAra : vartanAdi kA svarUpa : jaina darzana meM kAla ke kucha upakAra yA kArya svIkRta haiM, yathA vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aprtv|45 ina kAryoM se kAraNa svarUpa kAla dravya kA anumAna

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16 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 hotA hai / vartanA evaM pariNAma zabdoM kA prayoga kAla ke svarUpa - -vivecana meM jaina dArzanikoM ne hI kiyA hai| vartanA, pariNAma evaM kriyA meM atyanta sUkSma bheda hai| paratvAparatva kA abhiprAya to jaina darzana meM bhI vahI hai jo vaizeSika darzana meM mAnya hai| arthAt paratva zabda jyeSTha kA bodhaka hai evaM aparatva kaniSTha kA bodha karAtA hai| jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA vyavahAra vyavahAra kAla ke Azrita hai| yadi kAla nAmaka dravya mAnya na ho to jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA bheda nahIM ho skegaa| aba vartanA, pariNAma evaM kriyA kA svarUpa samajha leM | tattvArthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai- "sarvabhAvAnAM vartanA kAlAzrayA vRttiH / 46 samasta padArthoM kI jo kAla ke Azrita vRtti hai vaha vartanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vastu kA astitva kAla ke Azrita hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra pUjyapAda kahate haiM- "vRtterNijantAtkarmaNi bhAve vA yuTi strIliGge vartaneti bhavati / vartyate vartanamAtraM vA vartanA iti / dharmAdInAM dravyANAM svaparyAyanirvRtiM prati svAtmanaiva vartamAnAnAM bAhyopagrahAdvinA tadvRttyabhAvAttatpravartamAnopalakSitaH kAla iti kRtvA vartanA kAlasyopakAraH / 47 'vartanA' zabda 'vRtu vartane' dhAtu se Nic pratyaya evaM phira yuT pratyaya lagakara banA hai / vastu kA vartanamAtra vartanA hai / dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva evaM pudgala dravya apanI paryAryoM ko svayaM prApta hote haiM, tathApi unameM bAhya upagraha ke rUpa meM kAla kAraNa banatA hai| vaha udAsIna nimitta kAraNa hotA hai / vartanA ke upAdAna kAraNa to svayaM dharma, adharma Adi dravya hote haiN| yaha vartanA utpatti, sthiti athavA gati ke rUpa meM prathama samaya Azrita mAnI gaI hai jaisA ki tattvArthabhASyakAra kahate haiM- 'vartanA utpattiH sthitiratha gatiH prthmsmyaashryetyrthH| 48 dravya cAhe utpatti avasthA meM ho, cAhe sthiti avasthA meM ho yA gati avasthA meM, vaha jisa bhI avasthA meM prathama samaya meM vartamAna hai vaha kAla ke vartanA nAmaka upagraha yA kArya kA phala hai| pariNAma, kriyA Adi kI vyAkhyA dvitIyAdi samayoM ke Azrita hotI hai| lokaprakAzakAra upAdhyAya vinayavijaya jI kahate haiM dravyasya paramANvAderyA tadrUpatayA sthitiH / navajIrNatayA vA sA vartanA parikIrtitA / / 49 arthAt dravya kI yA paramANu Adi kI tatsvarUpa se athavA navInatA yA jIrNatA rUpa se jo avasthiti hai vaha vartanA kahI gaI hai| jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza dravyoM kI vartanA bahiraMga kAraNa kI apekSA rakhatI hai aura unakA bahiraMga kAraNa kAla hai| kAla ke vartana kA anya koI nimitta kAraNa nahIM hai / yadi usakI vartanA kA anya koI nimitta kAraNa mAnA

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 17 jAe to anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga upasthita ho jaaegaa| vartanA ko yadi dharma, adharma Adi dravyoM kA hI kArya mAnA jAe to upAdAna kAraNoM kI bhinnatA hone se inase eka prakAra kA kArya honA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bhinna-bhinna upAdAna kAraNa bhinna-bhinna kAryoM ko janma dete haiM, kisI eka prakAra ke kArya ko nhiiN|50 ata: kAla ko hI vartanA kA kAraNa mAnane se samasyA kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| pariNAma kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue pUjyapAda kahate haiM- "dravyasya paryAyo dharmAntaranivRttidharmAntaropajananarUpaH aparispandAtmakaH prinnaamH| jIvasya krodhAdiH, pudgalasya vrnnaadiH|51 dravya kI aparispandAtmaka paryAya ko hI pariNAma kahate hai| yaha eka dharma kI nivRttirUpa tathA anya dharma kI utpattisvarUpa hotA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM parimANa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai- "dravyasya svajAtyaparityAgena prayogavitrasAlakSaNo vikAraH pariNAmaH visrsaaprinnaamo'naadiraadimaaNshc|"52 svajAti kA tyAga kie binA dravya kA prayoga lakSaNa evaM visrasA lakSaNa vAlA vikAra pariNAma kahalAtA hai| inameM visrasA pariNAma anAdi evaM AdimAna ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra meM 'tabhAvaH pariNAmaH'53 sUtra dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki dharma, adharma Adi dravyoM tathA unake guNoM kA svabhAva hI pariNAma hai aura vaha anAdi evaM AdimAna ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai|54 dharma, adharma, AkAza dravyoM meM anAdi pariNAma hotA hai tathA rUpI pudgala dravya tathA jIva meM anAdi evaM AdimAna donoM pariNAma pAye jAte haiN| yaha pariNamana rUpa kArya bhI kAla ke binA sambhava nhiiN| paryAya pariNamana hI yahA~ pariNAma hai| pariNAma ko svabhAva pariNAma evaM vibhAva pariNAma ke rUpa meM bhI vivecita kiyA gayA hai| jIva ke krodhAdi pariNAma vibhAva pariNAma haiM tathA jJAna, darzanAdi svabhAva pariNAma haiN| kriyA parispandAtmikA hotI hai| tattvArtha bhASya meM gati ko kriyA kahA hai tathA ise tIna prakAra kA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai- prayogagati, visrasAgati evaM mishrikaa|55 pUjyapAda devanandI ne prAyogika evaM vaisrasika ye do bheda nirUpita karate hae zakaTa Adi kI gati ko prAyogika evaM megha Adi kI gati ko vaisrasika kahA hai|56 zakaTa ko azva yA vRSabha khIMcate haiM, ata: jIva ke prayatna se yukta hone ke kAraNa yaha prAyogikI gati hai tathA megha Adi svata: svAbhAvika gati karate haiM ataH unakI gati vaisrasikI kahalAtI hai| lur3hakatI huI geMda ko paira se dhakkA mArane para jo gati hotI hai use mizrikA kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM svata: gati ke sAtha jIva kA prayatna bhI sammilita hai|

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18 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM kriyA ko dravya kI vaha parispandAtmaka paryAya mAnA hai jo dezAntara prApti meM hetu hotI hai tathA vaha gati, bhramaNa Adi bhedoM se yukta hotI hai|57 aba prazna yaha hai ki kriyA athavA gati meM to nimitta kAraNa dharmAstikAya dravya hai, phira kAla bhI usameM nimitta kaise huA? yahA~ samajhanA yaha hai ki dharmAstikAya jahA~ padArthoM/dravyoM kI sarvavidha gati meM sIdhA nimitta kAraNa hai vahA~ kAla dravya usa gati/ kriyA kI nirantaratA yA avadhi kA jJAna karAtA evaM usameM nimitta bhI hotA hai| yadi kAla/samaya na ho to kriyA kI avadhAraNA ghaTita nahIM ho sktii| vyAkaraNa darzana meM jahA~ 'amUrtakriyAparicchedahetuH kAla'58 kahA gayA hai vahA~ jainadarzana meM kriyA kI niSpatti meM bhI kAla ko hetu kahA jAtA hai| paratva-aparatva zabdoM kA prayoga kAla ke sandarbha meM jyeSTha-kaniSTha, nayA-purAnA Adi arthoM meM athavA pUrvabhAvI pazcAdbhAvI ke artha meM hotA hai| kAla ko svIkAra kie binA paratva-aparatva bodha honA kaThina hai| isa prakAra vartanA ko prathama samayAzrita, pariNAma ko dvitIyAdi samayAzrita aparispandAtmaka paryAya tathA kriyA ko bahasamayAzrita parispandAtmaka gati, ceSTA Adi kahA jA sakatA hai| paratva-aparatva ke svarUpa meM koI vivAda nahIM hai| vartanAlakSaNa kAla paramArtha kAla hai tathA pariNAmAdi lakSaNa kAla vyavahAra kAla hai|59 kAla kA svarUpa : jaina darzana meM kAla amUrta hai tathA varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita mAnya hai| vaha agurulaghu guNa yukta hotA hai| usakA pramukha lakSaNa vartanA hai| yaha apradezI kiMvA eka pradezI hotA hai| jaina granthoM ke anusAra pratyeka AkAza pradeza para eka pRthak kAlANu kI sattA hai| lokAkAza asaMkhyAta pradezI hai, usake pratyeka pradeza para ratnoM kI rAzi kI bhAMti kAla dravya ke eka-eka kAlANu avasthita haiN|61 ye bhI AkAza pradezoM kI bhA~ti asaMkhyAta haiM, kintu vyavahAra naya se ananta paryAyoM kI vartanA meM nimitta hone se yaha kAla ananta bhI kahA jAtA hai|62 ina kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rukSa guNa kA abhAva hone se inakA pradeza pracaya athavA saMcaya nahIM bana pAtA hai| isIlie kAla dravya kA kAyatva athavA astikAyatva mAnya nahIM hai|63 ye kAlANu niraMza evaM niSkriya hote haiN| kAla ananta samayasvarUpa hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM 'so'nantasamayaH'64 sUtra ke dvArA isakA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| 'samaya' kAla kI sUkSmatama ikAI hai, jise eka sekaNDa kA bhI asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga kahA jA sakatA

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 19 hai| kyoMki gaNita ke AdhAra para eka sekaNDa meM 5825 AvalikAe~ bIta jAtI haiM evaM AvalikA meM asaMkhyAta samaya hote haiN|65 dUsarI ora eka muhUrta (48 minaTa) meM eka karor3a sar3asaTha lAkha sattahattara hajAra do sau saulaha AvalikAe~ hotI haiN|66 vartamAna eka samaya kA hotA hai tathA atIta evaM anAgata ananta hotA hai|67 paMcAstikAya tAtparyavRtti meM prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jitane kAla meM AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza meM paramANu gamana karatA hai utane kAla ko samaya kahate haiM to eka samaya meM paramANu caudaha rajju loka taka gamana kare to kyA jitane AkAza pradeza haiM, utane hI samaya mAnane cAhie? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki Agama meM jo paramANu kI eka samaya meM eka AkAza pradeza se dUsare AkAza pradeza meM gamana kI bAta kahI gaI hai vaha mandagati se kahI gaI hai tathA eka samaya meM paramANu kA caudaha rajju gamana zIghra gati kI apekSA se hai|68 vidyAnanda sUri ne paryAya se evaM vyavahAra se kAla ko ananta samayaka mAnA hai tathA dravya se evaM paramArthata: use lokAkAza pradeza parimANaka svIkAra kiyA hai so'nantasamayaH prokto bhAvato vyvhaartshc| dravyato jgdaakaashprdeshprimaannkH||69 paryAya se kAla ananta samaya vAlA hai kyoMki vaha ananta paryAyoM kI vartanA kA heta hai| eka-eka kAlANu zaktibheda se pratikSaNa ananta paryAyoM kA vartana karatA hai| ananta zakti sampanna kAla vyavahAra se ananta samaya vAlA hai| dravya se vaha lokAkAza pradeza parimANaka hone se asaMkhyeya hI hotA hai, AkAzAdi ke samAna vaha eka nahIM hotA aura na hI ananta hotA hai|70 kAla kA anastikAyatva : yahA~ para yaha bhI spaSTataH jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki astikAya aura dravya ye donoM bhinna pAribhASika zabda haiN| 'astikAya' meM asti' zabda trikAlavAcI nipAta hai tathA 'kAya' zabda pradezoM ke samUha kA dyotaka hai|71 arthAt jo pradeza samUha kAlatraya meM eka sAtha rahate haiM ve astikAya kahalAte haiN| 'asti' zabda kA pradeza artha bhI kiyA jAtA hai| ata: pradezoM kA samUha astikAya kahalAtA hai|72 kAla meM pradeza pracaya nahIM hotaa| pradeza pracaya ke abhAva meM use anastikAya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| astikAya evaM dravya meM kyA bheda hai, yaha vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra se spaSTa hotA hai| vahA~ gautama gaNadhara kA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha jo saMvAda huA73 usase vidita hotA hai ki dharmAstikAya kA eka pradeza dharmAstikAya nahIM hotaa| usake do, cAra, pA~ca,

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20 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 chaha, sAta, ATha, nava, daza, saMkhyAta evaM asaMkhyAta pradeza bhI dharmAstikAya nahIM hote| dharmAstikAya kA akhaNDa grahaNa hone para hI use dharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| eka pradeza bhI nyUna hone para use dharmAstikAya kahanA sambhava nhiiN| jaba dharmAstikAya ke samasta asaMkhyAta pradeza niravazeSa rUpa se gRhIta hote haiM tabhI use dharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| dharmAstikAya ke samAna hI adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya kA bhI akhaNDa rUpa svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| astikAya evaM dravya kA bheda pudgala aura jIva meM pUrNata: spaSTa hotA hai kyoMki ve dravya se ananta haiM evaM astikAya se eka-eka haiN| jaba pudgalAstikAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to usameM samasta pudgaloM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, kintu dravya kI dRSTi se pudgala ananta haiN| skandha, deza evaM pradeza bhI pudgala dravya haiN| pustaka, bhavana, lekhanI, kursI Adi pudgala dravya haiM, kintu astikAya nhiiN| isI prakAra ananta jIva ananta dravya to haiM, kintu saba milAkara eka jIvAstikAya haiN| astikAya aura dravya meM yaha sUkSma bheda vyAkhyAprajJapti meM varNita hai| kAla dravya to hai, kintu astikAya nahIM, kyoMki usakA koI svarUpa nahIM banatA hai| kAla ke prakAra : sthAnAGgasUtra, SaTkhaNDAgama, niyamasAra, tattvArtharAjavArtika, gommaTasAra Adi granthoM meM kAla ke prakAroM kA nirUpaNa hai| kAla ke paramArtha evaM vyavahAra bheda prasiddha haiN|74 inheM nizciya evaM vyavahAra bhI kahA jAtA hai| kAla ke mukhyata: tIna prakAra haiM-atIta, anAgata aura vrtmaan|5 ye vyavahArakAla ke hI bheda haiN| nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva kI apekSA se kAla cAra prakAra kA hai| guNasthiti, bhavasthiti, karmasthiti, kAyasthiti, upapAda aura bhAvasthiti kI apekSA se kAla ke chaha prakAra hai|6 vizeSAvazyakabhASya aura lokaprakAza me nikSepa kI apekSA se kAla ke 11 prakAra nirUpita hai,77 yathA-1. nAmakAla, 2. sthApanAkAla, 3. dravyakAla, 4. addhAkAla, 5. yathAyuSkakAla, 6. upakramakAla, 7. dezakAla, 8. kAlakAla, 9. pramANakAla, 10. varNakAla aura 11. bhaavkaal| kisI kA 'kAla' nAma rakhanA nAmakAla hai| kisI vastu athavA vyakti kI pratikRti, mUrti athavA citra meM kAla kA guNa-avaguNa rahita AropaNa karanA sthApanA kAla hai| jaise retaghar3I kI reta ke eka khaNDa se dUsare khaNDa meM Ane kI avadhi meM muhUrta yA ghaNTe kI sthApanA karanA sthApanA kAla hai| sacetana aura acetana dravyoM kI sthiti

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 21 hI dravyakAla hai| yaha sAdi-sAnta, sAdi ananta, anAdi- sAnta evaM anAdi ananta ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai| cauthA addhAkAla hai| yaha ar3hAIdvIpa (jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa evaM arddha puSkaradvIpa) kSetra meM sUrya, candra Adi grahoM-nakSatroM kI gatikriyA se utpanna hotA hai| sUryAdikriyayA vyaktIkRto nRkssetrgocrH|| godohAdikriyA niyaMpekSo'ddhAkAla ucyte|| addhAkAla ke hI bheda haiM- samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta aadi| yaha addhAkAla jaba jIvoM ke AyuSya mAtra kA kathana karatA hai, to use yathAyuSkakAla kahA jAtA hai|79 nArakI, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva jitane AyuSkarma kA upArjana kara usakA jIvanakAla meM anubhava karate haiM, vaha yathAyuSkakAla hai| upakramakAla sAmAcArI upakrama aura yathAyuSka upakrama ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai| isameM karmapudgaloM ko apane udayakAla se pUrva udaya meM lAkara bhogA jAtA hai| viziSTa sthiti se yukta kSetra se kAla kA bodha karanA dezakAla hai| maraNa kA samaya 'kAlakAla' hai| kAla kA nizcita mApa nirdhArita kara gaNanA karanA pramANakAla hai| yaha addhAkAla kA bhI bheda hai|80 sthAnAGgasUtra kI TIkA meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jisase sau varSa, palyopama Adi pramANa mApA jAtA hai vaha pramANa kAla hai|81 zyAmavarNa ko varNakAla mAnA gayA hai tathA audayikAdi pA~ca bhAvoM kI sAdi, sAnta Adi vibhAgoM ke sAtha jo sthiti banatI hai use 'bhAvakAla' kahA gayA hai| pudgala parAvartana : isa viSaya ke vivecana se sambaddha do pANDulipiyoM kA avalokana kiyA gayA hai|82 pudgala parAvartana vicAra viSayaka pANDulipi se spaSTa hotA hai ki kAla ko mApane kI yaha sabase bar3I ikAI hai, jisameM ananta utsarpiNI evaM ananta avasarpiNI yukta kAlacakroM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM vyavahAra kAla ko saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta ke bheda se samajhA jAtA hai| samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta, ahorAtra, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara se lekara zIrSa prahelikA (194 aMka) taka ke kAla kI gaNanA saMkhyAta kAla meM hotI hai| isake anantara palyopama evaM sAgaropama kI avadhAraNA dI gaI hai| palyopama evaM sAgaropama ko upamA se samajhAyA gayA hai| use aMkoM se varSagaNanA karake samajhAnA sambhava nahIM hai| eka aisA palya- jo eka yojana lambA, eka yojana caur3A evaM eka yojana gaharA

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22 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 ho, use eka se sAta dina vAle navajAta zizu ke bAloM ke Tukar3e kara unase ThasAThasa bhara diyA jaae| usa para se hAthI, ghor3e phirA die jAe~, sau varSa meM eka bAla nikAlA jAe aura isa vidhi se jitane kAla meM vaha palya khAlI ho use palyopama kahA jAtA hai| dasa koTAkoTi palyopama kA eka sAgaropama hotA hai| kAla kI gaNanA meM pRthvIkAla zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai, jo isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki pRthvIkAya ke jIva adhikatama kitane samaya taka pRthvIkAya meM raha sakate haiN| ise asaMkhyAta, utsarpiNI evaM asaMkhyAta avasarpiNI jitanA sUkSmakAla mAnA gayA hai| pudgala parAvartana anantakAla kA dyotaka hai| pudagala parAvartana se Azaya hai saMsAra ke samasta pudgaloM ko zarIrAdi ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara chor3a dene kA jaba eka cakra pUrNa ho jAe to use eka pudgala parAvartana kahate haiN| eka pudgala parAvartana meM ananta avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI kAla vyatIta hotA hai| pudgala parAvartana dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai tathA ina cAroM ke bAdara evaM sUkSma-bheda karane para yaha pudgala parAvartana ATha prakAra kA ho jAtA hai| ATha prakAra kI pudgala vargaNAe~ nirUpita haiM- (1) audArika vargaNA, (2) vaikriya vargaNA, (3) AhAraka vargaNA, (4) taijasa vargaNA, (5) bhASA vargaNA, (6) zvAsocchvAsa vargaNA, (7) manovargaNA aura (8) kArmaNa vrgnnaa| samAnajAtIya pudgala samUha ko vargaNA kahate haiN| inameM AhAraka vargaNA kA pudgala parAvartana sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki kisI bhI jIva ko AhAraka zarIra cAra vAra se adhika prApta nahIM hotaa|83 isalie zeSa sAta vargaNAoM ko AdhAra batAkara kahA gayA hai ki jitane kAla meM eka jIva samasta loka meM rahane vAle samasta paramANuoM ko audArika zarIra Adi sAta vargaNA rUpa se grahaNa karake chor3a detA hai, utane kAla ko bAdara dravya pudgala kahate haiM aura jitane kAla meM samasta pudgala paramANuoM ko kisI eka vargaNA rUpa se grahaNa karake chor3a detA hai, utane parAvartana kAla ko sUkSma dravya pudgala parAvartana kahate haiN| yaha dravya pudgala parAvartana hai| eka jIva apane maraNa ke dvArA lokAkAza ke samasta pradezoM ko jaba binA krama sparza kara letA hai to use bAdara kSetra pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM tathA jaba vaha krama se unakA sparza karatA hai, to use sUkSma kSetra pudgala parAvartana kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI kAla ke pratyeka meM binA krama se maraNa ko prApta hone para bAdara kAla pudgala parAvartana hotA hai evaM krama se aisA karane para sUkSma kAla pudgala parAvartana kahA jAtA hai| jaba jIva samasta anubhAga baMdha ke sthAnoM ko binA

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jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 23 krama ke sparza kara letA hai, to use bAdara bhAva pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM evaM krama se sparza karane para sUkSma bhAva pudgala parAvartana kahalAtA hai| audArika pudgala parAvartana kA abhiprAya hai saMsAra kI samasta pudgala vargaNAoM ko audArika ke rUpa meM pariNata karake chor3a dene para usameM lagane vAlA kaal| isI prakAra vaikriya Adi anya pudgala parAvartana ko samajhanA caahie| audArika Adi sAta pudgala parAvartanoM meM sabameM ananta kAla lagatA hai, tathApi kArmaNa pudgala parAvartana meM sabase kama kAla lagatA hai evaM vaikriya pudgala parAvartana meM sabase adhik|4 sandarbha : & (1) sanmatitarkaprakaraNa 3. 52 para abhayadevasUri kRta TIkA, gujarAta purAtattva maMdira, ahamadAbAda, saMvat 1980, pR0 711 / (2) AcArAMga para zIlAGka TIkA, 1.1.1.3, zrI siddha sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935 (3) zAstravArtAsamuccaya, stabaka 2, zloka 54, divyadarzana TrasTa, bambaI (4) mahAbhArata Adiparva, prathama adhyAya, zloka 248 evaM 250 kI prathama paMktiyA~, gItApresa, gorakhapura, catu0 saMska0, 1988 (1) atharvaveda, kANDa 19, adhyAya 6, sUkta 53, maMtra 10, hariyANA sAhitya saMsthAna, rohataka, vi0saM0 2043 (2) atharvaveda, kANDa 19, adhyAya 6, sUkta 54, maMtra 1, pUrvokta kAlazca naaraaynnH| - nArAyaNopaniSad, 2, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, 2002 zivapurANa, vAyusaMhitA (pUrva bhAga), zloka 16, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, banArasa-dillI, 1973 zrI viSNupurANa, prathama bhAga, prathama aMza, sRSTiprakriyA, pR0 9, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1956 bhagavadgItA, 11.32, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 1987 zvetAzvataropaniSad , prathama adhyAya, zloka 2, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana. vArANasI-dillI, 2002 vaizeSika sUtra, a01, prathama Ahanika, sUtra 5, gujarAtI mudraNAlaya, ;

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10. 14. 24 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 gujarAta, vi0 saM0 1962 (1) aparasminaparaM yugapacciraM kSipramiti kaallinggaani| - adhyAya 2, A0 2, sUtra 6, vaizeSika sUtra, pUrvokta (2) kAlaH parAparavyatikarayogapadyacirakSiprapratyayaliGgam / - prazastapAdabhASya, dravyanirUpaNa, pUrvokta tasya guNAH sNkhyaaprimaannpRthktvsNyogvibhaagaaH|- prazastapAdabhASya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 155 vaizeSika sUtra, 5.2.26, pUrvokta nyAyasUtra, 1.1.16, pUrvokta digdezakAlAkAzeSvapyevaM prsnggH|- 2.1.23, nyAyasUtra, pUrvokta dikkaalaavaakaashaadibhyH|- sUtra 12, dvitIya adhyAya, sAMkhyapravacanabhASya sAMkhyakArikA meM 9 tuSTiyoM meM cAra AdhyAtmika tuSTiyA~ haiM- prakRti, upAdAna, kAla aura bhaagy| inake atirikta pA~ca tuSTiyA~ zabdAdi pA~ca bAhya viSayoM se virata hone para prApta hotI haiN| 16. yogabhASya, yogasUtra, 3.52 para, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, 1997 17. yogavArtika, yogasUtra, 3.52 para, pUrvokta nAsmAkaM vaizeSikAdivadapratyakSaH kAlaH, kintu pratyakSa eva, asminkSaNe mayopalabdha ityanubhavAt ! arUpasyApyAkAzavat pratyakSatvaM bhvissyti| zAstradIpikA (yuktisnehaprapUraNIsiddhAnta candrikATIkA)- a.5, pAda 1, adhi 5 sUtra 5, darzana ane cintana, pR0 1027 para uddhata atIndriyatvena karyAnumeyatvena c|- prasthAnaratnAkara, pR0 202 20. vAkyapadIya, kAlasamuddeza kArikA 2 pada helArAjakRta prakAzavyAkhyA tattvArthasUtra, 5.38, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1993 (ka) dhammo ahammo AgAsaM, kAlo puggalajaMtavo esa logo tti paNNatto, jiNehiM vrdNsiihiN||- 28.7, uttarAdhyayana sUtra (kha) daNvaNAme daNvihe paNNatte, taMjahA- dhammatthikAe, adharmAtthakAe, .bw 21. 22.

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23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. AgAsatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, poggalathikAe, addhAsamae ya jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa : 25 (ga) goyamA! chavvihA davvA paNNattA taMjahA- dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe puggalatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, addhAsamae y| - vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra "kimiyaM bhaMte! loyatti pavuccai ? goyamA pNctthikaayaa|" -218, anuyogadvArasUtra, padma prakAzana, dillI -13.4.481, vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, (rAja0 ), 1983 anyatra bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| draSTavya, paNDita sukhalAla saMghavI, 'darzana aura cintana', paM0 sukhalAla sanmAna samiti, ahamadAbAda, 1953 pR0 331 uddhRta, lokaprakAza (mumbaI se prakAzita), caturtha bhAga, pR0 3 sthAnAGgasUtra, sthAna 2, uddezaka 4, uddhRta, lokaprakAza, caturthabhAga, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA, 20-26 na hi jIvAdivastuvyatiriktaH kazcit kAlo nAma padArthavizeSaH parikalpitaH ekaH pratyakSeNopalabhyate / - dharmasaMgrahaNi, gAthA 32 para TIkA vahI, gAthA 32 para TIkA vahI, gAthA 32 para TIkA lokaprakAza, 28.13-15 evaM 29.16-17 draSTavya, uparyukta pAda TippaNa, 22 tattvArthasUtra, 5-37, pUrvokta tattvArthazlokavArtika, 5.39, 2-3, AcArya kunthusAgara granthamAlA, zolApura, 1951 vahI, 5.40.2 vahI, dharmasaMgrahaNi, divyadarzana TrasTa, dholakA, gAthA 32 para TIkA, pR038 lokaprakAza,28.16,zrI jinAjJA prakAzana, vApI (guja0), vi0saM0 2062 28.21, 28.25 vahI,

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44. 46. 26 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 40. vahI, 28.48 41. vahI, 28.49-50 42. vahI, 28.53-54 vahI, 28.20 tattvArthavArtika, 5.22, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kAzI, 1955 45. vartanA pariNAma: kriyA paratvAparatve ca kAlasyA-tattvArthasUtra, 5.22,pUvokta tattvArthabhASya,5.22,seTha maNilAla revAzaMkara jagajIvana jauharI,bambaI 1932 47. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, pR0 222 48. tattvArthabhASya, 5.22, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, pR0-267 lokaprakAza, 28.58, pUrvokta tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, 5.22 SaSTha bhAga, pR0 165 sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22, pR0 222, pUrvokta tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, SaSTha bhAga, pR0 169 tattvArthasUtra, 5.41, pUrvokta 54. anaadiraadimaaNshc| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.42, pUrvokta 55. kriyA gatiH, sA trividhA- prayogagatiH, visrasAgati:, mishriketi| - tatvArthabhASya, 5.22, pUrvokta kriyA prispndaatmikaa| sA dvividhA; prAyogikavaisrasikabhedAt / tatra prAyogikI zakaTAdInAm, vaisrasikI meghAdInAm / sarvArthasiddhi,5.22,pR0223, pUrvokta 57. parispandAtmako dravyaparyAyaH sampratIyate kriyA dezAntaraprAptiheturgatyAdibhedabhRt / / - tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, SaSTha bhAga, pR0 - 195 vAkyapadIya, kAlasamuddeza, kArikA 2 para helArAjakRta prakAza vyAkhyA kAlo hi dvividhaH paramArthakAlo vyvhaarkaalshc| paramArthakAlo vartanA lkssnnH| pariNAmAdilakSaNo vyvhaarkaalH| sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22,pR0 223, pUrvokta 60. vavagadapaNNavaNNaraso vavagada do gaMdha aTThaphAso ya agurulahugo amutto vaTTaNalakkho ya kAlA tti|| -24, paMcAstikAya 53. 56. nIne 58.

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61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. jaina darzana meM kAla kA svarUpaH 27 saMgraha, bhAratIya jaina pablikezana, 1975 lokAkAzasya yAvantaH pradezAstAvantaH kAlANavo niSkriyAH ekaikAkAzapradeze ekaikavRttyA lokaM vyApya vyavasthitAH / uktaMca logAgAsa padese ekkekke je TThiyA hu ekkkkaa| rayaNANaM rAsI viva te kAlANU muNeyaNvA / / -589 gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, evaM dravyasaMgrahavRtti, 22 tattvArtharAjavArtika, 5.40, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1953 niyamasAra,gAthA 34, digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, vi0ni0 2511 tattvArthasUtra, 5.40, pUrvokta vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAja0), 1957 egA koDI satasaTThi lakkhA sattahuttari sahassA ya do ya sayA solahiyA AvaliyA iga muhutammi | |- navatattvaprakaraNa, sAgara presa, muMbaI, vi0 saM0 1954 tattvArthabhASya, 5.40, pUrvokta paMcAstikAyasaMgraha tAtparya vRtti, 25 evaM dravyasaMgrahaTIkA, 22 (asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana kA eka rajju hotA hai / ) tattvArthazlokavArtika, 5. 39, pUrvokta tattvArthazlokavArtika, 5. 39 para vRtti astItyayaM trikAlavacano nipAtaH, abhUvan bhavanti bhaviSyanti ceti bhaavnaa| ato'sti ca te pradezAnAM kAyAzca rAzaya iti astikaayH|- abhayadevasUri, abhidhAna rAjendra koza meM uddhRta nirNaya astizabdena pradezapradezAH kavaciducyante, tatazca teSAM vA kAyAH astikAyA:vahI, abhidhAna rAjendrakoza meM uddhRta vyAkhyAprajJAptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezka 10, sUtra 7 - 8, pUrvokta dvividhaH kAlaH paramArthakAlaH vyavahArakAlazceti / - 5.22, tattvArthavArtika, pUrvokta (1) sthAnAMgasUtra, tIna sthAna, caturtha uddezaka, kAlasUtra (2) SaTkhaNDAgama, jIvasthAna 1.5.1

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28 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 76. SaTakhaNDAgama, jIvasthAna, 1.5.1 77. (1) vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2030-31, 2. lokaprakAza, 28.93.91 lokaprakAza, 28, 105, pUrvokta vizeSAvazyakabhASya gAthA 2038 tathA lokaprakAza, 28.110 lokaprakAza, 28.192, pUrvokta ___ sthAnAGgaTIkA, gaNitAnuyoga, pR0 692 para uddhRta / 82. (1) pudgala parAvartanavicAra, 24 panne, lekhaka kA ullekha nahIM (2) pudgala parAvartana, 1 pannA prajJApanAsUtra, samudghAtapada, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAja.) 84. uparyukta pANDulipiyA~, paMcakarmagrantha, gAthA 86-88, lokaprakAza, sarga 35 evaM pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 162, gAthA 1046-1050 83.

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vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM draupadI kathAnaka : udbhava evaM vikAsa DaoN0 zIlA siMha jaina paramparA meM vaidika RSiyoM, sItA, draupadI Adi nAriyoM tathA kRSNa, rAma Adi mahApuruSoM ke jainaparamparAnumodita caritra jo purANoM aura kAvyoM meM milate haiN| jainAgama granthoM meM bhI unake kathAnaka sUtrarUpa meM prApta hote haiN| unameM draupadI kA caritra ubhaya-paramparA meM kisa prakAra prApta hotA hai| isakA tulanAtmaka vivecana viduSI ne isa Alekha meM kiyA hai| isakA zodhaprabanya bhI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha zIghra prakAzita kara rahA hai| -sampAdaka vaidika paramparA draupadI se sambaddha kathAnaka vaidika saMhitAoM, vedAGgoM aura upaniSadoM meM sAkSAt upalabdha nahIM hote| yadyapi vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNa granthoM meM 'mahAbhArata' ke vaMza, sthAna evaM kucha pramukha caritanAyakoM ke nAma avazya milate haiM parantu unase draupadI ke sambandha meM koI sUcanA nahIM miltii| sarvaprathama draupadI kA prasaGga ArSakAvyoM; vizeSakara 'mahAbhArata'1 meM hI upalabdha hotA hai aura yahIM draupadI-kathA apane pUrNa vikasita rUpa meM dikhAI detI hai| ArSakAvya 'mahAbhArata' meM draupadI kA vivecana vyavasthita rUpa meM milatA hai| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki vartamAna 'mahAbhArata' mahAkAvya kA bhI vikAsa- 'bhArata', 'jayabhArata' aura 'mahAbhArata' ke rUpa meM- tIna caraNoM meM huA hai| ata: usameM draupadIkathA kA vikAsa-krama, pUrNa rUpa se vivecita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| 'mahAbhArata' meM draupadI ke janma se lekara paraloka-gamana taka kI kathA pUrNa vistAra ke sAtha citrita hai| draupadI kA prAkaTya maharSi yAja dvArA sampAdita yajJakuNDa se huA thaa| vivAha yogya hone para svayaMvara dvArA pANDu-putra 'arjuna' kA vaha varaNa karatI hai; kintu vizeSa paristhitivaza usakA vivAha pA~coM pANDu-putroM ke sAtha sampanna ho jAtA hai, isa ghaTanA ke mUla meM usake pUrvajanma meM bhagavAn ziva dvArA diyA gayA varadAna hai| kAlAntara meM kauravoM ke SaDyantra ke zikAra jyeSTha pANDava yudhiSThira, dyUtakrIr3A meM sarvasva sahita patnI ko bhI hAra jAte haiN| kauravoM dvArA sabhAbhavana meM balAt lAyI huI

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30 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 draupadI vibhinna prakAra se apamAnita kI jAtI hai| yahA~ taka ki cIraharaNa jaisA kukRtya bhI kiyA jAtA hai| parAjita pANDavoM ke sAtha vaha bhI vanagamana karatI hai| vanavAsa meM vaha yudhiSThira Adi ko samaya-samaya para karttavyabodha karAtI rahatI hai| ajJAtavAsa kI avadhi meM vaha virATanagara kI mahArAnI sudeSNA kI dAsI (sairandhrI) ke rUpa meM rAjamahala meM sevArata rahatI hai aura vahA~ usase balAt praNaya kI icchA rakhane vAle kIcaka kA bhIma dvArA vadha hotA hai| draupadI ke apamAna ke pratizodha hetu 'mahAbhArata' kA mahAn yuddha hotA hai| isameM vijayI pANDava rAjya prApta karate haiM evaM draupadI mahArAnI ke pada para AsIna hotI hai| kAlAntara meM nAnA sukhoM ko bhogatI huI vaha patiyoM ke sAtha svargaloka ko prasthAna karatI hai| 'mahAbhArata' ke 'Adiparva' se 'svargArohaNa parva' taka prAya: sabhI paryoM meM draupadI kA prasaGga milatA hai| 'mahAbhArata ke pazcAt kucha purANoM meM draupadI kA ullekha huA hai| 'bhAgavatapurANa'2 meM kRSNa kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karane ke prasaGga meM draupadI-kathA milatI hai| isameM mahAprasthAna ke samaya pApavaza mArga meM bhUmi para gira par3I draupadI dvArA kRSNa kA smaraNa karanA evaM tatpazcAt svargaloka jAnA varNita hai| 'brahmavaivartapurANa'3 meM draupadI ko aura adhika daivIya rUpa pradAna karane ke lie use pUrvajanma kI sItA kahA gayA hai| 'mArkaNDeya purANa' meM bhI draupadIcarita ko ubhArane ke lie usako mAtra eka hI indra kI patnI batAyA gayA hai, jo pA~ca devatAoM ke aMza se utpanna hue the| ArSakAvyoM ke pazcAt sarvaprathama SaSTha zatI ke lagabhaga bhAravi racita 'kirAtArjunIya'5 meM draupadI kA varNana milatA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM draupadI kA apekSAkRta adhika ojasvI svarUpa citrita huA hai| yahA~ vaha eka rAjanItijJa evaM kUTanItijJa ke rUpa meM ubharakara AtI hai| aSTama zatAbdI kI bhaTTanArAyaNa kI kRti 'veNIsaMhAra' meM vaha eka apamAnita, duHkhI nArI ke rUpa meM citrita hai, jo pratizodha ke lie vyagra hai| isake sAtha hI usameM bhIma ke prati atizaya prema ke darzana hote haiN| vaha bhIma kI mRtyu jAnakara pralApa karatI hai aura svayaM jala jAne hetu citA taiyAra karane kA Adeza detI hai| rAjazekhara (880-920 I0) kI apUrNa kRti 'bAlabhArata', kSemendra (1025-1066 I0) racita 'bhAratamaJjarI'', vAsudevakRta (12vIM zatI) 'yudhiSThiravijaya evaM anantabhaTTa viracita (15vIM zatAbdI) 'bhAratacampU'10 meM milane vAlI draupadI kathA 'mahAbhArata' ke hI samAna hai| jaina paramparA jaina-paramparA meM AgamoM meM draupadI-vRttAnta sUtra rUpa meM evaM vistAra se bhI prApta hote haiN| jaina-paramparA meM AgamoM kA vahI sthAna hai, jo vaidika paramparA meM vedoM kA hai| jaina

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vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM draupadI kathAnaka : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 31 AgamoM meM draupadI kA ullekha sarvaprathama 'sthAnAGgasUtra'11 meM dasa AzcaryakoM ke varNana-krama meM pA~caveM Azcarya 'kRSNa ke amarakaGkA gamana' ke rUpa meM milatA hai| kRSNa, amarakaGkA ke rAjA padmanAbha dvArA apahRta draupadI ko mukta karAne vahA~ jAte haiN| draupadI sambandhI yaha ghaTanA 'mahAbhArata' meM prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi 'sthAnAGgasUtra' meM sarvaprathama draupadI-kathA kA saGketa milatA hai, tathApi draupadI-kathA kA vistRta rUpa hameM 'jJAtAdharmakathAGga'12 meM milatA hai| isameM upalabdha draupadI kathA, vaidika paramparA kI draupadI kathA se paryApta bhinna hai| yahA~ draupadI ke pUrvabhavoM kI kathA ko pramukha sthAna diyA gayA hai tathA dikhAyA gayA hai ki eka janma meM kRta pApoM yA puNyoM kA phala anya janmoM meM bhI bhoganA par3atA hai| isake atirikta 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM 'kRSNa ke amarakaGkA gamana' sambandhI pA~caveM Azcarya ke varNana-prasaGga meM draupadI kA amarakaGkA ke rAjA padmanAbha dvArA haraNa Adi vRttAnta vistAra se varNita hai| 'praznavyAkaraNasUtra' 13 nAmaka aGga Agama meM pratipAdita pA~ca saMvaroM meM eka 'brahmacarya' kI mahattA ko batAne ke lie strI-viSayaka Asakti evaM kAmAcAra ke phalasvarUpa hone vAle yuddhoM ke varNana meM draupadI kA nAmollekha huA hai| yaha ullekha 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM varNita vRttAnta- draupadI kA haraNa karane vAle padmanAbha evaM kRSNa sahita pANDavoM ke madhya amarakaGkA meM hone vAle yuddha kA hI saGketa karatA hai| 'kalpasUtra'14 meM pA~caveM Azcaryaka 'kRSNa kA amarakaGkA gamana' varNita hai| isa sUcanA se bhI padmanAbha dvArA draupadI-haraNa kI ghaTanA kA patA calatA hai| jinasenakRta 'harivaMzapurANa'15 (783 I0) meM prApta draupadI-kathA vaidika evaM jaina paramparAoM kA mizrita rUpa hai| isameM AcArya jinasena ne 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM prApta draupadI ke pUrvabhava kI kathA ko bhI apanI kalpanAzakti se parivartita kiyA hai aura vartamAnabhava kI kathA ko 'mahAbhArata' se grahaNa kara use jaina pariveza pradAna kiyA hai| isameM draupadI sambandhI dyUta-krIr3A, vanavAsa, ajJAtavAsa Adi vRttAnta; jinakA 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM sarvathA abhAva hai, varNita haiN| isa prakAra 'harivaMzapurANa' meM draupadIkathA kA pUrNa vikasita rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai| 'harivaMzaparANa' aura dhanaJjaya (8vIM zatI) kI racanA 'dvisandhAnakAvya'16 meM kIcaka vRttAnta bhinna rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| isameM kIcaka kI bhIma ke hAthoM mRtyu nahIM hotI balki bhIma se parAjita kIcaka dvArA tapasyA karane kA ullekha milatA hai| guNabhadra 'uttara-purANa'17 (mahApurANa) (848-850 I0) meM bhI draupadI-kathA apane sampUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai tathA 'harivaMzapurANa' se samAnatA rakhatI hai| isa grantha

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32 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 meM draupadI kA pUrvabhava 'jJAtAdharmakathA' ke hI sadRza hai, kintu isameM draupadI ke sAtha pA~coM pANDavoM kA bhI pUrvabhava batAyA gayA hai, jo pUrvavartI granthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| isake anusAra nAgazrI brAhmaNI kA pUrA kuTumba kAlAntara meM draupadI aura pA~coM pANDavoM ke rUpa meM janma letA hai| AcArya hariSeNa ne 'vRhatkathAkoza'18 (lagabhaga 898 I0) meM kathA kA AdhAra mahAkAvya 'mahAbhArata' ko hI banAyA hai aura jaina paramparAgata draupadI ke pUrvabhava evaM padmanAbha dvArA haraNa kI kathA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| isa kathAkoza meM draupadI ke svayaMvara-zarta ke rUpa meM nizcita lakSya-sambandhI varNana pRthakatA liye hue hai| nemicandrasUri kRta 'AkhyAnaka-maNikoza'19 (1072 I0) meM draupadI kI kathA meM usake pUrvabhavoM tathA padmanAbha-haraNa kA saMkSipta varNana hai| 12vIM zatI ke dvitIya aura tRtIya caraNa meM rAmacandrasUri racita 'nirbhayabhIma vyAyoga'20 meM 'mahAbhArata' ke hI vRttAnta ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| isameM draupadI sambandhI jo vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, ve vaidika paramparA meM prApta draupadI ke ojasvI evaM vIra carita ke anurUpa nahIM haiN| vahA~ vaha eka sAmAnya nArI ke rUpa meM hI citrita hai| lagabhaga isI kAla meM (1113 I0) racita hemacandrasUri kI kRti 'bhavabhAvanA' 29 evaM hemacandrAcArya racita 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' 22 (san 1159-1171 I0) meM draupadI ke padmanAbha-haraNa kA hI varNana AyA hai| san 1195 I0 meM muniratnasUrikRta 'amamasvAmicarita' 23 meM draupadI kI sampUrNa kathA prApta hotI hai| draupadI-svayaMvara evaM draupadI-pUrvabhava kA AdhAra to 'jJAtAdharmakathA' hI hai, kintu tatpazcAt Ane vAlI 'dyUtakrIr3A' pracalita paramparAnusAra hI hai| isa grantha ke anusAra pANDava vanavAsa kA samaya 'dvArikA' meM vyatIta karate haiN| isameM ajJAtavAsa ke vRttAnta kA pUrNatayA abhAva hai| amarakaGkA-varNana bhI anya granthoM ke samAna hai| amaracandrasUri viracita 'bAlabhArata'24 (1220-1237 I0) nAmaka mahAkAvya 'mahAbhArata' kA saMkSepIkaraNa mAtra hai| lagabhaga isI kAla (1220-1233 I0) meM devaprabhasUri ne 'pANDavacarita' 25 nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kii| isa mahAkAvya meM kavi ne pANDavoM kI jo kathA likhI, vaha 'jJAtAdharmakathA' evaM 'mahAbhArata' donoM se samAnatA rakhatI hai| 'mahAbhArata' ke aneka vanavAsa vRttAntoM kA isameM kavi ne kucha parivartana ke sAtha vistRta varNana kiyA hai|

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vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM draupadI kathAnaka : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 33 draupadI ko AdhAra banAkara ekamAtra svatantra grantha 'draupadI svayaMvara'26 kI racanA, vijayapAla (san 1194-1243) ne kii| isa nATaka meM draupadI ke svayaMvara sambandhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| ye ullekha vaidika evaM jaina donoM hI paramparAoM se bhinna nATakakAra kI maulika kalpanA ke pariNAma haiN| devendrasUri (13vIM zatAbdI) viracita 'kRSNacarita' 27 meM draupadI kA pUrvabhava evaM padmanAbha-prasaGga varNita hai, kintu draupadI vivAha, vanavAsa Adi kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| san 1419-1432 I0 ke madhya kavi maNDana maMtrI dvArA viracita 'kAvya maNDana'28 meM draupadI-vivAha ke viSaya meM milane vAlI sUcanA pUrNarUpeNa mahAbhArata para AdhArita hai| svayaMvara-zarta evaM mAtA kuntI kI AjJAnusAra draupadI ko bhikSA samajhakara diyA gayA vaktavya 'mahAbhArata' ko AdhAra banAkara ullikhita hai| zubhacandra racita 'pANDavapurANa' 39 (1551 I0) meM draupadI-kathA vistRta rUpa meM milatI hai| isakI kathA 'harivaMzapurANa' aura 'pANDavacarita' se prAyaH samAnatA rakhatI hai| isameM bhI draupadI ke satItva ke pratipAdana hetu use ekamAtra arjuna kI hI patnI batAyA gayA hai| isameM bhI draupadI kA apamAna pANDavoM ke samakSa nahIM batAkara, usake mahala meM batAyA gayA hai| vanavAsa, ajJAtavAsa, amarakaGkA-prasaGga, pUrvabhava Adi vRttAnta jaina granthoM se kucha bhinnatA liye hue varNita haiN| guNavijayagaNi racita 'neminAthacarita'30 (1611 I0) meM upalabdha draupadI-svayaMvara evaM pUrvabhava kI kathA jJAtAdharmakathA se pUrNa sAdRzya rakhatI hai; kintu usase bhinna dyUta-krIr3A evaM vanavAsa ke rUpa meM dvArikA-gamana kI kathA 'amamasvAmicarita' ke sadRza hai| amarakaGkA vRttAnta 'jJAtAdharmakathA' se kucha bhinna hai| pazcAdvartI kalpasUtra-vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kalpasUtra meM sUcanArUpa meM upalabdha kRSNa ke amarakaGkA-gamana kI kathA kA hI varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaidika evaM jaina-paramparA ke atirikta bauddha-paramparA meM bhI draupadI kA ullekha milatA hai| vahA~ bhI draupadI kA vivAha 'mahAbhArata' ke samAna hI svayaMvara-vidhi se batAyA gayA hai|31 'kuNAla jAtaka' 32 meM draupadI se sambandhita yaha zloka milatA hai atha ajjuno nakulo bhImaseno yudhiTThilo sahadevo ca raajaa| aite patI paJcamaticca nArI akAsI khujja vAmanenaM pApaM / / 1 /

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34 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 uparyukta zloka ke AdhAra para draupadI ke patiyoM kI saMkhyA to pA~ca hI siddha hotI hai; kintu isa zloka se yaha sahaja anumAna laga jAtA hai ki bauddha dharma meM 'draupadI' Adarza carita ke rUpa meM citrita nahIM hai, apitu usakI caritrahInatA prarUpita kI gayI hai| nizcita rUpa se yaha bAta sarvathA navIna hai jo anya paramparAoM se pRthak hai| sambhava hai, bauddha dharma meM nArI ko 'tuccha' siddha karane ke lie yaha parivartana kiyA gayA ho| jAtakoM ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM koI nizcita mata nahIM miltaa| tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI I0 isakA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| jAtakoM ke kartA AryazUra kA samaya I0 kI caturtha zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai|33 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha draupadI-kathA ke prArambhika srota ArSakAvya 'mahAbhArata' meM hI draupadI kI kathA pUrNa vikasita ho cukI hai| pazcAdvartI sAhitya isa sambandha meM koI mahattvapUrNa sUcanA nahIM detaa| vaidika paramparA kA pratinidhitva karane vAle granthoM ne usake carita meM kahIM koI kamI nahIM Ane dI hai; kintu jaina-kaviyoM ne yathAruci draupadI-kathA meM parivartana kiyA hai| yadyapi kavi ko mUla kathA meM yathAvasara parivartana karane kA adhikAra prApta hai; yadi aisA parivartana pAtra ke carita kI dRSTi se aura kathArasa kI dRSTi se upayogI ho, jaisA ki AcArya dhanaJjaya34 ne kahA hai - yattatrAnucitaM kiJcinnAyakasyarasasya vA / viruddhaM tatparityAjyamanyathA vA parikalpayet / / / isa prakAra jaba hama 'mahAbhArata' meM vidyamAna draupadI ke carita se jaina-kAvyoM meM citrita draupadI-svarUpa kI tulanA karate haiM, to usameM eka mukhya vizeSatA ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai, vaha yaha ki jaina kaviyoM ne vaidika paramparA ke kAvyoM meM upalabdha caritoM kA apane prayojana (hiMsA aura asaMyama kA kuphala pradarzana) kI dRSTi se parivartana kiyA hai| mUla kathA meM parivartana kI pravRtti meM rasa-dRSTi pradhAna nahIM hai aura na caritoM ke udAttIkaraNa kI dRSTi hI hai, mAtra kathA ko apanA pariveza denA hI pradhAna lagatA hai| sandarbha m mahAbhArata, anu0 paM0 rAmanArAyaNadatta zAstrI pANDeya, govinda bhavana kAryAlaya, gItApresa, gorakhapura, catu0 saMska0, 1988, Adi parvasvargArohaNa parva bhAgavatapurANa, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1/5/50, 1/22/29 brahmavaivartapurANa, sampA0- jIvAnanda bhaTTAcArya, zrI veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1906, 2/15 nh sh

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10. 11. vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM draupadI kathAnaka : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 35 mArkaNDeyapurANa (prathama khaNDa), paM0 zrIrAma zarmA AcArya, saMskRtisaMsthAna, barelI (u.pra.), dvi0 saMska0, 1969, prakaraNa 4 / zloka 32, 34, prakaraNa 5 / zloka 25, prakaraNa 7/1-68 kirAtArjunIyam, bhAravi, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1995, sarga. 1/ 27-45, sarga 2/1-24, saga 3/17-30, 36-55 / veNIsaMhAram, bhaTTanArAyaNa, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1961 bAlabhArata, rAjazekharasUri, kAvyamAlA-45, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1894 bhAratamaJjarI, kSemendra, sampA.- paM. zivadatta evaM kAzInAtha pANDuraGga paraba, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1898, parva 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 17, 18 yudhiSTharavijayam, vAsudeva, kAvyamAlA-60, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, dillI evaM vArANasI, punarmudraNa saMskaraNa, 1983, AzvAsa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 campUbhAratam, anantabhaTTa, nirNayasAgara presa, prathama saMskaraNa, san 1950, stavata 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 sthAnAGgasUtra, sampA0 zrImadhukara muni, jinAgama granthamAlA-7, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAjasthAna, 1981, sthAna 10 / sUtra 160, ooo jJAtAdharmakathA, sampA0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAjasthAna, 1981, adhyayana 16 praznavyAkaraNasUtra, sampA0 madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAjasthAna), 1983, adhyAya 4, sUtra 16 kalpasUtra, jainodaya pustaka prakAzana samiti, ratalAma, 1948 harivaMzapurANa, jinasena, sampA0 paM. pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1962, sarga 45 / zloka 120-155, sarga 46 / zloka 2, 57, sarga 47 / 1-10 dvisandhAnamahAkAvya, dhanaJjaya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1970, sarga 52/88-89, sarga 54/3-74 / uttarapurANa, AcArya guNabhadra, sampA0 pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1954, sarga 72 / zloka 198-274 bRhat kathAkoza, hariSeNa, sampA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, 1943, kathAnaka 43 / zloka 1-9, kathAnaka 12. 13. 14. 15. 18.

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36 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 19. AkhyAnakamaNikoza, nemicandrasUri, sampA0 munipuNyavijaya, prAkRta grantha pariSad, granthAGka-5, vArANasI, 1962 nirbhayabhImavyAyoga, zrI rAmacandrasUri, sampA0 DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha granthamAlA- 19, vArANasI bhavabhAvanA, malladhArI hemacandrasUri, zrImatI gaMgAbAI jaina ceriTebala TrasTa, bIlepArale, mumbaI, 1985 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarit, hemacandra, jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1906 1913 amamasvAmicarita, muniratnasUri, pannyAsagaNi vijaya jI gaNivara granthamAlA, 1942 bAlabhArata, amaracandrasUri, kAvyamAlA-45, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1894 pANDavacarita, devaprabhasUri, kAvyamAlA sirIja, bambaI, 1911 draupadI-svayaMvaram, vijayapAla, sampA0 munijinavijaya, jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1918 zrIkRSNacaritam, devendrasUri, RSabhadeva kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1938 kAvyamaNDana, maNDana mantrI, hemacandrAcArya granthAvalI (3), pATana, 1919 pANDavapurANa, zubhacandrAcArya, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka-saMgha, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA-3, zolApura, pR0 1954 neminAthacarita, guNavijayagaNi, jainaAtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1923, pariccheda 6, 8, 11, 13 / 'vUmena ina buddhijma liTarecara'- vI0sI0laoN, adhyAya 1, pR0 8 kuNAla jAtaka, jAtaka (paJcama khaNDa), bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, viSaya 536, pR0 508 evaM bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0 356 'bauddha saMskRta kAvya samIkSA', rAmAyaNa prasAda dvivedI, pR0 262 dazarUpaka, dhanaJjaya, 33. 34. ***

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya sabhI darzanoM meM 'prameya' kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 'prameya' ko pramANa aura pramAtA se pRthak mAnA jAya yA nahIM? prameya kA eka mAneM yA aneka? prameya sAmAnyAtmaka hai yA vizeSAtmaka yA ubhayAtmaka, isa para vicAra karate hue lekhaka ne jainadRSTi se ubhayarUpa siddha kiyA hai| - sampAdaka pratyeka dArzanika sampradAya apanI tattvamImAMsIya gaveSaNAoM ke anurUpa hI apanI jJAnamImAMsIya vivecanA prastuta karatA hai kyoMki jJAnamImAMsA tattvamImAMsA kA sAdhana hai| tattvamImAMsA se aviyojya hone ke kAraNa jJAna ko sAmAnyataH 'viSaya ke prakAzaka' ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| viSaya kI yaha prakAzanA jJAtA kI cetanA meM hotI hai| viSaya jisa rUpa meM jJAtA kI cetanA meM upasthita hotA hai, viSaya kA vaha rUpa, viSaya kI upasthiti kI vaha kriyA aura svayaM jJAtA milakara jJAna athavA bodha kI sarjanA karate haiN| isa rUpa meM yahA~ 'tripuTI jJAna' arthAt jJAtA, jJeya aura jJAna kA sAdhana (pramANa) kI dhAraNA kA janma hotA hai| vastu ke yathArtha jJAna ko pramA kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| pramA cU~ki eka prakAra kA jJAna hai ataeva yahA~ pramA kA svarUpanirUpaNa bhI tripuTI jJAna ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| tripuTI jJAna meM pramA ke tIna saMghaTaka tattva haiM- pramAtA (pramA ko prApta karane vAlA), prameya (pramA kI viSaya-vastu) aura pramANa (pramA kA saadhn)| prastuta Alekha kA vivecya prameya hai kintu yahA~ prasaMgavaza pramANa kA sAmAnya evaM saMkSipta paricaya apekSita hai| bhAratIya darzana meM pramANa tIna arthoM- pramA ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM, pramA ke sAdhana (karaNa) ke rUpa meM tathA pramA ke kAraNa ke artha meM vyavahata huA hai| yahA~ dvitIya evaM tRtIya artha hI vicAraNIya haiN| pramANa pramA kA 'karaNa' (sAdhana) athavA 'kAraNa' hai| 'kAraNa' pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue pANini' ne ise 'sAdhakatam karaNam' kahA hai arthAt kriyA kI siddhi meM jo sarvAdhika prakRSTa rUpa se pravRtta ho vahI sAdhana hai| isa prakAra 'karaNa' ke rUpa meM pramANa 'pramA kA sAdhana hai| vastuta: kAraNa aura karaNa meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai| bhAratIya darzana meM tIna prakAra ke kAraNa batalAye gae haiM- upAdAna kAraNa, nimitta kAraNa aura prayojana kaarnn| inameM nimitta kAraNa ko karaNa kahA gayA hai| vastuta: 'kAraNa' kA sampratyaya karaNa se adhika vyApaka hai| karaNa kAraNa kA aMza hai| "isIlie naiyyAyika udyotakara ne kahA hai ki pramANa ko 'pramA ke kAraNa'

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38 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 rUpa meM paribhASita karanA ativyApti paribhASA kA doSa hai kyoMki pramA ke kAraNa to 'pramAtA' aura 'prameya' bhI hote haiM, kintu pramANa pramAtA aura prameya se bhinna hai| ataH pramANa ko pramA kA karaNa hI samajhA jAnA cAhie kyoMki pramA ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM pramANa hI upasthita hotA hai|"2 jainadarzana meM samyagjJAna ko hI prabhANa mAnA gayA hai| AcArya mANikyanandI ne sva-apUrva-artha-vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| arthAt jo sva aura apUrva padArtha kA nizcaya karane vAlA jJAna hai vaha pramANa hai| pramANa ke viSaya ko prameya kahate haiM, arthAt pramANa ke dvArA jisakI siddhi ho yA jisako mAnA jAya vaha prameya hai| vaha prameya kyA hai, usakA svarUpa kaisA hai evaM usakA vaha svarUpa siddha hai athavA nahIM? ye bindu hI isa Alekha ke vivecya haiN| isa vivecana-krama meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM prameya kI siddhi kA pramukha AdhAra jainazAstra ke do pramukha grantha AcArya haribhadra (vikrama 757 se 827) viracita 'anekAntavAdapraveza' evaM mANikyanandI (950 se 1028 I0) viracita 'parIkSAmukha' haiM yathAvasara anya jaina evaM jainetara granthoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| prameya kA svarUpa AcArya mANikyanandI parIkSAmukha meM likhate haiM ki pramANa se artha kI siddhi hotI hai|5 tAtparya yaha hai ki pramANa kA prayojana hai artha (padArtha) kI siddhi krnaa| nyAyadarzana meM bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki pramANoM ke dvArA artha kI parIkSA karanA nyAya kahalAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne SaDadarzanasamuccaya meM kahA hai ki anantadharmaka vastu hI pramANa kA viSaya hotI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne dravya-paryAyAtmaka vastu ko pramANa kA viSaya mAnA hai| AcArya mANikyanandI ne bhI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka padArtha ko pramANa kA viSaya mAnA hai|' tAtparya yaha hai ki jainadarzana meM pramANa kA viSaya anantadharmaka vastu ko mAnA gayA hai jo dravya-paryAyAtmaka yA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| jainadarzana meM dravya sAmAnya kA evaM paryAya vizeSa kA dyotaka mAnA gayA hai, jisakA vivecana Age kiyA jaaegaa| yahA~ dhyAtavya hai ki jainadarzana meM padArtha ko na kevala sAmAnyarUpa mAnA gayA hai, na kevala vizeSarUpa mAnA gayA hai aura na hI svatantra ubhayarUpa; apitu ubhayAtmaka (sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka) mAnA gayA hai| yaha sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka padArtha hI pramANa kA viSaya hotA hai kyoMki vahI arthakriyA meM samartha hai|10 kevala sAmAnyarUpa yA kevala vizeSarUpa artha (padArtha) artha kriyA meM samartha nahIM ho sakatA arthAt aise padArtha kI sattA hI siddha nahIM hotI hai| pratyeka vastu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai kyoMki vaha anuvRtta aura vyAvRtta pratyaya kA viSaya hai tathA pUrva AkAra kA parihAra, uttara AkAra kI avApti evaM sthiti-lakSaNa

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 39 pariNAma dvArA arthakriyA kI upapatti (sadbhAva) hotI hai|11 padArtha ko sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka hone meM yahA~ do heta diye gae haiN| prathama hetu hai ki vaha (padArtha) anuvRtta evaM vyAvRtta pratyaya kA viSaya hotA hai| dvitIya tarka hai ki usameM pratisamaya pUrvAkAra kA tyAga evaM uttarAkAra kA grahaNa hote hue bhI sthitirUpa arthakriyA dekhI jAtI hai| 'yaha gAya hai, yaha bhI gAya hai' athavA 'yaha vahI hai, yaha bhI vahI hai'- isa prakAra kI sadRza AkAra vAlI pratIti (jJAna) ko anuvRtta pratyaya kahate haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki saba gAyoM meM 'gau gau' (gotva) ityAdi rUpa se jo pratyaya hotA hai vaha anuvRtta pratyaya hai| isakA viSaya sAmAnya hai| 'yaha gAya kAlI hai, yaha citakabarI hai' athavA 'yaha vaha nahIM hai, yaha bhI vaha nahIM hai'- ityAdi prakAra ke jJAna (vizeSa AkAra vAlI pratIti) ko vyAvRtta pratyaya kahate haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki saba gAyoM meM paraspara bheda karAne vAlA jo pratyaya hai vaha vyAvRtta pratyaya kahalAtA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke pratyayoM kA viSaya (gocara) honA, usake bhAva ko 'anuvRtta-vyAvRtta-pratyayagocaratva' kahate haiN| isa prakAra bAhya tathA AdhyAtmika jitane bhI prameya haiM ve saba eka sAtha hI anuvRtta tathA vyAvRtta pratyaya ke viSaya hote haiN| isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa DaoN0 vIrasAgara jaina isa prakAra karate haiM, "eka TokarI meM aneka prakAra ke phala rakhe haiN| unameM hameM eka sAtha donoM prakAra kA jJAna hotA hai| yaha bhI phala hai, yaha bhI phala hai, yaha bhI phala hai'- ityAdi prakAra kA anuvRtta jJAna bhI hotA hai aura 'yaha Ama hai, yaha anAra hai, yaha kelA hai, yaha papItA hai, yaha cIkU hai'- ityAdi prakAra kA vyAvRtta jJAna bhI hotA hai|" isakA aura spaSTIkaraNa karate hue ve likhate haiM, "mAna lIjie usa TokarI meM kevala eka hI prakAra ke phala haiM- aam| tathApi hameM unameM bhI donoM prakAra kA jJAna avazya hotA hai| 'yaha bhI Ama hai, yaha bhI Ama hai, yaha bhI Ama hai'- ityAdi prakAra kA anuvRtta pratyaya bhI hotA hai aura 'yaha dazaharI hai, yaha la~gar3A hai, yaha totApArI hai, yaha bAdAmI haiM'- ityAdi prakAra vyAvRtta pratyaya (jJAna) bhI hotA hai|" isa hetu ke dvArA tiryak sAmAnya va vyatireka vizeSa13 sahita dharmavAlI (sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka) vastu kI siddhi hotI hai| padArtha kI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmakatA ko darzAne ke lie jaina darzana meM dUsarA hetu yaha diyA gayA hai ki usameM (pratyeka padArtha meM) pratisamaya pUrvAkAra kA tyAga, uttarAkAra kA grahaNa aura phira bhI sthitirUpa arthakriyA dekhI jAtI hai| jala-dhAraNa Adi ghaTa kI arthakriyA hai, zIta-nivAraNa Adi paTa kI arthakriyA hai| isa prakAra saba padArthoM ke dvArA arthakriyA kI jAtI hai jisakA tAtparya hai artha kA apanA kaary| pratyeka padArtha apanA kArya karatA hai kintu pratyeka padArtha meM arthakriyA tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba vaha

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40 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka ho| 14 pUrva AkAra ke parihAra ko vyaya kahate haiM aura uttara AkAra kI prApti ko utpAda kahate haiM, ye donoM avasthAyeM vizeSa rUpa haiN| utpAda aura vyaya ke sAtha vastu kI jo sthiti hai, use dhrauvya kahate haiM aura vaha sAmAnyarUpa hai| arthAt ina donoM avasthAoM meM rahane vAlA dhrauvya rUpa dravyasamAnya rUpa hai / isa dUsare hetu ke dvArA UrdhvatA sAmAnya va paryAyavizeSa sahita dharmavAlI (sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka) vastu kI siddhi hotI hai| yahA~ para vastu kI sAmAnya vizeSAtmakatA ko usakI trayAtmakatA ke AdhAra para siddha kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka vastu utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya- ina tInoM se yukta hogI, vahI sat hogI tathA vahI anantadharmaka vastujJAna kA viSaya (prameya) hai / 15 AcArya haribhadra zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM likhate haiM, "jaba sone ke ghar3e ko naSTa karake mukuTa banAyA jAtA hai taba sonA pUrvavat sthiti meM banA rahatA hai aura aisI avasthA meM yaha eka sakAraNa bAta hai ki jisa vyakti ko sone ke ghar3e kI AvazyakatA ho vaha zoka meM par3a jAya, jise mukuTa kI AvazyakatA ho vaha prasanna ho jAya tathA jise sone kI AvazyakatA ho vaha apane mana:sthiti ko pUrvavat banAye rkhe| 16 Azaya yaha hai ki jaba eka hI ghaTanA ko 'ghar3e kA nAza', 'mukuTa kI utpatti' aura 'sone kA jyoM kA tyoM bane rahanA' ina tInoM rUpoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai taba yahI mAnanA cAhiye ki jagat kI pratyeka vastu utpatti, nAza tathA sthiratA ina tInoM rUpoM vAlI hai| isI prakAra jisane dUdha para rahane kA vrata liyA hai vaha dahI nahIM khAtA, jisane dahI para rahane kA vrata liyA hai vaha dUdha nahIM pItA aura jisane gorasa na lene kA vrata liyA hai vaha na to dUdha pItA hai aura na hI dahI khAtA hai| 17 isase siddha hotA hai ki eka vastu kA tAttvika svarUpa tIna prakAra kA hai| usameM pratisamaya pUrvAkAra kA tyAga, uttarAkAra kA grahaNa evaM una donoM AkAroM meM sthitirUpa pariNAma ke dvArA arthakriyA hotI hI rahatI hai| udAharaNArtha jaba sone kA ghar3A tor3akara mukuTa banAyA jAtA hai to kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ sonA dravya meM ghar3A paryAya kA tyAga (nAza) hokara mukuTa paryAya kA grahaNa (utpatti) ho gyaa| isI taraha jaba dUdha jamakara dahI bana jAtA hai to kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ gorasa dravya meM dUdha paryAya kA tyAga (nAza) hokara dahI paryAya kA grahaNa (utpatti) ho gyaa| ina udAharaNoM meM pUrvAkAra - parihAra evaM uttarAkAra - avApti vastu kI vizeSatA ko darzAte haiM, yathAghar3A, mukuTa, dUdha, dahI ityAdi vizeSa vstueN| isI taraha sthiti - lakSaNa" pariNAma (dravyatva) usake sAmAnya svarUpa kA digdarzana karAtA hai, yathA- sonA dravya, gorasa dravya ityaadi| isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki sabhI padArtha sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka haiN| yahA~ para sAmAnya evaM vizeSa ke bheda - prabheda kA spaSTIkaraNa kara lenA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| ata: unakI saMkSipta vivecanA prastuta kI jA rahI hai|

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 41 sAmAnya evaM vizeSa jainadarzana meM tiryaka sAmAnya evaM UrdhvatA sAmAnya ke bheda se sAmAnya do prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai|19 eka jAti ke sabhI dravyoM meM pAye jAne vAle sadRza-pariNAma (sAdRzya) ko tiryak sAmAnya kahate haiM, jaise- khaNDI, muNDI Adi aneka gAyoM meM gotva kA pAyA jaanaa|20 tAtparya yaha hai ki gAyoM kA eka tabelA hai jisameM kaI gAyeM haiM jinake nAma khaNDI, muNDI ityAdi rakhe gae haiN| jaba ina khaNDI, muNDI ityAdi ko 'yaha bhI gAya hai, yaha bhI gAya hai' kahate haiM taba una saba gAyoM meM 'gau gau' aisA jo anuvRtta pratyaya hotA hai vaha gotva sAmAnya (gAyapanA) ke kAraNa hotA hai| yaha gotva, manuSyatva, ghaTatva ityAdi tiryak sAmAnya kahalAtA hai| isI taraha pUrva aura uttara paryAyoM meM rahane vAle dravya ko UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahate haiM, jaise sthAsa, koza, kuzUla Adi ghaTa kI vibhinna paryAyoM meM miTTI rahatI hai|21 arthAt eka hI dravya kI pUrvApara-vyApI aneka paryAyoM meM pAye jAne vAle sAdRzya ko UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahate haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki kAla sadaiva Age kI ora arthAt Upara kI ora calatA hai, isa apekSA se isakA nAmakaraNa UrdhvatA sAmAnya kiyA gayA hai| jaise miTTI se ghar3A banAte samaya miTTI dravya huA aura ghaTa paryAya kintu isa ghaTa ke banane se pUrva miTTI dravya anya paryAyoM ko bhI dhAraNa karatA hai, ve haiM- sthAsa, koza, kuzUla aadi|22 ina saba paryAyoM meM miTTI dravya vidyamAna rahatA hai| ye paryAyeM eka ke bAda eka hotI haiM ataH inameM pUrvAkAra kA parihAra uttarAkAra kI avApti (prApti) ke madhya sthita dravya hI UrdhvatA sAmAnya kA viSaya hai| yahA~ tiryak sAmAnya evaM UrdhvatA sAmAnya meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki tiryak sAmAnya meM dravya aneka haiM aura samaya eka hai kintu UrdhvatA sAmAnya meM dravya eka hai aura samaya aneka haiN|23 isI taraha vizeSa bhI paryAya vizeSa aura vyatireka vizeSa ke bheda se dvividha haiN|24 eka hI dravya meM hone vAle kramavartI pariNAmoM ko paryAya vizeSa kahate haiN| jaise AtmA meM harSa, viSAdAdi pariNAma krama se hote haiN|25 tAtparya yaha hai ki eka hI dravya meM krama se aneka pariNAma hote rahate haiN| AtmA nAmaka dravya meM kabhI harSa hotA hai to kabhI viSAda, kabhI sukha hotA hai to kabhI duHkh| ye saba AtmA ke paryAya haiM aura inhIM ko paryAya vizeSa kahate haiN| ina paryAyoM meM vyAvRtta pratyaya hotA hai jisase hameM yaha jJAna hotA hai ki harSa paryAya viSAda paryAya se bhinna hai| ye vibhinna paryAyeM padgala Adi saba dravyoM meM hotI haiN| sone kA mukuTa, kuNDala Adi vizeSa paryAyeM haiM jinameM vyAvRtta pratyaya pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya mANikyanandI kahate haiM ki eka padArtha kI apekSA anya padArtha meM rahane vAle visadRza pariNAma ko vyatireka kahate haiM, gAya, bhaiMsa Adi kI

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42 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 trh|26 arthAt aneka padArthoM meM pAye jAne vAle paraspara vaisAdRzya ko vyatireka vizeSa kahate haiN| jaise- aneka pazuoM meM gAya, bhaiMsa aadi| eka artha (padArtha) se sajAtIya tathA vijAtIya artha-arthAntara kahalAtA hai| eka gAya se dUsarI gAya arthAntara hai aura eka bhaiMsa se dUsarI bhaiMsa arthAntara hai, yaha sajAtIya arthAntara hai| isI prakAra gAya se bhaiMsa, azva Adi arthAntara haiM, yaha vijAtIya arthAntara hai| isI vizeSa ke kAraNa hama eka padArtha se dUsare padArtha ko pRthak karate haiN| isa prakAra padArtha sAmAnya-vizeSa rUpa hai aura vahI prameya hai, pramANa kA viSaya na kevala sAmAnya hai aura na kevala vishess| ye donoM pRthak rahakara bhI viSaya nahIM bana sakate, ye paraspara meM apRthabhUta haiN| inameM tAdAtmya sambandha hai| isa taraha sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka artha hI pramANa kA viSaya hotA hai tathA use hI prameya kahA jAtA hai| prameya ke sAmAnya-vizeSAtmakatva kI siddhi AcArya mANikyanandI kahate haiM ki sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka padArtha pramANa kA viSaya (prameya) hotA hai|27 AcArya haribhadra kA bhI abhimata hai ki vastu sAmAnya-vizeSarUpa hai aura yaha anubhava se siddha hai| udAharaNArtha- ghaTAdi ke bAre meM 'ghaTa ghaTa hai' aisI sAmAnyAkAra buddhi utpanna hotI hai tathA 'miTTI kA, tA~be kA, rajata kA hai' aisI vizeSAkAra buddhi bhI hotI hai aura '(ghaTa) paTAdi rUpa nahIM hotA hai' aisI vyatireka buddhi bhI hotI hai|28 unakA mAnanA hai ki padArtha kA sadbhAva usake jJAna ke sadbhAva se nizcita hotA hai aura vaha jJAna sAmAnya-vizeSAkAra hI utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra ke anubhava se hI siddha hotA hai ki vastu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| 'yaha anubhava bhrAntimAtra hai' (bauddhoM kA yaha AkSepa) bhI ghaTita nahIM hotA hai kyoMki ghaTAdi ke samIpa hone para bhI samartha ghaTa se anya kAraNa jisake pAsa hai aise sabhI pramAtAoM ko samAnarUpa se yaha anubhava hotA hai|29 yahA~ yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki 'ghaTa ghaTa hai' aisA jo vikalpa (sAmAnyAkAra buddhi) hotA hai vaha tadrUpaparAvRtta vastujanya hai aura saMketakRtavAsanA se utthApita hone para bhI vastusvarUpa ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA tathA jo vastugrAhI vikalpa hai vaha to sajAtIya evaM asajAtIya se vyAvRtta vastu svalakSaNa-viSaya (savikalpa) hone se sAmAnya-vizeSAkAra nahIM hai| isa prakAra 'anubhava se hI siddha hai' jo kahA gayA hai vaha ayukta hai|30 isa zaMkA ke samAdhAnArtha AcArya haribhadra kA kathana hai ki uparokta kathana (AkSepa) yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki tAttvika dRSTi se nirvikalpakAnubhava bhI sAmAnya-vizeSAkAra

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 43 vAlA hai aura gRhItagrAhI vikalpa (jJAna) kA prAmANya prApta nahIM hotA hai| yadi gRhItagrAhI jJAna ko pramANa mAnA jAya to gRhItagrAhitva kI anupapatti hotI hai / 1 jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki sarvatra artha kI vyavasthA pratyaya ke dvArA hI hotI hai aura vilakSaNa kAlI-pIlI gAyoM meM bhI 'gau gau' isa prakAra kA anugata pratyaya pAyA jAtA hai| ataH anugata pratibhAsa ke hone se vastu bhI anugata dharma se yukta hai, aisA mAnanA caahie| yadi isakA viSaya vyAvRtti hotA to 'gau gau' isa prakAra kI vidhi kI pradhAnatA se pravRtti nahIM honI cAhie thii| jisa prakAra vijAtIya se vyAvRtti vastu kA svarUpa hai usI prakAra sajAtIya se vyAvRtti bhI vastu kA svarUpa hai| ata: darzana (nirvikalpakajJAna) ke pazcAt hone vAle vikalpa meM yadi vijAtIya vyAvRtti rUpa AkAra kA ullekha hotA hai to sajAtIya vyAvRtti rUpa AkAra kA bhI ullekha honA cAhie kyoMki sajAtIya vyAvRtti aura vijAtIya vyAvRtti meM tathA svalakSaNa meM koI bheda nahIM hai| bauddha dArzanika asamAnAkAra vyAvRtti ke dvArA samAnAkAra rUpa sajAtIyatA kI kalpanA karate haiM to jo svayaM asamAnAkAra hai usameM samAnatA kI kalpanA karate haiM yA jo svayaM samAnAkAra hai usameM samAnatA kI kalpanA karate haiM? jo svayaM asamAnAkAra hai usameM anya se vyAvRtta hone para bhI samAnAkAratA mAnanA vyartha hai| yadi aisA mAnA jAtA hai to bhaiMsa vagairaha se vyAvRtta hone se gAya aura azva meM bhI samAnatA kA prasaMga AtA hai| jisa prakAra mUrta ghaTa se jJAna vyAvRtta ( bhinna) hai usI prakAra paTa bhI vyAvRtta hai / ata: jJAna aura paTa meM mUrtikapanA samAna dharma ho jAegA tathA anyonyAzraya doSa bhI AtA hai| arthAt anya se vyAvRtta hone para samAnAkAratA hotI hai aura samAnAkAratA ke hone para anya se vyAvRtti hotI hai ataH jo svayaM samAnAkAra hai usameM anya se vyAvRtti ke dvArA samAnAkAra kI kalpanA karanA vyartha hai| yadi (bauddha) mAnyatAnusAra yaha kahA nAya ki jo nirvikalpakAnubhava hai vaha vijAtIya bheda-grahaNa-prasaMga se abhrAnta hai aura sajAtIya bheda - grahaNa - prasaMga se punaH bhrAntarUpa hai| ata: usakA sajAtIya bheda-grAhaka jo vikalpa hai vaha asambhava hai to yaha kathana bhI yogya nahIM hai kyoMki eka hI vastu bhrAntarUpa evaM abhrAntarUpa ho to 'kalpanA rahita abhrAnta' aisA jo pratyakSa kA lakSaNa (bauddhoM kA) hai usameM abhrAnta vizeSaNa nirupayogI ho jaaegaa| bauddhoM dvArA isa sthala para yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha nirvikalpakAnubhava vijAtIya bheda grahaNa karane meM samartha hai aura sajAtIya bheda grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| samartha anubhava se hue saMskAra ke udreka ke balavAna hone se vaha kevala vijAtIya bheda-grAhaka vikalpa ko hI utpanna kara sakatA hai, sajAtIya bheda - grAhaka vikalpa ko nhiiN| parantu yahA~ unake (bauddhoM ) kathana ke prati yaha saMzaya utpanna hogA ki yaha (nirvikalpa) anubhava jisa svabhAva se vijAtIya bheda ko grahaNa

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44.: zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 karane meM samartha hai kyA usI svabhAva se hI sajAtIya bheda ko bhI grahaNa karane meM samartha hai athavA kisI anya svabhAva se| yadi usI svabhAva se samartha ho to vijAtIya bheda ke grahaNa kI hI taraha usase hI sajAtIya bheda kA bhI grahaNa yathArtharIti se hotA hai athavA isase ulTA bhI hotA hai tathA aisA hone se sajAtIya-vijAtIya-bhedagrahaNa rUpa se samartha aura asamartha donoM meM avizeSa (eka svabhAva) huA kyoMki usake anubhava se hue saMskAra ke udreka ke balavAna hone kA jo prasaMga hai vaha ubhaya meM samAna hI rahegA aura vijAtIya bheda-grAhaka vikalpa kI taraha sajAtIya bheda-grAhaka vikalpa bhI hogA athavA isase ulTA bhI hogA kyoMki isa anubhava se hae saMskAra rUpa vikalpa kA kAraNa ubhayatra samAna hai| ataH jisa prakAra vastu vijAtIya se vyAvRtta hotI hai usI prakAra sajAtIya se bhI vyAvRtta hotI hai| isIlie 'ghaTa ghaTa hai' aisI sAmAnyAkAra buddhi hotI hai jisakA kAraNa anugata pratyaya hotA hai| isI taraha unameM vyAvRtta pratyaya bhI hotA hai, ata: padArtha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotA hai| anekAntavAdapraveza meM pUrvapakSa prakaraNa ke antargata AcArya haribhadra sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vastu para pUrvapakSI (vaizeSikAdi) ke abhimata kA ullekha karate hue kahate haiM,24 "vastu kA sAmAnya-vizeSarUpa bhI pratikSipta (nindita) hai evaM mAnane yogya nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha- sAmAnya eka hai aura vizeSa aneka haiM, sAmAnya nitya hai aura vizeSa anitya haiM, sAmAnya niravayava hai aura vizeSa sAvayava haiM, sAmAnya akriya hai aura vizeSa sakriya haiM, sAmAnya sarvagata hai aura vizeSa asarvagata haiN| ata: isa taraha jaba padArtha sAmAnyarUpa hai to vizeSarUpa kisa prakAra se ho sakatA hai aura yadi vizeSarUpa hai to sAmAnyarUpa kisa prakAra se ho sakatA hai?" ata: vaha yA to vizeSarUpa hogA yA saamaanyruup| isa prakAra vastu kA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka honA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| pratyuttara svarUpa AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM jo pUrva meM kahA gayA thA, 'sAmAnya eka hai aura vizeSa aneka haiM, ityAdi' vaha bhI ayukta hai kyoMki aisA svIkaraNa (jainoM dvArA) nahIM hotA hai| yuktirahita hone se hama (jaina) aisA sAmAnya mAnate hI nahIM haiN| udAharaNArtha- vaha ekAdi svabhAva vAlA sAmAnya dizA, deza, kAla aura svabhAva se bhinna aneka vizeSoM meM sarvAtmanA rahatA hai athavA ekadeza se rahatA hai| sarvAtmanA rahanA sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki vizeSa ananta haiM ataH ananta sAmAnya mAnane kA prazna AegA athavA eka vizeSa se vyAtirikta anya vizeSa sAmAnya zUnya ho jAe~ge aura sAmAnya ko ananta mAnane para. to sAmAnya kI ekatA kA virodha hogaa| 'eka deza se rahatA hai' aisA bhI nahIM kaha sakate kyoMki taba sAmAnya ko sadeza mAnanA pdd'egaa| isa taraha sAmAnya AkAza ke sadRza vyApaka ho raha nahIM sktaa| sampUrNa rIti aura deza ke

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 45 . binA rahane kI vRtti bhI dikhatI nahIM hai| . AkAza ke sapradezatva ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa 'ubhayavyatirikta AkAza kI vRtti hai' yaha kahanA bhI asiddha hai| ni:pradezatva mAnane para aneka doSa prApta hote haiN| udAharaNArtha- jisa deza se AkAza vindhyAcala ke sAtha saMyukta hai kyA usI pradeza se himAcala, mandarAcala Adi ke sAtha bhI saMyukta hai, athavA anya pradeza se? yadi usI pradeza se saMyukta mAneM to vindhya, himAdri Adi kA 'ekatra avasthAna' kA prasaMga AtA hai kyoMki isake binA niHpradeza eka AkAza kA saMyoga ghaTatA nahIM hai| yadi anya pradeza se aisA svIkAra kareM to yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki AkAza kA sadezatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uparokta sandarbha meM yahA~ pUrvapakSI (vaizeSikAdi) kA abhimata draSTavya hai- yadi 'sanAtana (nitya), paramArtha sat, vyApI, eka aura avayava' aisI sAmAnya vastu na ho to dezakAla-svabhAva bheda se bhinna ghaTa, zarAva (zivaka), udaMcana Adi vizeSoM ke bAre meM sarvatra mRttikA-mRttikA aise zabda aura jJAna (baddhi) abhinna rIti se nahIM jAne jaayeNge| isI taraha na hI hima, tuSAra, karaka, udaka, aMgAra, tuSAgni, jvAlAgni, jhaMjhAvAta, cakravAta, utkalikA, pavana, udumbara ityAdi atyanta bhinna (jAti bheda se) aneka vizeSoM ke bAre meM ekAkAra buddhi hotI hai| ekAkAra zabda bhI vidyamAna nahIM rahatA, isIlie yathokta prakAra se abhinna buddhi aura zabda donoM kI pravRtti kA kAraNa rUpa (jisake Upara AdhAra hai) vastu-sat sAmAnya kI sattA kA Azraya lenA caahie| AcArya haribhadra kA abhimata hai, "hama yathokta zabda aura buddhi ina do kI pravRtti ke nimitta (kAraNa) kA virodha nahIM karate haiM, varana ekAdi dharmayukta parikalpita sAmAnya kA nibandhana karate haiN| jisa prakAra vizeSa vRtti ke yoga ke binA ghaTa (sAmAnya) siddha hI nahIM hotA, yaha bAta pUrva meM nirdezita kI jA cukI hai|'' yahA~ yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki yathokta zabda aura buddhi kI pravRtti kA kAraNa kyA hai? yathokta zabda aura buddhi kI pravRtti kA kAraNa aneka (satva-jJeyatvAdi) dharmAtmaka vastu kA samAna pariNAma hai| sAmAnya vRtti kI parIkSA meM utpanna do vikalpa rUpa doSa kI utpatti yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki samAna pariNAma usase vilakSaNa hai (ekAdi dharmaka sAmAnya se vilakSaNa hai) aura tulyajJAna ke paricchedya jo vastu svarUpa hai vaha sAmAnya pariNAma hai| yaha hI sAmAnyabhAva rUpa se ghaTa sakatA hai kyoMki 'jo samAna kA bhAva hai vaha sAmAnya hai, samAna ke dvArA vaisA (samAnatayA) ho sakatA hai', aisA anvayArtha kiyA gayA hai| arthAntarabhUta bhAva kA usake binA bhI usake samAnatva meM

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46 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 upayoga nahIM hai, anyathA 'samAnoM kA' aise abhidhAna kA abhAva hone se usakI kalpanA ayukta hai| avinAbhAvI bheda ho to samAnatva (tulyatva) hotA hai, bheda kA abhAva ho to sarvathA ekatva hone se samAnatva kI anupapatti hotI hai aura aisA samAna pariNAma hI buddhi-zabda-dvaya kI pravRtti kA nimitta hai| aisA hone se jo samAna pariNAma eka vizeSa ghaTAdi meM hai vaha hI dUsare vizeSa (zarAvAdi) meM nahIM hai|37 aise sAmAnya ke vicAra meM kathita dezarUpa aura sampUrNarUpa bhedadvaya kA doSa bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai tathA aisA hone para vizeSoM ke paraspara vilakSaNa hone se samAna buddhi aura zabda dvaya kI pravRtti kA abhAva bhI sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki vailakSaNya hone para bhI samAna pariNAma ke sAmarthya se pravRtti hogii| yahA~ vizeSa buddhi asamAna pariNAma ke kAraNa se hai| yaha yathodita buddhi aura zabdadvaya kI pravRtti hai| kahA bhI gayA hai, "vastu (ghaTAdi) kA jo samAna pariNAma (mRdAdi) hai vaha hI sAmAnya hai aura asamAna vastu (UrdhvatvAdi) vizeSa hai aura vastu aise anekarUpa (sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka) vAlI hai|8 isa prakAra vastu jisa kAraNa se sAmAnyarUpa hai usI kAraNa se hI vizeSarUpa hai kyoMki samAna pariNAma se asamAna pariNAma avinAbhUta hai| jisa kAraNa se vizeSarUpa hai usI kAraNa se sAmAnyarUpa hai kyoMki samAna pariNAma se samAna pariNAma vinAbhUta hai| samAna aura asamAna pariNAma tathA ubhaya ke svasaMvedana se ubhayarUpa hone ke kAraNa donoM (samAna aura asamAna pariNAma) kA virodha bhI nahIM hai kyoMki ve ubhayarUpa tathA vyavasthApita haiN| eka anya zaMkA kI jAtI hai ki vastu ke sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hone se sakalaloka prasiddha vyavahAra niyama ke uccheda kA prasaMga hogaa| yathA- viSa, modaka Adi vyakti se abhinna eka sAmAnya hotA hai aura taba (yadi vastu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka ho to) viSa viSa nahIM hogA tathA modaka modaka hI nahIM hogA kyoMki viSa modakAdi se abhinna sAmAnya se vyAtireka nahIM hai aura modaka bhI viSAdi se abhinna sAmAnya se vyatireka nahIM hai|39 ukta AkSepa bhI nirarthaka hai kyoMki jaina dArzanikoM dvArA ukta prakAra ke sAmAnya kA svIkaraNa hI nahIM hotA varan ve samAna pariNAma ko hI sAmAnya kahate haiM kyoMki vaha bheda se avinAbhUta hai| isalie jo viSa se abhinna hai vaha hI modakAdi se bhI abhinna nahIM hai kyoMki usake sarvathA ekatva se samAnatva kA ayoga hai| yaha bhI nahIM kaha sakate ki samAna pariNAma bhI prativizeSa (ghaTa-zarAvAdi) anya hai| isalie asamAna pariNAma kI taraha usake

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jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 47 bhAva kI hI anupapatti hogI kyoMki anyatva hone para bhI samAna pariNAma aura asamAna pariNAma tathA ubhaya ye bhinna svabhAva vAle haiN| udAharaNArtha- samAna buddhi aura zabda meM kAraNa svabhAva vAlA vaha samAna pariNAma tathA viziSTa buddhi aura zabda utpanna karane vAle itara pariNAma yathokta saMvedana aura abhidhAna (zabda), saMvedya aura abhidheya haiM vahI viSAdi haiM, aisI pratIti hai, anyathA yathokta (sAmAnya-vizeSarUpa) saMvedanAdi ke abhAva kA prasaMga aaegaa| isalie yadyapi donoM (viSa aura modaka) ubhayarUpa (sAmAnya-vizeSarUpa) haiM tathApi viSArthI viSa ke lie hI pravRtta hotA hai kyoMki viSa kA vizeSa pariNAma modaka ke sAmAnya pariNAma se avinAbhUta nahIM hai| ata: ukta zaMkA ayogya hai| isa prakAra vastu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka siddha hotI hai| & o sandarbha sUcI pANinisUtra, madrAsa gavarnameNTa orieNTala mainuskripTa sirIja, gavarnameNTa oNpha madrAsa, 1954, 1/4/42, pR0 73, uddhRta, bhAratIya jJAnamImAMsA, DaoN. nIlimA sinhA motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 2005, pR0 38, nyAyadIpikA, abhinavadharmabhUSaNa yati, anu0- DaoN0 darabArI lAla koThiyA, jainavidyA saMsthAna, mahAvIra jI, rAja0, 2007, 1/8, pR0 99, svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM prmaannm| - 1/1, parIkSAmukha, AcArya mANikyanandI, paM0 ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, 2009, pR0 10, pramANAdartha sNsiddhistdaabhaasaadvipryyH| - maMgalAcaraNa gAthA, vahI, pR0 9, pramANairarthaparIkSaNaM nyaayH| - 1/1/1, nyAyasUtra uddhRta nyAyadarzanam, caukhambhA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, pR0 8, anantadharmakaM vastu prmaannvissystvih| - kA0 55, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, AcArya haribhadra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1981, pR0 312, pramANasya viSayo dravyaparyAyAtmakaM vstu| - 1/1/30, pramANamImAMsA, hemacandra, sarasvatI pustaka bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda, 1989, pR0 24, sAmAnyavizeSAtmA tadartho vissyH| - 4/1, parIkSAmukha, pUrvokta, pR0 58, arthakriyA saamrthyaat| - 1/1/31, pramANamImAMsA, pUrvokta, pR0 25, ___ anuvRttavyAvRttapratyayagocaratvAtpUrvottarAkAra parihArAvAptisthiti-lakSaNa prinnaamenaarthkriyoptteshc|| - 4/2, parIkSAmukha, pUrvokta, pR0 58, 12. DaoN0 vIrasAgara jaina, nyAyamandira, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI, rAjasthAna, 11.

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18. 48 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 2006, pR0 75, 13. jainadarzana meM sAmAnya tiryak evaM UrdhvatA bheda se dvividha hai tathA vizeSa bhI paryAya evaM vyatireka bheda se dvividha haiM, jisakI carcA Age prastAvita hai| pro0 udayacanda jaina, prameyakamalamArtaNDa parizIlana, prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, mujaphpharanagara, 1998, pR0 155, yenotpAda vyayadhrauvyayuktaM ytttsdissyte| anantadharmakaM vastu tenoktaM maangocrH|| - kA0 57, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pUrvokta, pR0 347, ghaTamaulIsuvarNArthI naashotpaadsthitissvym| zokapramodamAdhyasthaM jano yAti shetukm|| - 7/2, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, AcArya haribhadra, divyadarzana TrasTa mumbaI, payovrato na dadhyati, na payo'ti ddhivrtH| agorasavato nobhe tasmAttattvaM tryaatmkm|| - 7/3, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, pUrvokta, yahA~ AcArya mANikyanandI ne parIkSAmukha ke sUtra 4/2 meM sthitilakSaNa pariNAma meM 'lakSaNa' zabda kA prayoga bhI vastu kI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmakatA ko darzAne ke lie kiyA hai| draSTavya hai ki milI huI aneka vastuoM meM se kisI eka vastu ko alaga karane vAle hetu (cihna) ko lakSaNa kahate haiM, jaisA ki akalaMkadeva ne rAjavArtika meM kahA hai- "paraspara milI huI vastuoM meM se koI eka vastu jisake dvArA vyAvRtta (alaga) kI jAtI hai use lakSaNa kahate haiN|" yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai- AtmabhUta aura anaatmbhuut| jo vastu ke svarUpa meM milA huA ho use AtmabhUta lakSaNa kahate haiM aura jo vastu ke svarUpa meM milA huA na ho (usase pRthak ho) use anAtmabhUta lakSaNa kahate haiN| agni kI uSNatA AtmabhUta lakSaNa hai aura devadatta kA daNDa (daNDI puruSa kA daNDa) anAtmabhUta lakSaNa hai| agni kI uSNatA agni kA svarUpa hotI huI agni ko jalAdi padArthoM se alaga karatI hai| isIlie uSNatA agni kA AtmabhUta lakSaNa hai| 'daNDI ko lAo aisA kahane para daNDa puruSa meM na milatA huA bhI puruSa ko puruSabhinna padArthoM se pRthak karatA hai| isIlie daNDa daNDI puruSa kA anAtmabhUta lakSaNa hai| 19. sAmAnyaM dvedhA tiryguurkhtaabhedaat|| - 4/3, parIkSAmukha, pUrvokta, 20. sadRzapariNAmastiryak khaNDamuNDAdiSu gotvvt|| - 4/4, vahI, 21. parAparavivartavyApi dravyamUrdhvatAsAmAnya mRdiva sthaasaadissu| - 4/5, vahI,

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22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. jaina darzana meM prameya kA svarUpa evaM usakI siddhi : 49 vyavahAra kA eka anya udAharaNa- ATe kI roTI meM ATA dravya huA aura roTI paryAya, isake atirikta anya paryAya haiM- gUMthA huA ATA, loi, belI huI roTI tathA antima paryAya hai siMkI huI roTI | ekakAle nAnAvyakti gato'nvaya tiryak sAmAnyaM bhaNyate / nAnAkAleSvekavyaktigato- 'nvaya UrdhvatA sAmAnyaM bhaNyate / - 39, pravacanasAra, tAtparyavRtti, uddhRta- nyAyamandira, pUrvokta, pR0 74, vishessshc|| paryAyavyatirekabhedAt / / - 4 / 6-7, parIkSAmukha, pUrvokta, ekasmina dravye kramabhAvinaH pariNAmAH paryAyA Atmani harSaviSAdAdivat / -4/8, vahI, arthAntaragato visadRza pariNAmo vyatireko gomhissaadivt| - 4/9, vahI, sAmAnya vizeSAtmA tadartho viSayaH // 4 / 1, parIkSAmukha, pUrvokta, anekAntavAdapraveza, AcArya haribhadra, bhogIlAla laheracanda zAha, pATana, gujarAta, 1999, pR0 34, vahI, vahI, vahI, nyAyakumudacandra, AcArya prabhAcandra, prathamabhAga, sampA0- mahendra nyAyazAstrI, mANikacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 290, kumAra 1938, pR0 anekAntavAdapraveza, pUrvokta, pR0 37, vahI, pR0 5, vahI, pR0 39, vahI, pR0 41, vahI, pR0 42, vastuta eva samAnaH pariNAmo yaH sa eva sAmAnyam / asamAna vastu vizeSo vastvavamanekarUpaM tu / - vahI, pR0 43, vahI, pR0 5, ***

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parIkSAmukha meM pramANa- lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava vastu tattva kI siddhi binA pramANa ke sambhava nahIM hai| isa viSaya para bhAratIya darzanoM meM bahuta gambhIra cintana kiyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana aura bauddhadarzana kA pramANa cintana bar3A vyApaka hai| jainadarzana kA pramANa- - cintana unase bhI gambhIra hai jisa ora logoM kA dhyAna kama gayA hai| bauddhoM kI taraha hI jainadarzana meM jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai, indriya, indriya- sannikarSa, indriyavRtti Adi ko nhiiN| isI taraha pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko lekara, gRhItagrAhI jJAna, smRti Adi ko lekara bhI jainoM kI abhinava dRSTi hai| sampAdaka nyAyazAstra ko tarkazAstra, hetuvidyA aura pramANazAstra bhI kahate haiM, kintu isakA prAcIna nAma 'AnvIkSikI' hai| kauTilya (327 I0 pU0 ) ne apane arthazAstra' meM AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA aura daNDanIti- ina cAra vidyAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki trayI meM dharma-adharma, vArttA meM artha - anartha tathA daNDanIti meM naya - anaya kA kathana hotA hai aura hetu dvArA inake balAbala kA anvIkSaNa karane se logoM kA upacAra hotA hai, saMkaTa aura Ananda meM yaha buddhi ko sthira rakhatI hai, prajJA, vacana aura karma ko nipuNa banAtI hai| yaha AnvIkSikI kI vidyA sarva vidyAoM kA pradIpa, saba dharmoM kA AdhAra hai| kauTilya kA anusaraNa karate hue jainAcArya somadeva (959 I0) kA abhimata hai' ki AnvIkSikI vidyA kA pAThaka hetuoM dvArA kAryoM ke balAbala kA vicAra karatA hai ki saMkaTa meM kheda bhinna nahIM hotA, abhyudaya meM madonmatta nahIM hotA aura buddhikauzala tathA vAk-kauzala ko prApta karatA hai / kintu manusmRti meM AnvIkSikI ko AtmavidyA kahA hai aura somadeva ne bhI AnvIkSikI ko adhyAtma-viSaya meM prAyojanIya batAyA hai| naiyAyika vAtsyAyana (450 I0) ne apane 'nyAyabhASya' ke Arambha meM likhA hai ki ye cAro vidyAe~ prANiyoM ke upakAra ke lie kahI gaI haiN| jinameM se caturthI yaha AnvIkSikI vidyA hai| usake pRthak prasthAna, saMzaya Adi padArtha haiN| yadi una saMzaya Adi kA kathana na kiyA jAe to kevala adhyAtmavidyA mAtra ho jAe, jaise ki upaniSad /

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parIkSAmukha meM pramANa-lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana : 51 isakA Azaya yaha hai ki yadi AnvIkSikI meM nyAyazAstra pratipAdita saMyama, chala, jAti Adi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to vaha nyAyavidyA hai anyathA vaha adhyAtmavidyA hai| isa taraha AnvIkSikI kA viSaya AtmavidyA bhI hai aura hetuvAda bhI hai| jaina darzana meM pratipAdita nyAya pratyeka darzana yA dharma ke pravartaka kI eka vizeSa dRSTi hotI hai jo usakI AdhArabhUta hotI hai, jaise bhagavAna buddha kI madhyama pratipadA dRSTi aura zaGkarAcArya kI advaitdRsstti| jainadarzana ke pravartaka mahApuruSoM kI bhI eka vizeSa dRSTi rahI hai, use anekAntavAda kahate haiN| jainadarzana kA samasta AcAra-vicAra usI ke AdhAra para hai| isI se jaina darzana anekAntavAdI darzana kahalAtA hai| anekAntavAda aura jainadarzana meM paraspara paryAyavAcI ho gae haiN| vastu sat hI hai yA asat hI hai yA nitya hI hai athavA anitya hI hai, isa prakAra kI mAnyatA ko ekAnta kahate haiM aura usakA nirAkaraNa karake vastu ko apekSAbheda se sat-asat, nitya-anitya mAnanA anekAnta hai| anya darzanoM meM kisI ko nitya aura kisI ko anitya mAnA gayA hai| kintu jainadarzana meM kahA gayA hai- 'dIpaka se lekara AkAza taka eka se svabhAva vAle haiN| yaha bAta nahIM hai ki AkAza nitya ho aura dIpaka anitya ho| ata: koI bhI vastu isa svabhAva kA atikramaNa nahIM karatI kyoMki saba para syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda bhAva kI chApa lagI huI hai| jina AjJA ke dveSI hI aisA kahate haiM ki amuka vastu nitya hI hai aura amuka vastu anitya hI hai| nyAya yA tarkazAstra kA mukhya aGga pramANa hai| jainadarzana meM nyAya ko samajhAne ke lie pramANa kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| mANikyanandIkRta parIkSAmukha (950 I0) bhI isase achUtA nahIM hai| mANikyanandI ne apane sUtragrantha ko nyAyazAstra kI dRSTi se praNIta kiyA hai| isI tathya ko kendra meM rakhakara hama pramANa ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana isa Alekha meM kara rahe haiN| pramANa ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM mukhya rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM- prathama, jJAna ko pramANa mAnane vAlI dRSTi evaM dUsarI indriya Adi ko pramANa mAnane vAlI dRsstti| jaina aura bauddha ye donoM darzana jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiN| donoM meM mAtra itanA antara hai ki jainadarzana meM savikalpa jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM aura bauddha darzana meM nirvikalpa jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiN| dUsarI paramparAe~ nyAyavaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, mImAMsaka Adi sabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM indriyAdi

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52 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 ko pramANa mAnatI haiM arthAt ina paramparAoM meM jJAna ke kAraNa ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai aura jJAna ko usakA phl| pramANa kA lakSaNa parIkSAmukha meM AcArya mANikyanandI ne pramANa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA hai- 'sva' arthAt apane Apa ko aura 'apUrvArtha' arthAt jise kisI anya pramANa se jAnA nahIM hai, aise padArtha kA nizcaya karane vAle jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiN|' jaina vAGmaya meM AcArya mANikyanandI se pUrva Agamika paramparA meM AcArya kundakunda (2 zatI), umAsvAti (3-4 zatI) aura yativRSabha Adi ne jJAna ko hI pramANa ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA hai| Agamika paramparA ke pazcAt jaina dArzanika paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya samantabhadra (5-6vIM zatI) ne AptamImAMsA meM yugapat sarva ke avabhAsana rUpa tattvajJAna ko pramANa kahakara syAdvAda naya se saMskArita kramabhAvi jJAna ko bhI pramANa kahA hai| akalaMkadeva (680 I0) ne kahIM artha ko grahaNa karane vAle vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa khaa| aura kahIM anadhigatArthaka avisaMvAdI jJAna ko pramANa khaa| AcArya siddhasena (5-6vIM zatI) ne bAdhArahita svaparAvabhAsI jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda (850 I0) ne tattvajJAna ko svArthavyavasAyAtmaka kahA hai12 tathA ise avisaMvAdI jJAna kahA hai| abhinavabhUSaNa ne samyak jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai|5 pramANa kA svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM tattvajJAna lakSaNa vaidika darzana jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnate, kintu jina kAraNoM se jJAna paidA hotA hai una kAraNoM ko pramANa mAnate haiM aura jJAna ko pramANa kA phala mAnate haiN| nyAyadarzana ke bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne 'upalabdhi ke sAdhanoM ko pramANa kahA hai|16 isakI vyAkhyA karane vAloM meM matabheda hai| sAMkhya indriyoM kI viSayAkAra pariNati rUpa vRtti ko pramANa mAnate haiN|7 bhATTa prabhAkara18 jJAtR-vyApAra ko pramANa mAnate haiN| bauddha yadyapi jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM kintu ve nirvikalpa jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnate haiN| ina saba virodhI svarUpoM kA taviSayaka samanvaya jainadarzana meM huA hai| sambhavata: inhIM matoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara AcArya vidyAnanda ne apane pUrvAcAryoM ke lakSaNa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara pramANa kA yaha lakSaNa sthira kiyA- 'apanA aura padArtha kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai| yahA~ para jo svArthavyavasAyAtmaka rUpa tattvajJAna ko pramANa kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai, usameM jJAna ko pramANa kahA jAnA Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa hai aura jJAna ke sAtha 'tattva' zabda kA prayoga AcArya samantabhadra se AyA pratIta hotA hai kyoMki yuktyanuzAsanAlaMkAra

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parIkSAmukha meM pramANa-lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana : 53 meM 'tattvajJAnaM pramANaM syAditi vacanAt' ke pazcAt AcArya samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA meM vAcya ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA ke 'avabhAsa' pada aura inhIM ke svayambhUstotra tathA siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra ke 'svaparAvabhAsI' pada ke sthAna para parIkSAmukha meM 'svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmaka' pada kA prayoga kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama vyavasAyAtmaka pada akalaMkadeva se AyA kyoMki jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama vyavasAyAtmaka pada kA prayoga unake laghIyastraya meM hI dRSTigocara hotA hai, jisakA prayoga unhoMne apane anya granthoM meM bhI kiyA hai tathA uttaravartI jaina paramparA meM sarvatra bahumAna ke sAtha yaha pada prayoga kiyA gayA hai| parIkSAmukha ke pUrvavartI granthoM meM pramANa ke lakSaNoM ke rUpa meM 'vyavasAyAtmaka' pada kA hI prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai| kintu AcArya pravara mANikyanandI ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' zabda ko sthAna dekara kahA hai 'sva' arthAt apane Apa ko aura 'apUrvArtha' arthAt jise kisI anya pramANa se jAnA nahIM hai, aise padArtha kA nizcaya karane vAle jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiN| pramANa ke isa lakSaNa meM apUrva pada kI vRddhi kyoM huI, yaha bindu avazya vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki jahA~ pramANa ke 'apUrva' pada rahita lakSaNa ke sambandha meM sabhI jaina naiyAyikoM kA eka mata hai to vahA~ 'apUrva' pada ke sambandha meM matabheda kyoM? sambhavataH apUrva rUpI yaha saMzaya upasthita ho jAe isalie ise isa taraha samajha sakate haiMpramANa kA mUla AdhAra to jJAna hI hai, ata: pramANa ke sAtha jJAna ko rakhA hai| jJAna kA prayatna kaisA ho? yaha batalAne ke lie pahale 'vyavasAyAtmakaM' pada rakhA hai| jJAna ke prayatna kA viSaya kahIM kalpanAloka na bana sake, vastu jagat rahe, isake lie vyavasAya ke pUrva 'artha' pada diyA gayA hai| jJAna kA viSaya vastu jagat hone para bhI kahIM usameM piSTapeSaNa na hotA rahe, ataH isa doSa se bacane ke lie 'apUrva' zabda rakhA hai| bAhya vastu jagat kI khoja meM svayaM na kho jAe, bAhya jAnakArI ke moha meM kahIM svayaM se hI anajAna na raha jaae| 'sva' bhI eka vastu hai| ata: sarvaprathama usakA bhI jJAna honA Avazyaka hai, isIlie sUtra ke Adi meM hI 'sva' pada rakhA hai| jainadarzana meM isa pada kA atyadhika mahattva hai| 'sva' ke jJAna binA utpanna huA jJAna pramANa' kI koTi meM hI nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| ata: 'sva' zabda sUtra kA siramaura hai| isa taraha sUtra kA pratyeka zabda sArthaka va paramata kA khaNDana karane meM sakSama hai| isameM jJAna pada to naiyAyikoM ke sannikarSa va vaizeSikoM ke kAraka-sAkalyavAda kA khaNDana karatA hai| 'vyavasAyAtmaka' bauddhoM ke nirvikalpavAda kA tathA 'artha' pada vijJAnAdvaitavAda, 'apUrva' pada dhArAvAhika jJAna tathA 'sva' pada se jJAna ko sarvathA parokSa mAnane vAle mImAMsaka tathA

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54 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 anya jJAna se use grAhaka mAnane vAle naiyAyikoM ke kArakasAkalya va vaizeSikoM ke sannikarSavAda kA khaNDana karake pratyeka pada svataH sakSama siddha hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM meM bhI dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do vicAradhArA pAyI jAtI hai| eka vicAradhArA ke anusAra apUrva artha kA grAhI pramANa hai, ataH dhArAvAhika jJAna pramANa nahIM hai kintu apUrva se sarvathA apUrva na lekara kathaMcit apUrva lenA caahie| inakI mAnyatA hai ki prathama jJAna se jAne hue padArtha meM pravRtta huA, uttara jJAna yadi usase kucha vizeSa jAnatA hai to vaha pramANa hI hai / 29 dUsarI vicAradhArA ke anusAra 'svArthavyavasAyAtmaka jJAna' pramANa hai| isI lakSaNa meM hI sabhI tathya samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| ataH isameM 'apUrva' vizeSaNa lagAnA vyartha hai / dhArAvAhika jJAna gRhItagrAhI ho athavA agRhItagrAhI ho / yadi vaha 'svArtha' kA nizcAyaka hai to pramANa hai| yadi gRhItagrAhI hone se smRti pramANa nahIM hai, to dhArAvAhika jJAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| 22 jainadarzana meM pahalI vicAradhArA ke pravartaka akalaGkadeva hI pratIta hote haiN| yaha vicAradhArA bauddhadarzana se jainadarzana meM praviSTa huI jAna par3atI hai| akalaGkadeva kI yaha zailI rahI hai ki unhoMne anya darzanoM kI samIkSA karake anekAnta kA puTa dekara unheM apane anukUla banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| ataH unhoMne bauddha darzana ke anadhigatArthAdhika lakSaNa se ekAntavAda ko haTAkara usameM anekAntavAda ko ghaTita kiyA hai| anyathA akalaGkadeva bhI apUrvArthagrAhI jJAna ko pramANa mAnane ke pakSadhara nahIM haiM kyoMki tattvArthavArtika meM unhoMne khaNDana karate hue likhA hai- 'pramANa kA lakSaNa apUrvArthAdhigama samyak nahIM hai kyoMki jaise andhakAra meM rakhe hue padArthoM ko dIpaka tatkAla hI prakAzita kara detA hai, phira bhI bAda meM use hI prakAza kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usa dIpaka se hI una padArthoM kI upasthiti kA bodha hotA hai| isI taraha jJAna bhI utpanna hote hI ghaTAdi padArthoM kA avabhAsaka hokara pramANa se prApta hokara bhI 'pramANa' isa nAma ko nahIM chor3atA hai| ata: vaha apUrva - apUrva artha kA hI prakAzaka hai, to jJAna bhI dIpaka kI taraha pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai, arthAt apUrvAdhigama lakSaNa usameM bhI upalabdha rahatA hai| yaha kahanA khaNDita ho jAtA hai ki smRti kI taraha pahale jAne hue padArtha ko punaH-punaH jAnane vAlA jJAna apramANa hai / 23 pramANa ke lakSaNa meM mANikyanandI kA 'apUrva' pada jaina Agama - sAhitya meM eka vilakSaNa kadama pratIta huA lagatA hai| jaisA ki uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki akalaGkadeva bhI pramANa ke isa lakSaNa 'apUrva' se paricita the kintu apUrva pada

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parIkSAmukha meM pramANa- lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana : 55 ve svIkAra nahIM kara sake / mANikyanandI se pUrva ke bhI AcArya isa lakSaNa ko AtmasAta nahIM kara skeN| cU~ki yaha apUrva pada jaina paramparA ke lie nayA thA sambhavataH isI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara mANikyanandI ne apane apUrva pada ko spaSTa karane ke lie do sUtra diye - 1. anizcito'pUrvArtha4 aura 2. dRSTo'pi samAropAttAdRk 25 aba krama se ina donoM sUtroM kA vivecana kareMge anizcito'pUrvArtha arthAt jisa padArtha kA pahale kisI pramANa se nizcaya na kiyA gayA ho, vaha apUrvArtha kahalAtA hai| dhArAvAhika jJAna eka hI vastu ko viSaya banAtA rahatA hai, ataH vaha apramANa hai| pramANa kI pramANatA to tabhI kahalAegI jaba vaha kisI bhI pramANa ke dvArA na jAnI gayI vastu ko viSaya banAtA ho / yadi yaha kahA jAye ki pratyakSAdi ke dvArA jAne gae viSaya meM anumAnAdi pramANoM ke pravRtta hone para ve apramANa ho jAyeMge, kyoMki unakA viSaya apUrvArtha nahIM rahA, isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna hai ki prathama pramANa se jJAta pramANa meM yadi vizeSatA sahita anya jJAna pravRtta hotA hai to usake lie vaha apUrvArtha hai / jaise prathama pramANa se jAnA ki yaha 'manuSya' hai, to dUsare pramANa se jAnA ki yaha strI hai yA puruSa, athavA amuka saMjJA se saMjJita amuka strI hai yA puruSa, aisA vizeSa rUpa se jAnA to vaha jJAna pramANa hI hai| svarUpa se athavA vizeSarUpa se jo nizcita nahIM hai, vaha sampUrNa padArtha apUrvArtha hai / dRSTo'pi samAropAttAdRk arthAt pUrva meM dekhe hue padArtha meM bhI yadi samAropa arthAt saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya A jAtA hai to vaha padArtha bhI apUrvArtha bana jAtA hai jaise- par3hI huI pustaka anabhyAsa se punaH apaThita jaisI ho jAtI hai| mImAMsAdarzana meM prabhAkara mata vAle sarvathA apUrva artha ko hI pramANa kA viSaya mAnate haiN| unakA khaNDana isa sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM pramANa ke viSaya meM kathaMcit apUrvArthatA svIkRta hai| isI kAraNa vyApti jJAna meM hI pravRtta anumAna jJAna kI bhI pramANatA siddha ho jAtI hai| aise hI pUrvArthagrAhI smRti, pratyabhijJAna Adi parokSa pramANoM meM bhI pramANatA sambhava hai| dUsarI taraha sarvathA apUrvArthagrAhI mAnane para dvicandrAdi kA jJAna bhI satya ho jAegA, kyoMki eka candra meM dvicandra kA jJAna to apUrva viSayavAlA hai| `yadi kahA jAye ki kevalajJAnI ke jJAna ne trikAlavartI dravya-guNa-paryAyoM ko jaba eka samaya meM hI biSaya banA liyA to uttaravartI jJAna kaise gRhItagrAhI huA ? prathama pala meM jina padArthoM ko vartamAnavat aura bhaviSya ko bhaviSyavat jAna rahA thA, uttarakAla

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56 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 meM uttaravartI ko vartamAnavat va pUrvavartI vartamAna ko bhUtakAla rUpa meM jAna rahA hai| ata: vaha jJAna gRhItagrAhI nahIM hai| vastu ke pariNamana bheda se jJAna meM bhI prameya bheda ho gayA hai| isI kAraNa kevalajJAna gRhItagrAhI nahIM hai| vastu meM sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka aneka dharma hote haiM, unameM kisI guNa yA dharma kA kisI pramANa ke nizcaya hone para bhI dUsare guNa yA usakI dUsarI paryAya kI apekSA vaha vastu dUsare pramANa ke lie apUrvArtha ho jAtI hai| parIkSAmukha ke TIkAkAra AcArya prabhAcandra 'dRSTo'pi samAropAttAdRk' isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM 'anadhigata artha ko hI jAnanA pramANa kA lakSaNa nahIM hai, kyoMki vastu adhigata ho yA anadhigata ho, yadi vaha usako nirdoSarUpa se jAnatA hai to vaha doSI nahIM hai| zAyada koI pUche ki jAne hue artha meM jJAna kyA karatA hai to use pramANa mAnA jAye? isakA uttara hai ki viziSTa jJAna kA janaka hone se use pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| jahA~ vaha viziSTa jAnakArI nahIM karAtA hai, vahA~ vaha apramANa hai| ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki AcAryamANikyanandI ne pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM 'apUrva' pada kA samAveza kara jaina nyAya ko eka navIna dizA pradAna kii| sambhavataH pratyakSa ke lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko jor3akara AcArya zrI ne jainadarzana meM pratipAdita pramANa ko anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratipAdita pramANa ke tulya sthApita karane kA eka nUtana prayAsa kiyA hai| sandarbha AnvIkSikI trayI vArtA daNDanItizceti vidyaaH| dharmAdharmI tryyaam| arthAnoM vaartaayaam| nayAnayau dnnddniityaam| balAbale cetAsAM hetubhiranvikSamANA AnvIkSikI lokasyopakaroti, vyasane'bhyudaye ca buddhimavasthApayati, prajJAvAkyakriyAvaizArA ca kroti| pratIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyaH srvkrmnnaam| AzrayaH sarvadharmANAM zazvadAnvIkSikI mtaa| - 1-2, arthazAstra, kauTilya, sampA0 AcArya zrI vizvanAtha zAstrI (prathamabhAgasya prathamaM sampuTam), sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 1991, pR0 157, AnvIkSikI trayI vArtA daNDanItizceti ca tasro raajvidyaaH| adhIyanohAnvIkSikI kAryAkAryANAM balAbalaM hetubhirvicArayati vyasaneSu na viSIdayati nAbhyudayena vikAryate samadhigacchati prjnyaavaakyvaishaardym|- 56-57, nItivAkyAmRtam, zrI somadeva, paMcam samuddezaH, zrI digambara jaina vidyAgrantha prakAzana samIti, jayapura,

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parIkSAmukha meM pramANa-lakSaNa nirUpaNa : eka adhyayana : 57 7/43, manusmRti, AnvIkSikyadhyAtmaviSaye, trayI vedayajJAdiSu, vArtA, kRSikarmAdikA, daNDanIti: ziSTapAlana duSTaH nigrhH| - zloka 63, vahI, nItivAkyAmRtam, zrI somadeva, paMcam samuddezaH, zrI digambara jaina vidyAgrantha prakAzana samIti, jayapura, ismAtu catastro vidyAH pRthak prasthAnAH prANabhRtAmanugrahAya updishynte| yAsAM caturthIyamAnvIkSikI nyaayvidyaa| tasyA pRthak prasthAnAH saMzayAdayaH pdaarthaaH| teSAM pRthagvacamantareNa adhyAtmavidyAmAtramidaM syAd ythopnissdH| - 1/1/1, nyAyabhASya vAtsyAyana, caukhambhA sirIja, kAzI, AdIpamAvyomasamasvabhAvaH syAdvAdamudrAnatibhedi vstu| tannityamevaikamAnityamanyaditi tvAdAjJAdviSatAM prlaapaa|| zloka 5, syAdvAdamaJjarI, malliSeNa, arhat prabhAkara kAryAlaya, puunaa| svArthApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM prmaannN| - 1/1, parIkSAmukha, mANikyanandI, paM0 ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, pR0 10, tattvajJAnaM pramANaM te yugptsrvbhaasnm| kramabhAvi ca yajjJAnaM syaadvaadnysNskRtm|| -kArikA 101, AptamImAMsA, samantabhadra, uddhRta AptamImAMsA dIpikA, pro0 udayacandra jaina, zrI gaNezavarNI digambara jaina saMsthAna prakAzana, vArANasI, 1974, vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnamAtmArthagrAhakaM mtm| grahaNaM nirNayastena mukhya praamaannyaamshnute||- kArikA 60, laghIyastraya vivRtti, AcArya akalaMka, uddhRta- laghIyastraya, zrIgaNezavarNI, digambara jaina saMsthAna, vArANasI, I0 2000, AptamImAMsA bhASya, aSTasahasrAI ke antargata, AcArya akalaMkadeva, digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, hastinApura, kArikA 36 kI TIkA, pramANaM svaparabhAsi jJAnaM baadhaavivrjitm| pratyakSaM ca parokSaM ca dvidhA, meyvinishcyaat|| - kArikA 1, nyAyAvatAra, AcArya siddhasena, uddhRta- nyAyAvatAra mUla aura zrI siddharSigaNikI saMskRta TIkA kA hindI bhASAnuvAda, zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, 1976, yuktyanuzAsanAlaMkAra, AcArya vidyAnanda, mANikacandra jaina granthamAlA samIti, bambaI, kArikA 1 kI TIkA, pR0 2, 10. 12.

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58 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 13. vahI, kArikA 59 kI TIkA, pR0 153, 14. (a) kArla eca0 paoNTara ne inakA samaya 1610 I0 mAnA hai Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy, Potter, karl H, Motilal Banarasi Das Publishers Pv. Ltd. (ba) darabArI lAla koThiyA ne inakA samaya 1358-1418 I0 mAnA haijainanyAya kI bhUmikA, darabArI lAla koThiyA, jainavidyA saMsthAna, jayapura, pR0 120 samyagjJAnaM prmaannm| - nyAyadIpikA, dharmabhUSaNa, uddhRta- nyAyadIpikA koThiyA, darabArI lAla, bhAratavarSIya anekAnta vidvat pariSada, vArANasI 1998, pR0 9, nyAyabhASya, pR0 18, kAzI, asandigdhAviparItArnAdhigataviSayA cittavRttiH, bodhazca pauruSeyaH phalaM prmaa| - kArikA 4, vAcaspati mizra, tattvakaumudI sAMkhya, uddhRta sAMkhyakArikA, DaoN0 brajamohana caturvedI, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, dillI, pR0 70 (bhUmikA), nyAyamaJjarI, svArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM prmaannN| - kArikA 77, tattvArthazlokavArtika, 1/10, TIkA, svApUrvArtha vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM prmaannN| - 1/1, parIkSAmukha, jayapura, AptamImAMsA bhASya, kArikA 101 kI TIkA, 1/1, parIkSAmukha, jayapura, prameya kamalamArtaNDa, zrI lAla musaddIlAla jaina cairiTebala TrasTa, dehalI, pR0 167-177, tattvArthazlokavArttika, AcAryavidyAnaMda, 1/10 kI TIkA, zloka 78 79 25. tattvArthavArttika, AcArya akalaGka, 1/12 kI TIkA parIkSAmukha, 1/4, jayapura, pR0 13 vahI, pR0 1/5 tatra anadhigatArthadhigantRtvameva pramANasya lkssnnm| - prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 168, dehalI 26. ***

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana DaoN. (zrImatI) darzanA jaina 'kahakosu' nAmaka kathAgrantha muni zrIcandra (vi0 11-12 zatA0) dvArA likhA gayA hai jo bhagavatI-ArAdhanA para AdhArita hai| isameM vividha dhArmika kathAoM kA samAveza hai| kathAoM ke prasaMga se tatkAlIna rAjanaitika pariveza kI jo sUcanAe~ milatI haiM unheM hI yahA~ citrita kiyA gayA hai| - sampAdaka bhUmikA sAhitya samAja kI vAstavikatA kA pratIka hai| jisa samaya sAhitya likhA jAtA hai tatkAlIna samAja meM rAjyAdhikAra, uttaradAyitva, prajA meM daNDa vyavasthA Adi kA ullekha sAhitya meM avazya hotA hai| kahakosa eka jaina kathAgraMtha hai tathA bhagavatI ArAdhanA para AdhArita hai, isameM vibhinna kathAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kahakosu nAmaka graMtha ke racayitA muni zrIcandra hai| yaha kavi kI dvitIya kRti hai| kavi zrIcandra ne apanA yaha kathAgraMtha caulukya nareza mUlarAja ke rAjyakAla meM aNahillapura pATana meM samApta kiyA thaa| mUlarAja solaMkI ne saM0 998 meM cAvar3AvaMzIya apane mAmA sAmantasiMha ko mArakara rAjya chIna liyA thA aura gujarAta kI rAjadhAnI pATana aNahilavAr3e kI gaddI para baiTha gayA thaa| isane vi0saM0 1017 se 1052 taka rAjya kiyA thaa| isane dharaNI varAha para bhI car3hAI kI thI, taba usane rASTrakUTa rAjA dhavala kI zaraNa lii| dhavala ke vi0saM0 1053 ke zilAlekha se spaSTa hai ki mUlarAja solaMkI cAlukya rAjA bhImadeva kA putra thA, bhImadeva ke tIna putra the, mUlarAja, kSemarAja aura krnn| inameM mUlarAja kA dehAnta apane pitA bhImadeva ke jIvana kAla meM hI ho gayA thaa| aMtima samaya meM kSemarAja ko rAjya denA cAhAM parantu usane svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| taba usane kaniSTha putra karNa ko rAjya dekara sarasvatI nadI ke taTa para sthita maMDUkezvara meM tapazcaraNa kiyaa| ataH zrIcandra ne apanA yaha kathAkoza san 995 (vi0saM0 1052) meM yA usake eka-do varSa pUrva hI I0 san 993 meM praNIta kiyA hogaa|

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60 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 saurASTra deza ke aNahilapura meM prasiddha prAgvATa vaMza ke nInAnvaya kula meM samutpanna sajjanottama sajjana nAma kA eka zrAvaka thA, jo dharmAtmA thA aura mUlarAja nRpendra kI goSThI meM bhAga letA thaa| vaha dharma kA eka AdhAra thaa| usakA kRSNa nAma kA eka putra aura jayantI nAma kI eka putrI thii| vaha dharma karma meM nirata, naziromaNi aura dAnAdi dvArA caturvidha saMgha kA saMyojaka thaa| usakI rANU nAmaka patnI se tIna putra aura cAra putriyA~ utpanna huiiN| vIjA, sAhanapAla aura sADhadeva ye tIna putra the aura zrI, zRMgAradevI, sundu aura sokhU ye cAra putriyA~ thiiN| inameM se sundu yA sundikA jaina dharma ke pracAra evaM uddhAra meM ruci rakhatI thii| kRSNa kI saMtAna ne apane karmakSaya hetu kathAkoza kI vyAkhyA kraaii| karttA ne bhavyoM kI prArthanA se pUrva AcAryoM kI racanA ko zrIcandra ke sammukha rakhI thii| isI kRSNa zrAvaka kI preraNA se kavi ne ukta kathAkoza ko banAyA thaa| prastuta graMtha vikrama kI 11vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha evaM 12vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha kI racanA hai / muni zrIcandra ne kahakosu kI racanA ke pUrva bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI do gAthAyeM uddhRta kI haiN| kathAoM kA prArambhika paricaya evaM zIrSaka ke bAda prAyaH bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI gAthAoM kA bhAga diyA hai| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne kathAkoza athavA kahakosu kI prastAvanA meM eka tAlikA dI hai, jisameM yaha draSTavya hai ki kisa prakAra vibhinna kathAyeM kramazaH bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI gAthAoM se saMbaMdhita hai| kaI kathAoM meM zrIcandra ne kahakosu meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| isa kahakosu meM 53 saMdhiyA~ haiM, jinameM vividha vratoM ke anuSThAna dvArA phala prApta karane vAloM kI kathAoM kA rocaka DhaMga se saMkalana kiyA gayA hai / kathAe~ sundara aura sukhada haiN| isa graMtha kI pratyeka sandhi meM kama se kama eka kathA avazya AI hai| ye sabhI kathAe~ dhArmika aura upadezaprada haiN| kathAoM kA uddezya manuSya ke hRdaya meM nirvega bhAva jAgRta kara vairAgya kI ora agrasara karanA hai| kathAkoza meM AI huI kathAe~ tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke kAla se guru paramparA dvArA nirantara calatI A rahI haiN| ataH kahakosu kathAgraMtha meM muni zrIcaMdra ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA tathA bRhatkathA koza se kathAvastu lI hai isIlie rAjanaitika citraNa meM paurANika samAja para rAjanIti kA prabhAva AMzika rUpa se pratibimbita hotA hai / kavi ne apane samaya meM pracalita rAjanItika vyavasthAoM tathA rAjya ke uttaradAyitva ko alpa hI citrita kiyA hai| lekina isake anuzIlana se kucha jhalaka to avazya hI pAI jAtI hai| kahakosu meM citrita rAjanaitika jIvana kI jhAMkI ko isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 61 rAjanIti prAcIna bhArata meM rAjanItizAstra ko rAjadharma, rAjya zAstra, daNDanIti Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| bhArata meM rAjanItizAstra ke adhyayana kI paramparA bhI bahuta prAcIna rahI hai| AcArya kauTilya tathA somadeva se bahuta pUrva yahA~ aneka rAjanItizAstrakAra ho cuke the jinake matoM kA ullekha mahAbhArata, kauTilIya arthazAstra, kAmandaka ke nItizAstra tathA nItivAkyAmRtam meM upalabdha hotA hai| kahakosu ina sabase pRthak eka kathA grantha hai| yahA~ jo kucha yatra-tatra rAjanIti viSayaka ullekha hai vaha kathA kahAniyoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| isake anuzIlana se tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita rAjanIti kA AbhAsa milatA hai| janapada vyavasthA bhogabhUmi kA anta hone para, jaba kalpavRkSa naSTa hone lage tathA prajA ke samakSa AjIvikA kI samasyA upasthita huI to prajA mahArAja RSabhadeva ke pAsa gaI tathA nivedana kiyaa| RSabhadeva ne asi, masi, kRSi, zilpa, vidyA tathA vANijya ina cha: karmoM kI vyavasthA kI, isake pazcAt indra ne ayodhyA meM jinAlayoM evaM tadanantara janapadoM kI vyavasthA kii| una janapadoM ke madhya bhAga meM parikhA, dhUlisAla, koTagopura tathA aTTAlakoM se suzobhita nagara, grAma, pura, kheTa, kharvaTa, paTTana Adi kI racanA kii| ataH pratIta hotA hai ki janapada nagara meM, nagara grAma meM, grAma pura meM, pura kheTa meM tathA kheTa kharvaTa meM vibhAjita the| rAjatantra megasthanIja ke vivaraNa ke anusAra IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI pUrva bhArata meM eka paramparA pracalita thI jisake anusAra prajAtantra kA vikAsa rAjatantra ke bAda mAnA jAtA thaa| purANoM meM buddha ke pUrva kI jo rAjavaMzAvalI hai usase prakaTa hotA hai ki chaThI zatAbdI ke madra, kuru, pAMcAla, zivi aura videha gaNatantra pahale nRpatantra hI the| jana sAmAnya kA sahaja AkarSaNa prabhAvI rAjatantra kI ora hI thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Rgveda se Arambha huI zAsanatantra kI yAtrA mahAjanapada se janapada hotI huI punaH nRpatantra yA rAjatantra meM parivartita hotI gii| jaina sUtroM meM gaNatantrAtmaka paddhati ke prati dRSTikoNa sahAnubhUtipUrNa dikhAI detA hai kintu yathArtha meM prabala AkarSaNa sabala rAjatantra kI ora hI thaa| kahakosu meM dRSTAMtoM ke mAdhyama se rAjatantra ko mahattA bhI dI gaI hai|

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62 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 saptAMga rAjya rAjya ke mukhya rUpa se sAta aMga mAne gaye haiN| sAta aMgoM ke paripUrNa hone para hI rAjya sucArU rUpa se calatA hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti meM rAjya ke sAta aMga mAne haiM-5 1. svAmI, 2. amAtya, 3. rASTra, 4. durga, 5. daNDa, 6. koza evaM 7. mitr| ina sAtoM meM mitra kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| suvarNa aura bhUmi ke lAbha se bhI mitra kI prApti adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnI gaI hai. kyoMki rAjA ko usakA saccA mitra sadA saccA mArga dikhAtA hai aura sadaiva ahita va hita kI bAta batAtA hai| svAmI/rAjA dIptyarthaka rAjR dhAtu meM kanin pratyaya ke yoga se rAjan zabda kI niSpatti hotI hai aura isakA zAbdika artha dIpyamAna, prakAzamAna athavA pratApavAna hotA hai| samAja meM zAMti evaM vyavasthA kI sthApanA ke lie, varNa saMkaratA ko rokane ke lie tathA lokamaryAdA kI rakSA ke lie rAjA kI parama AvazyakatA thii| manusmRti ke anusAra sampUrNa samprabhutA rAjA meM hI nihita hai| somadeva ke anusAra rAjA ke lie parAkrama, sadAcAra tathA rAjanItika jJAna tInoM hI bAteM rAjya ko sthAyI banAne ke lie parama Avazyaka haiN| anya bhAratIya paramparAoM ke samAna hI jaina paramparA bhI rAjA ke zreSTha vaMza kI kula paramparA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnatI hai| yadyapi jaina dRSTi jAti ke viruddha thI tathApi brAhmANa paramparA ke anukUla isameM bhI rAjA ke kSatriya kulotpanna hone kA vidhAna thaa| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra jJAtaka nAmaka kSatriya kulotpanna the| kSatriya rAjA kA. jAtimAna honA Avazyaka thaa| harivaMzapurANa meM rAjA ke lie bhUpa, narAdhIza, kSatriya, nAyaka, rAjana, mahArAja, kSitIzvara, kSitibhRta, nRpa, narezvara, adhipati, prajAti ityAdi paryAyavAcI zabda prayukta hue hai| rAjA ko uttama lakSaNoM se yukta honA caahie| use svara se susvara, gambhIra, eka hajAra ATha lakSaNoM se yukta, RSigotra kA dhAraka, vajraRSabha-nArAca-saMhanana tathA machalI ke udara ke samAna komala udara vAlA honA caahie|10 kahakosu kI kathAvastu rAjaparivAra se bhI sambandhita hai tathA isameM rAjA dhanasena, cakravartI bharata, rAjA zreNika, rAjA mahApadma tathA padma, rAjA mahAbala, rAjA vizAkhadatta Adi aneka rAjAoM kI zreSTha zAsana-vyavasthA kA ullekha hai|11 rAjA

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 63 jagat kA pati, atyanta zobhAyamAna paripATI kA pAlana karane vAlA, sampatti ko prApta karane vAlA, suvarNa kI nidhi se yukta, dedIpyamAna ratnoM ke khajAnoM se yukta, pRthvI ke vaibhava kA kAraNa, nagaroM ke harSa kA kAraNa, prajA hitakArI, causaTha kalAoM kA svAmI, dInoM kA hitaiSI tathA zatruoM kA adhipati hotA hai| kAvya ke anuzIlana se pratIta hotA hai ki mahAbalAdi rAjAoM meM ye guNa pUrNarUpa se vyApta the| rAjA mahAbala atyanta dhairyazAlI, udAra, prajA kI rakSA meM samartha evaM samasta guNoM kA saMketa bhavana yA ekatra milane kA sthAna thaa| rAjA ke kartavya jaina sUtroM meM rAjA ke kartavyoM ke viSaya meM ullekha AtA hai ki vaha sonA, cA~dI, maNi, vastra, vAhana, koSa aura bhaNDAra kI vRddhi kre| bhUmi kA vistAra kare, pazu aura dhAnya kI vRddhi kre| rAjA ko pura, japanada, rAjadhAnI, sevA aura antaHpura kA svAmI tathA rakSaka honA caahie|12 .. rAjA kA uttarAdhikAra sAdhAraNatayA rAjataMtra vaMzAnugata hI thaa| uttarAdhikAra vaMza paramparAgata thA tathA jyeSThatA kA niyama pradhAna mAnA jAtA thA arthAt rAjA kI mRtyu athavA usake rAjya kA tyAga karane ke uparAnta usakA jyeSTha putra hI rAjya kA adhikArI hotA thaa| kahakosu meM ullekha AtA hai ki mahApadma rAjA ne apane jyeSTha putra padma ko rAjA bnaayaa| kahakosu meM yaha bhI ullekha AtA hai ki yazodhara rAjA ke dvArA jyeSTha putra anantavIrya aura zrIdhara ko rAjya diyA gayA parantu donoM putroM ke dvArA rAjya asvIkAra karane para laghu putra priyacandra ko rAjA bnaayaa| yaha ullekha isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki jyeSTha putra dvArA rAjya asvIkAra kiye jAne para kaniSTha putra bhI rAjA bana sakatA hai|13|| maMtrimaMDala (amAtya) rAjya kI sapta prakRtiyoM meM rAjA ke pazcAt dvitIya sthAna maMtriyoM ko diyA jAtA hai| maMtriyoM ke satparAmarza para hI rAjya kA vikAsa, unnati evaM sthAyitva nirbhara hai| sAdhAraNa kAryoM meM bhI eka vyakti kI apekSA do vyaktiyoM kA vicAra karanA zreSTha mAnA jAtA hai phira rAjakArya to bahuta jaTila hote haiM taba use akelA rAjA kisa prakAra kara sakatA hai| somadeva ne maMtriyoM yA amAtyoM ko rAjya-zAsana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki jisa prakAra ratha kA eka cakra dUsare cakra kI sahAyatA ke binA ghUma nahIM sakatA usI prakAra akelA rAjA bhI amAtyoM kI sahAyatA

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64 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 ke binA rAjya rUpI ratha kA saMcAlana nahIM kara sktaa|14 zukranIti meM kahA gayA hai ki rAjA cAhe samasta vidyAoM meM kitanA hI dakSa kyoM na ho phira bhI use maMtriyoM kI salAha ke binA kisI bhI viSaya para vicAra nahIM karanA caahie|15 rAjA maMtrI kI AMkhoM se dekhatA hai arthAt unakI dRSTi se apanI nIti nirdhArita karatA hai / amAtya kI yogyatA ke sambandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki kulIna, zruti sampanna, pavitra, anurAgI, vIra, dhIra, niroga, nItizAstra meM paNDita, pragalbha, vAgmI, prAjJa, rAga-dveSa se rahita, satyasandha, mahAtmA, dRr3ha citta vAlA, prajA kA priya tathA dakSa honA caahie| kauTilya arthazAstra meM ullekha hai ki amAtya kI niyukti apane deza meM utpanna hue, kalIna pragalbha aura pavitra vyakti kI honI caahie|16 manu ke anusAra maMtri pariSad ke sadasya sAta yA ATha hone cAhie tathA AdipurANa meM ullekha hai ki maMtri pariSad meM kama se kama cAra tathA adhika se adhika sAta maMtrI hote the| kahakosu meM ullekha AtA hai ki rAjA zrIdharma ke bAli, namuci, prahlAda, bRhaspati nAma ke cAra maMtrI the| isase pratIta hotA hai ki kama se kama cAra maMtrI to hote hI the tathA cAra se adhika hote the yA nahIM isakA ullekha nahIM miltaa|8 maMtrI sadaiva prajA hita va rAjya hita meM parAmarza dete the| kahakosa meM saMdhi dasa meM rAjya meM rAjA ke abhAva meM maMtrI ne hI muni zrIdhara ko samajhAkara punaH rAjA banane meM hitakArI bhUmikA nibhAI thii| kahakosa meM yaha bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai ki maMtrI yadi rAjyahita ke alAvA rAjA ke dharma se dveSa karane vAlA hai to vaha rAjA ko sadaiva apane dharma kI ora unmukha karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| udAharaNa svarUpa vAtsalya aMga kI kathA meM zrIdharma rAjA ko cAroM maMtrI apane vaiSNava dharma kI ora AkRSTa karane kA satat prayAsa karate rahe aura isa hetu rAjA ko jainadharma se vidveSa karane vAlI bAteM batAte rhe| rAjA ko sadaiva dUsare para nirbhara nahIM rahanA caahie| sadaiva dUsare para nirbhara rahane para maMtriyoM ke dvArA rAjA padma ke samAna chala se rAjya-sattA samApta kI jA sakatI hai|9 rASTra/rAjya rAjya ke saptAMgoM meM rASTra yA rAjya kA tRtIya sthAna hai| varNAzrama, dhanya, suvarNa, pazu, tAMbA, lohA Adi dhAtuoM se yukta pRthvI ko rAjya kahate haiN|20 yAjJavalkya ke anusAra 'rAjA ke rASTra kI samRddhi isakI miTTI ke guNoM para nirbhara rahatI hai, rASTra-samRddhi se rAjA kI samRddhi hotI hai, ata: rAjA ko cAhie vaha samRddhi ke lie acche guNoM se yukta aisI bhUmi kA cunAva kare jisameM pracura anna upaje, jahA~ khanija ho, jahA~

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 65 vyApAra ho sake, khAnoM tathA anya vastuoM kI bharamAra ho, pazupAlana ho sake, pracura jala ho, susaMskRta vyakti rahate hoM, jaMgala hoM, jala-sthala ke mArga hoM evaM jahA~ kevala varSA ke jala para nirbhara na rahanA pdd'e|21 pratyeka rAjya janapadoM meM vibhakta the janapada nagara, grAma, pura, kheta tathA kharvaTa meM vibhakta thaa| prAcIna bhArata meM surakSA kI dRSTi se durga kI vizeSa mahattA thii| zatrubhaya to svabhAvika hI thaa| usase bacane ke sAdhana durga hI the kyoMki durgoM meM apAra dhana, anna-rAzi aura jIvana kI upayogI anya vastuoM ko sulabhatApUrvaka gupta rakhA jA sakatA thaa| durgoM ke mAdhyama se rAjA ko apanI surakSA, prajA aura koSa kI rakSA bhI ho jAtI thii| ataeva yaha Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thA ki durga, jo ArakSaNa pradAna karate haiM, unheM bhI ArakSita sthAnoM para hI banAyA jaae| kahakosu meM ullekha AtA hai ki rAjA hariSeNa ne digvijaya ke samaya parvatIya durgoM ko lAMghA jisase pratIta hotA hai ki durga nagara kI sImA para parvatIya kSetra meM banAye jAte the|22 ina durgoM ko rAjA ke mitroM kI saMjJA dI jAtI thI kyoMki ye rAjA tathA rAjya ke saba aMgoM ko apane aMcala meM chipA unakI rakSA karate the| koza rASTra rakSA ke sAdhanoM meM koza kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| binA dhana ke rAjA ke sAmane aneka vipattiyA~ A jAtI thiiN| jisa prakAra pAnI ke abhAva meM garmI meM nadI ke sUkha jAne se sampUrNa hariyAlI naSTa ho jAtI hai usI prakAra dhana kA pravAha ruka jAne se rASTra kI khuzahAlI samApta ho jAtI thii| kahakosu meM vAtsalya aMga kI kathA meM cAroM maMtriyoM dvArA rAjA padma ke koza kA dAna karane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM koza ekatra kiyA jAtA thA tathA samaya Ane para usa koza kA sadupayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|23 purohita rAjya kI rakSA tathA dhArmika kAryoM ke sampAdana ke lie purohita kA honA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| zukranIti meM kahA gayA hai ki mantra aura anuSThAna meM sampanna vedatrayI kA jJAtA, karma-tatpara, jitendriya, jitakrodha, lobha tathA moha se rahita, vedoM ke SaDaMgo kA jJAtA, dhanurvidyA tathA dharma kA jJAtA sva tathA para rASTranIti kA abhijJa purohita hotA hai|24 rAjA ke 14 ratnoM meM se eka ratna purohita thaa|

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66 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 arthazAstra meM cANakya likhate haiM- AcArya ke pIche ziSya, pitA ke pIche putra aura svAmI ke pIcha jisa prakAra bhRtya calatA hai usI prakAra rAjA ko purohita kA anugAmI honA caahie| rAjA pratyeka rAjanItika tathA dhArmika kArya purohita kI salAha se karatA thaa|25 kahakosu meM purohita ke varNana ke lie zivabhUti brAhmaNa kA nAmollekha hotA hai| zivabhUti brAhmaNa rAjya meM sabhI manuSyoM se zreSTha AcaraNa vAlA thaa| parantu kallAsa mitra kI saMgati ke kAraNa vaha rAjA se daNDita huaa| isI prakAra vajrakumAra kI prabhAvanA aMga kI kathA meM somadatta ke pitA rudradatta rAjA ke yahA~ purohita kArya karate the tathA somadatta kA mAmA subhUti rAjA kA purohita thaa| kahakosu meM purohita karma kI yogyatA ke lie sukumAla muni kI kathA meM somazarmA ke agnibhUti evaM vAyubhUti nAmaka patroM ko rAjA ne purohita karma ke yogya yogyatA dikhalAne ke lie kahA ki tumheM jyotiSa vidyA kA jJAna hai, nimitta zAstra jAnate ho, pUjA Adi kArya jAnate ho isa prakAra dhanurvidyA, rAjanIti, arthanIti Adi zAstroM ke jJAtA hone ke saMketa milate haiN|26 parantu dasa saMdhiyoM meM purohita kA nAma AyA hai jo rAjA kA vizvasanIya hotA hai, para usake kArya ke viSaya meM jAnakArI kA abhAva hai| daNDa-vyavasthA bhArata dharma pradhAna deza ke sAtha hI karma pradhAna deza bhI hai| isameM jitanA mahattva dharma ko diyA jAtA hai, utanA hI mahattva karma ko bhI diyA jAtA hai| dharma kI vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie puNya-pApa kA vivecana karake dhArmika vyaktiyoM ko pApa se bacane kA nirdeza diyA hai| parantu jo vyakti dharma se anabhijJa hai yA dharma meM jinakI AsthA nahIM hai, una vyaktiyoM ke lie bhagavAn AdinAtha ne sarvaprathama karma svarUpa daNDa kA vidhAna kiyaa| galatI karane vAle ko pazcAttApa svarUpa hA zabda kA vidhAna kiyA, jisakA artha galatI ko svIkAra karanA hai| parantu mAnava jaba apanI galatI ko dubArA karane lagA to usake lie hA zabda ke sAtha mA zabda kA prayoga bhI hone lagA jisakA artha nahIM kruuNgaa| ina do daNDoM ke prayoga ke bAda bhI jaba mAnava kI pravRtti pApa karma se rahita nahIM huI to dhik zabda ke dvArA apane ko dhikkAra karane kA daNDa pracalita huaa|27 bhagavAn AdinAtha ke pazcAt bharata cakravartI bharatavarSa kA rAjA huaa| usake samaya meM pApa karma kI pravRtti adhika hone lagI aura pUrva meM nirdhArita daNDa kA una para koI prabhAva nahIM par3A taba bharata ne unake lie zArIrika daNDa ko sucAru rUpa se calAyA aura vyakti ke mana, vacana, kAya kI kriyA ke anusAra nyAya-anyAya meM vibhakta kara usako daNDa dene kA vidhAna kiyaa| bharata cakravartI ne dharma aura karma ke anusAra daNDa kA svarUpa nirdhArita kiyaa|

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 67 kahakosu meM vAtsalya aMga kI kathA meM rAjA zrIdharma ke dvArA cAroM maMtriyoM ko prANadaNDa kI sajA dI jAtI hai parantu muni zrutasAgara jI ke dvArA manA karane para unheM mu~ha kAlA karake deza nikAlA de diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra vyaMjanahIna kathA, arthahIna kathA, vyaMjana-arthahIna kathA, vyaMjana artha ubhayazuddhi kathA meM rAjA ke dvArA pAThaka ko azuddha vAcana karane para yA azuddha artha batAne para bhinna-bhinna daNDa diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra vAriSeNa muni ke kathAnaka meM rAjA zreNika ke dvArA rAjakumAra vAriSeNa ko corI ke aparAdha meM mRtyudaNDa kI sajA dI jAtI hai parantu devoM dvArA vAriSeNa rAjakumAra kI rakSA kI jAtI hai| kallAsamitra kI kathA meM purohita kA zarAba pInA siddha hone pararAjA ke dvArA use deza nikAle kI sajA dI jAtI hai|28 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM daNDa kA prAvadhAna thaa| Arthika jIvana arthazAstra kA viSaya manuSya hai| manuSya kisa prakAra Aya prApta karatA hai aura use vyaya karake apanI bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kisa vidhi ke anusAra karatA huA sukha aura kalyANa prApta karatA hai, yaha arthazAstra kA adhyayanIya viSaya hai| AdipurANa me AjIvikA ke pramukha chaH sAdhanoM kA nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai asimaSiH kRSirvidyA vANijyaM zilpameva ca, karmANImAni SoDhA syuH prajAjIvana-hetavaH 29 arthAt asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa- ye cha: kArya prajA kI AjIvikA ke sAdhana haiN| kahakosa meM asi, zilpa, vidyA, vANijya ke dRSTAMta hI diye hai maSi, aura kRSi ke dRSTAMtoM kA abhAva hai| asi asi karma mukhyataH sainika vRtti hai| senA kI naukarI karate hue AjIvikA arjana karanA asivRtti ke antargata AtA hai| varNavyavasthA meM kSatriya ke karttavya karma asi vRtti ke andara samAhita hai|30 asivRtti kA kArya usa kSetra taka hI grAhya hai jisa kSetra meM samAja, dharma, deza evaM rASTra kI rakSA kA sambandha rahatA hai jaba asi karma usa kSetra kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai usa samaya tyAjya ho jAtA hai| kahakosu meM yuddha ke lie taiyAra sainika tathA senApati, dvArapAla asivRtti se hI jIvikA kA arjana karate haiN| hariSeNa cakravartI kI senA meM sainikoM kI saMkhyA ko dekhakara yaha pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM sainika karma bhI

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68 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 sammAnanIya karma samajhA jAtA thA tathA vyaMjanahIna kathA, arthahIna kathA, vyaMjana artha hIna kathA, vyaMjana artha ubhaya zuddhi kathA meM bhI rAjA apane zatru ko jItane ke lie sainikoM ko lekara prayANa karatA hai / 31 isase bhI yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki asi karma parama Avazyaka karma mAnA jAtA thA / vidyA vidyA dvArA AjIvikA se tAtparya hai ki kucha loga paThana-pAThana dvArA AjIvikA arjita karate the| purohita ko isa varga meM rakhA jA sakatA thaa| kahakosu meM paThanapAThana ke dvArA bhI AjIvikA kA arjana karate the| caNDapradyota rAjakumAra ko adhyayana karAne ke lie kAlasaMdIva nAmaka AcArya kI niyukti kI gaI thI tathA vIrasena rAjA ke putra siMharatha ke adhyApana ke lie rAjA ne garga nAmaka AcArya kI niyukti kI evaM vIradatta rAjA ne apane putra ke adhyayana ke lie rAjasevakoM ko patra likhA ki usake putra ke adhyApana kI vyavasthA karAI jaae| 32 isa prakAra purAkAla meM vidyA adhyApanaadhyayana se dhana kA arjana karake AjIvikA upalabdha kI jAtI thii| vANijya vyApAra karanA hI vANijya hai| jisa deza meM kRSi, pazupAlana tathA vANijya vyavasAyoM kI unnati na ho usa deza kI Arthika unnati kabhI nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki ina tIna para hI deza kI Arthika unnati nirbhara karatI hai| kahakosu meM ullekha AtA hai ki haridatta vyavasAyI ne somadatta muni se apanA karja maaNgaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM vyApAra meM lenadena meM dhana kI udhArI hotI thii| kahakosu meM madirApAna kA evaM madirA vikraya kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| kallAsamitra kI kathA meM madirA vyApArI pUrNacaMdra kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| 33 isase pratIta hotA hai ki madirA kA bhI vyApAra kiyA jAtA thaa| kahakosu meM vyApAriyoM ke nAmollekha meM sUradatta vaNik ke putra sUramitra aura sUracandra nAma Ate haiM jo vyApAra ke uddezya se videza gamana karate haiM aura vahA~ para vyApAra karake eka ratna kharIdate haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai ki vyApAra karma bhI isa kAla meM pracalita thaa| zilpa AdipurANa meM 'zilpaM syAtkarakauzalam' arthAt hastakauzala ko zilpakarma kahA gayA hai| hastakauzala ke antargata bar3haI, lohAra, kumhAra, camAra, sonAra Adi kI upayogI kalAe~ to sammilita thIM hI para citra banAnA tathA phUla-patte kATanA bhI isI

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 69 zreNI meM parigaNita thaa|34 kahakosu meM buddhimatI kI kathA meM citrakAra kA varNana AtA hai jo zrIcaMdra muni kA citra aMkita karatA hai tathA vyaMjana arthahIna kathA meM rAjA mahApadma ne eka hajAra stambha vAlA jinamaMdira banavAne ke lie apanI rAjadhAnI meM patra likhaa| yaha bhI isa bAta kA pratIta hai ki isa kAla meM zilpa ke jAnakAra vyakti the| jisa kAraNa rAjA ne maMdira banavAne kA nirNaya liyaa| mahArAnI celanA kA ratnajaTita hAra curAne kA prasaMga AtA hai isase bhI yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki ratnajaTita hAra banAne vAle kArIgara bhI usa samaya the|35 niSkarSa isa prakAra isa lekha meM rAjanaitika ciMtana ke aMtargata rAjA ke kartavyoM tathA rAjavyavasthA ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai| kahakosu ke samaya rAja-vyavasthA meM vyApAra ke kyA sAdhana the? loga apanI AjIvikA kA arjana kaise karate the? ina sabhI tathyoM para isa lekha meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / sandarbha bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhUmikA kahakosu, prastAvanA, pR0 11 kahakosu, saMdhi 1-10 jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti, pR0 27 svAmyamAtya jano durga kozo daNDastathaiva ca / mitrANyetAH prakRtayo rAjyaM saptaMgamucyate / / yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1/353 manusmRti, 7/7 nItivAkyAmRtam, 5/41 uttarAdhyayana, 18/24, 1/7 harivaMzapurANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 77 uttarAdhyayana, 22/5-1 kahakosu, saMdhi 1-10 uttarAdhyayana, 18/7, 9/49 0 kahakosu, saMdhi 3, 10 11. 12. 13.

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70 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 14. nItivAkyAmRtam, 18/3 15. sarvavidyAsu kuzalo nRpo hRSi sumaMtravit / maMtribhistu vinA mantraM naiko'rtha cintye| zukranIti, 2/2 kauTilIya arthazAstra, pR0 28 AdipurANa, 4/190 kahakosu, saMdhi 3 kahakosu, saMdhi 3,10 nItivAkyAmRtam, 5/6 ramyaM pazavyamAjIvyaM jAMgalaM dezamAvaset , tatra durSANi kurvIt janakozAtmaguptye / yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1/321 kahakosu, saMdhi 8 kahakosu, saMdhi 3 zukranIti, 2/2 arthazAstra, pR0 29-30 kahakosu, saMdhi-4, 7, 22 AdinAthapurANa, bhAga-1, zloka 250, kahakosu, saMdhi 3, 4, 6, 7 AdipurANa, 16/179 AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 338 kahakosu, saMdhi-6 kahakosu, saMdhi 6 33. kahakosu, saMdhi 5, 7 34. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 345 36. kahakosu, saMdhi 3, 5, 6 24. pramukha sahAyaka graMtha arthazAstra, kauTilya, saMpA0 ela. ena. raMgArAjana, peMguna buka iMDiyA, naI dillI, 1992 2. AdipurANa, jinasenAcArya, saMpA0 pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI,1988

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kahakosu (kathAkoza) meM varNita rAjanaitika ciMtana : 71 AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, nemicandra zAstrI, zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI graMthamAlA, vArANasI uttarAdhyayanasUtra, anu0/sampA0 rAjendra muni zAstrI, Agama sAhitya prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1991 kahakosu, muni zrIcandra, saMpA0 DaoN. hIrAlAla zAstrI, prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI ahamadAbAda, 1969 jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti, rekhA caturvedI, anAmikA prakAzana evaM DisTrIbyUTarsa, naI dillI, 2000 nItivAkyAmRtam, somadevasUri, mA0di0jaina, mumbaI, vi0 saM0 1979 purudevacampU, kavi arhaddAsa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1973 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, AcArya zivArya, paM. kailAza candra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha solApura, 2005 manusmRti, AcArya manu, sampA0 paM0 rAmatejazAstrI, paM0 pustakAlaya, kAzI yAjJavalkyasmRti, yAjJavalkya, umeza pANDeya, caukhambA saMskRta pratiSThAna, dillI, 2003 zukranIti, maharSi zukrAcArya, caukhambA saMskRta saMsthAna vArANasI, 1999 harivaMzapurANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, DaoN. pI0 sI0 jaina, devanAgara prakAzana, jayapura 12. 13. ***

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jainAgamoM meM svapna-vijJAna ku. maJjU jaina isa Alekha meM lekhikA ne zvetAmbara jainAgamoM ke Aloka meM tIrthaMkara, cakravartI Adi kI mAtAoM dvArA dekhe jAne vAle svapnoM tathA unake svapnaphaloM kI carcA kI hai| isa Alekha meM yadi digambara-mAnyatA tathA jyotiSa granthoM ke pramANa bhI jor3e jAte to acchA hotA, phira bhI prayAsa acchA hai| -sampAdaka jJAtAdharmakathA ke meghakumAra nAmaka adhyayana meM dhAriNI ke dvArA dekhe jAne vAle svapna kA vivecana hai| vaha svapna meM apane mukha meM hAthI ko praveza karate hue dekhatI hai| ardhanidrita avasthA meM mAnava ko svapna Ate haiN| aSTAMgahRdaya ke anusAra jaba indriyA~ apane viSaya se nivRtta hokara prazAnta ho jAtI haiM aura mana indriyoM ke viSayoM meM lagA rahatA hai taba vaha svapna dekhatA hai| jainadarzanAnusAra svapna kA mUla kAraNa darzanamohanIya karma kA udaya hai| sigmaNDa phrAyaDa ne svapna kA artha damita vAsanAoM kI abhivyakti kahA hai| cArlsa yuMgare svapna ko kevala anubhava kI pratikriyA nahIM mAnate haiN| ve svapna ko mAnava ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa aura bhAvI jIvana kA dyotaka mAnate haiN| phrAyaDa aura yuMga ke svapna saMbaMdhI vicAroM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki phrAyaDa yaha mAnatA hai ki adhikAMza svapna mAnava kI kAmavAsanA se saMbaMdhita hote haiM jabaki yuMga kA mAnanA hai ki svapnoM kA kAraNa mAnava ke kevala vaiyaktika anubhava athavA usakI svArthamayI icchAoM kA damana mAtra hI nahIM hotA apitu usake gaMbhIratama mana kI AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ bhI hotI haiN| AcArya jinasena ne svastha avasthA vAle aura asvastha avasthA vAle- ye do prakAra ke svapna mAne haiN| AcArya ne doSa-samudbhava aura deva-samudbhava' isa prakAra svapna ke do bheda bhI kiye haiN| vAta, pitta, kapha, prabhRti zArIrika vikAroM ke kAraNa jo svapna Ate haiM ve doSaja haiN| iSTadeva yA mAnasika samAdhi kI sthiti meM Ane vAle svapna deva-samudbhava kahalAte haiN| sthAnAMga va bhagavatI" meM pA~ca prakAra ke svapnoM kA varNana hai yathAtathya svapna - jo svapna meM dekhA hai jAgane para usI taraha dekhanA, arthAt anukUla-pratikUla, zubha-azubha phala kI praapti|

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jainAgamoM meM svapna vijJAna : 73 2. pratAna svapna- vistAra se dekhnaa| 3. cintA svapna- mana meM rahI huI cintA ko svapna meM dekhnaa| 4. tadviparIta svapna- svapna meM dekhI huI ghaTanA kA viparIta prbhaav| 5. avyakta svapna-svapna meM dikhAI dene vAlI vastu kA pUrNa jJAna na honaa| svapnoM aura mahAsvapnoM kI saMkhyA kA nirUpaNa : viziSTa svapnoM kI saMkhyA bahattara batalAI gaI hai| vaise to svapna asaMkhya prakAra ke ho sakate haiM kintu phalasUcaka svapnoM kI saMkhyA 72 hai tathA mahattama phalasUcaka svapnoM kI saMkhyA 30 hai ye 30 mahAsvapna kahalAte haiN| mahAsvapna ko dekhane vAlI mahAn AtmAoM kI mAtAe~ hI hotI haiN| tIrthaMkara kI mAtAoM ko dikhAI dene vAle svapna : tIrthaMkara banane vAlI AtmAe~ jaba garbha meM avatarita hotI haiM taba unakI mAtAe~ caudaha mahAsvapna dekhatI haiM10 yathA 1. ujjvala varNa, puSTa skandha aura baliSTha zarIra vAlA vRSabha dekhanA, 2. zveta varNa vAlA, parvata ke samAna U~cA aura cAra dA~ta vAlA gajarAja dekhanA, 3. kesarI siMha, 4. lakSmI devI, 5. puSpamAlA, 6.candramA, 7. sUrya, 8. mahAdhvaja, 9. svarNa kalaza, 10. padma-sarovara, 11. kSIra-samudra, 12. deva-vimAna, 13. ratnoM kA Dhera evaM 14. dhUma rahita prakAzamAna agni| ye mahAmaMgalakArI svapna dikhAI dete haiN| devaloka se Ane vAle tIrthakara kI mAtAyeM ye svapna dekhatI haiM parantu narakoM se jo AtmAe~ AtI haiM unakI mAtAyeM deva-vimAna ke sthAna para bhavana kA svapna dekhatI haiN|11 uparokta caudaha mahAsvapnoM kA phala12 : 1. vRSabha darzana se utpanna hone vAlA putra moha rUpI kIcar3a meM phaMse hue dharma rUpI ratha kA uddhAra karane vAlA evaM lokottama, parAkramI hogA, 2. hasti-darzana se putra mahat puruSoM kA guru evaM mahAn balazAlI hogA, 3. siMha-darzana se utpanna putra puruSoM meM siMha ke samAna nirbhaya, zUravIra, dhIra va parAkramI hogA, 4. lakSmI-darzana kA phalitArtha yaha ki putra tIna loka kI rAjyalakSmI kA svAmI hogA, 5. puSpamAlA se putra puNya darzana vAlA hogA evaM saMsAra ke prANI mAlA ke samAna usakI AjJA ko zirodhArya kareMge, 6. candra-darzana se saMketa hai ki putra manohArI evaM AnaMdakArI hogaa|

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74 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 7. sUrya-darzana se saMketa milatA hai ki Ane vAlA putra moha evaM ajJAnAMdhakAra kA nAza kara jJAna kA prakAza karane vAlA vizvottama mahApuruSa hogA, 8. mahAdhvaja ke svapna se jJAta hotA hai ki garbhastha AtmA mahAn puNyazAlI, pratiSThita evaM yazasvI hogI, 9. sabhI prakAra kI vizeSatAoM se paripUrNa patra-prApti kA saMketa pUrNakalaza se milatA hai, 10. padmasarovara kA artha hai ki putra saMsArI prANiyoM ke pAparUpI tApa kA haraNa karake sabhI ko pavitra evaM zItala banAyegA, 11. samudra-darzana kA phalitArtha hai ki putra samudra ke samAna gaMbhIra hogA, 12. vimAna darzana kA phala hai ki putra vaimAnika devo se sevita hogA, 13. ratna-rAzi yaha batAtI hai ki vaha mahAn guNoM kI khAna hogA evaM 14. nirdhUma agni kA aMtima svapna yaha saMdeza de rahA hai ki putra mahAtejasvI hogaa| cakravartI kI mAtAyeM bhI uparyukta caudaha svapnoM kA darzana karatI haiN| vAsudeva kI mAtAyeM ina caudaha meM se koI sAta svapna dekhatI haiN| baladeva kI mAtAyeM caudaha meM se kinhIM cAra svapnoM kA darzana karatI haiM evaM mAMDalika kI mAtAyeM yAvat ina caudaha mahAsvapnoM meM se koI eka mahAsvapna dekhakara jAgRta hotI haiN| 13 mahAvIra dvArA dekhe gaye svapna va unakA phala : chadmAvasthA kI aMtima rAtri meM mahAvIra jina dasa mahAsvapnoM ko dekhakara jAgRta hue ve dasa svapna 4 isa prakAra haiM1. eka mahAbhayaMkara aura tejasvI rUpa vAle tAr3a vRkSa ke samAna lambe pizAca ko svapna meM parAjita kiyaa| zveta paMkhoM vAle eka mahAn puMskokila ko dekhaa| citra-vicitra paMkhoM vAle puMskokila ko svapna meM dekhaa| 4. sarvaratnamaya eka mahAn mAlA-yugala ko dekhaa| eka mahAn govarga ko dekhaa| cAroM ora se puSpita eka mahAn padmasarovara ko dekhaa| mahAsAgara ko apanI bhujAoM se ghire hue dekhaa| . svateja se jAjvalyamAna eka mahAn divAkara ko dekhaa| 9. vizAla mAnuSottara parvata ko nIla vaiDUrya maNi ke samAna apanI A~toM meM cAroM ora se AveSTita dekhaa| mahAn mandara nAmaka sumerU parvata kI maMdara cUlikA para zreSTha siMhAsana para svayaM ko baiThe hue dekhaa| ; o r

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jainAgamoM meM svapna vijJAna : 75 phala15 : prathama svapna ke phalasvarUpa mahAvIra ne mahAmohanIya karma ko samUla naSTa kiyaa| dUsare svapna ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa mahAvIra ne zukladhyAna prApta karake vicaraNa kiyaa| vicitra paMkhoM vAle puMskokila ke svapna kA phalitArtha yaha huA ki zramaNa mahAvIra ne svasamaya-parasamaya ke vividha vicAroM se yukta dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka kA prarUpaNa kiyaa| caturtha svapna ke phalasvarUpa mahAvIra ne sAgAra (gRhastha) va aNagAra (sAdhu) dharma ko prajJapta kiyaa| pA~caveM svapna kA phala yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne caturvidhasaMgha rUpI tIrtha kI sthApanA kii| chaThe svapna kA yaha phala huA ki zramaNa mahAvIra ne cAra prakAra ke devoM kI prarUpaNA kii| sAtaveM svapna ke phalasvarUpa mahAvIra ne anAdi-ananta saMsAra-sAgara ko pAra kiyaa| AThaveM svapna ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa mahAvIra ko anaMta, anuttara, nirvyAghAnta pratipUrNa zreSTha kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana kI prApti huii| naveM svapna ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa mahAvIrasvAmI udArakIrti, stuti, prazaMsA va yaza ko prApta hue| 10. dasaveM svapna kA phala yaha huA ki zramaNa mahAvIra ne devoM, manuSyoM aura asuroM kI pariSadoM ke madhya dharmopadeza diyaa| rAjA candragupta dvArA dekhe gaye solaha svapna va unakA phala'6 : magadha rAjya kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra meM rAjA candragupta ne rAtri ke aMtima prahara meM atyanta anokhe va vicitra se solaha svapna dekhe, yathA prathama svapna meM kalpavRkSa kI zAkhA bhaMga hote hue dekhii| dvitIya svapna meM akAla meM asta hote hue sUrya ko dekhaa| chalanI jaise chidroM se yukta caMdramA dekhaa| bhUta-bhUtanI ko nAcate hue dekhaa|

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12. 76 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 bAraha phaNa vAlA sarpa dekhaa| devavimAna ko vApasa lauTate hae dekhaa| azuci sthAna para kamala kI utpatti dekhii| ghora aMdhakAra meM juganU kI bhA~ti camakatI-bujhatI agni dekhii| tIna dizAoM meM sUkhA samudra dekhaa| dasaveM svapna meM kutte ko sone kI thAlI meM khAte dekhaa| gyArahaveM svapna meM baMdara ko hAthI ke Upara baiThe hue dekhaa| bArahaveM svapna meM samudra ko apanI sImAoM se bAhara jAte dekhaa| 13. teharaveM svapna meM dekhA ki choTe bachar3e bahuta bhArI ratha ko khIMca rahe haiN| 14. caudahaveM svapna meM maTamailI ratna-rAzi dekhii| 15. pandrahaveM svapna meM eka rAjakumAra ko pAr3e (bhaiMsa ke bacce) kI savArI karate dekhaa| 16. aMtima svapna meM binA mahAvata ke hAthiyoM ko lar3ate dekhaa| phala : zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ne rAjA caMdragupta ke solaha svapnoM ko sunakara kahA, "rAjan ! ye svapna bhaviSya meM hone vAle ghora aniSTa ke sUcaka haiN|" unhoMne hI apane jJAnopayoga se ina svapnoM kA phala batalAyA pahale svapna kA tAtparya bhaviSya meM koI bhI rAjA zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa nahIM kregaa| dUsare svapna kA phalitArtha pA~cave Are meM kevala jJAna nahIM hogaa| tIsare svapna ke phalasvarUpa paMcama Are meM ujjvala bhAvanA vAle bhI chidrAnveSI hoNge| caturtha svapna kA phala yaha hogA ki mithyAdRSTi devoM, kuguru va kudharma kI adhika mAnyatA hogii| pA~caveM svapna kA tAtparya hai ki Agata samaya meM bArahavarSI bhayaMkara duSkAla * * 3 pdd'egeN| chaThe svapna kA artha batAyA ki bharata kSetra meM devatAoM, vidyAdharoM, cAraNa muniyoM tathA sampUrNa labdhiyoM kA lopa ho jaayegaa| sAtaveM svapna ke anusAra vaNik dharma hogA, mata adhika hoMge,ApasIkhIMcatAna jyAdA hogii| camakatI-bujhatI agni darzana kA matalaba dharmodyota kama hogA, mithyAADambara adhika hoNge| i

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11. 13. 14. jainAgamoM meM svapna vijJAna : 77 naveM svapnAnusAra tIna dizAoM meM dharmadhyAna kama hotA-hotA sirpha dakSiNa meM dharmodyota hogaa| dasaveM svapna kA tAtparya batAyA ki lakSmI nIca kuloM meM vAsa kregii| gyArahaveM svapna kA phalitArtha hai ki maleccha rAjA rAjya kreNge| 12. bArahaveM svapna ke phalasvarUpa choTe-bar3oM kI vinaya nahIM kreNge| terahaveM svapna ke anusAra jinadharma kI bAgaDora choTe-choTe bacce sNbhaaleNge| maTamailI ratna-rAzi ke darzanusAra bhaviSya meM caturvidha saMgha meM premabhAva kama hotA calA jaayegaa| 15. adhikAra mAnava kubuddhi ke hoMge, yaha pandrahaveM svapna kA tAtparya hai| 16. aMtima svapna ke phalasvarUpa bhaviSya meM samaya para varSA nahIM hogii| eka-do bhava meM mukta honevAle AtmAoM ko dikhane vAle svapna-saMketa : koI strI yA puruSa, svapna ke anta meM eka mahAn azvapaMkti, gaja-paMkti yA vRSabha paMkti kA avalokana karatA huA dekhe, usa para car3hane kA prayatna karatA huA car3he tathA svayaM ko usa para car3hA huA mAne, aisA dekha turaMta jAgRta ho to vaha usI bhava meM siddha hotA hai, yAvat sabhI duHkhoM kA anta karatA hai| koI strI yA puruSa svapna ke anta meM, samudra ko donoM ora se chUtI huI, pUrva se pazcima taka vistRta eka bar3I rassI ko dekhane kA prayatna karatA huA dekhe, apane donoM hAthoM se use. sameTatA huA sameTe, phira anubhava . kare ki maiMne svayaM rassI ko sameTa liyA hai, aisA dekhakara jAgRta ho to, vaha usI bhava meM siddha hotA hai| aise hI caudaha svapnoM kA ullekha bhagavatI sUtra meM milatA hai jo eka yA do bhava karake siddha, buddha aura mukta hotI haiN| svapna evaM svapna ke phala kA vicAra yA cintana sAhitya-jagat meM prAraMbha se hI huA hai, kyoMki jo bhI divya puruSa yA divya nAriyA~ huI haiM, unhoMne jo svapna dekhe haiM ve zubha haiM to acche pariNAmoM ko darzAte rhe| azubha ke saMketoM ne bhI mAnavIya jIvana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| svapna vijJAna jyotiSIya dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| inakA gaNitIya AdhAra AgamoM meM diyA gayA hai| ina para zodha Avazyaka hai|

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78 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 sandarbha 11. bhagavatI sUtra, 16/6, pR0 567 aSTAMgahRdaya, nidAna sthAna, 9 hindI vizvakoza khaNDa-12, pR0 264 mahApurANa, 41-59/60 vahI, sarga, 41/61 sthAnAMgasUtra, 5 bhagavatIsUtra, 16/6 bhagavatIsUtra, 16/6 pR0 570 (ka) bhagavatI0 abhayadevasUri vRti, patra 711 bhagavatI (hindI vivecana), bhA0 5, pR0 2558 DozI, ratanalAlaH, tIrthaMkara caritra, bhAga-1, pR0 29 vahI, bhAga-1, pR0 30-31 digambara paramparA meM 16 svapna dekhatI hai ye svapna haiM- 1. lIlAmaya gati se girIndra ke samAna madonmatta (airAvata) hAthI, 2. dundubhi ke samAna zabda karatA baila, 3. siMha, 4. yugala mAlA, 5. gajAbhiSikta lakSmI, 6. pUrNacandra, 7. sUrya, 8. yugala kalaza, 9. yugala mIna, 10. sarovara, 11. samudra, 12. siMhAsana, 13. deva-vimAna, 14. nAgendra-bhavana, 15. ratnarAzi, 16. nidhUma agni- jaina purANakoza, jainavidyAsaMsthAna, rAjasthAna, pR0 473 evaM vardhamAna jIvana-koza, jainadarzana samiti, kalakattA, pR0 149 viyAhapaNNattisutta, bhA0 2, (mUlapATha-TippaNayukta), pR0 762-763 bhagavatI sUtra, yuvAcArya muni madhukara : 16/6, pR0 572 vahI, pR0 573-574 DaoN0 muni padama, baDI sAdhuvaMdanA pravacana, pR0 307-316 (ka) dekheM AcArya jayamala jI ma.sA. kI kRti' caMdragupta ke solaha sapane bhagavatIsUtra, 16/6, pR0 575 13. 14. 17. ***

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Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art Prof. Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari The reverence for peace and purity was uppermost in the Jaina consciousness. Only the highest point of spiritual attainment was sought to be reflected in art. Among these spiritual goals is the state of aparigraha, with its various nuances of 'freedom from attachment', both internal and external. In this paper author has based his discussion of aparigraha as manifested in art to the three main subjects of the sculptures: the Jinas, Bahubali and Bharatamuni. -Editor Art is the living visual account of our tradition, including the concepts in religion and philosophy that prevail during an epoch in society. And yet, while discussing religion, philosophy or culture, we tend to take into account only literature as the main narrative and miss out the artistic creations of temple and sculpture and painting, or the other forms embodying the spirit of the time. As V.S. Agrawala points out, "Indian art is the mirror of the thought, religion, philosophy, cults and culture of India. It is a rich commentary on the life of the Indian people. How they worshipped and what they created on the plane of matter is documented in creations of Indian art." Art was intricately woven into the life of the land, never standing apart, and yet capable of reflecting values, ideals and concerns without comment. In the Jaina context, art has been the main vehicle for the wide and dynamic expression of Jaina spirituality: the absolute renunciation of all possessiveness, and the ideals of non-violence and austerity. An important and unique character of Jaina art and thought was that the artists never compromised on the basic tenets of their creed. These tenets found idealistic expression in their image of the invincible Jins or Tirthankaras, and of the legendary prince, Gommatesvara Bahubali.

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80 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 The reverence for peace and purity was uppermost in the Jaina consciousness, so much so that only the highest point of spiritual attainment was sought to be reflected in art. Among these spiritual goals is the state of aparigraha, with its various nuances of 'freedom from attachment', both internal and external. The poetics of Jaina concepts, woven into the attitudes, gestures and postures of the images, brought forth multiple layers of meaning in a visual language of symbols. The subject chosen was depicted in the human form -- whether legend, deity or sage. However, the person was revered for the quality epitomized rather than his historical or social role. Thus, the inspiration quality of a Jina was his invincibility as the soul of perfection. Other qualities and states of being worthy of attainment were: of vitaragi, free from desire and passion; nirgantha, free from knots of bondage; the posture of kayotsarga, the erect figure in the attitude of dismissing the body; the figure seated cross-legged in dhyana mudra, indicating deep meditation; and finally the absolute aparigraha of the sky-clad- Digambara, the naked soul. Of course, the subject most often chosen by the artist to project the wholeness of his inspiration was one of the twenty-four Jinas. The other main legendary subjects were -- Bahubali, the son of the first Jina Rsabhanatha, the personification of endurance; and Bharatamuni, the prince who is worshipped not as cakravartin or emperor, but as muni. Besides these, there were also the images and paintings depicting ascetics and holy mendicants -- acaryas, sadhus and sadhvis. The subject of art always remained close to the popular imagination and art sought to enhance it with the artistic experience it offered, taking great care to acknowledge the perfection of the ideals projected. In the present paper I shall restrict my discussion of aparigraha as manifested in art to the three main subjects of the sculptures: the Jinas, Bahubali and Bharatamuni.

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Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art : 81 Jinas: The twenty-four Jinas formed the nucleus of the Jaina pantheon and so also of the visual representation of the thoughts and myths, which were translated into figurative and pictorial art. The Jinas were venerated as Devadhideva, the supreme deity. As a consequence, the Jina images far outnumber the images of all other deities. The Jina images evoke the worship of bhava, the soul's particular state of being, and not the dravya or the physical idol at all. The object of worship is the perfection attained by a human being who has won freedom from all bondage, through absolute renunciation of worldly possessions and deep austerity. The figures depicted are always youthful, with a stillness, suggesting a realm beyond time. The Jinas or arhats, are vitaragi, passionless, and therefore they neither favour nor frown upon anybody. For this reason, the Jinas are always shown in the attitude of meditation. The Jaina artist's fidelity to this principle was unswerving. It is interesting to note the contrast with Buddhist art, where the Buddha, in due course of time, was depicted with such gestures as the abhaya-mudra, the gesture bestowing protection and refuge, and the varada-mudra, conferring boon which show his power to intervene and bestow blessings in the material and phenomenal world. In the Jainism, none of the Jinas was ever credited with performace of miracles, even at the time of the their upsargas, the hindrances caused by evil spirits during their penance. This was not the case with Buddha imagery. The Jaina artist, by strictly adhering to the dhyana and the kayotsarga mudras in respect of Jinas showed their commitment to transcendental meditation and dismissal of the body as suggested with Yaksas and Yaksis as Sasanadevatas who, according to Jaina texts, could fulfil the worldly desire of the common worshippers. The Jina images of the earliest period were carved over a span of some three hundred years (third century BC to first century BC), right from the Mauryan and Sunga-Kusana period. The main example of these were found in Mathura in UP, and Chausa and Lohanipur in Bihar. The seven Jinas represented in early Jania art are: Parsvanatha, Rsabhadeva,

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82 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 Mahavira, Neminatha, Sambhavanatha, Munisuvrata and Suparsvanatha. The figures of all the other Jinas were carved during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods, and many of these have been found in: Mathura (UP), Rajgir (Bihar), Durjanpur (Vidisha, MP), Akota (Gujarat) and Badami and Aihole (Bijapur, Karnataka). The innumerable Jina images created during the subsequent centuries have been found at a number of sites of the Svetambara and Digambara affiliations in North and South India. All the Jina images, invariably show the highest point of renunciation attained in their dhyana and kayotsarga mudras, suggesting the attainment of both, mental and physical aparigraha. These postures indicate the Jinas' total unconcern with worldly possessions and their absorption in meditation and spirituality. In the case of Digambara images, even the drapery is renounced and they become 'sky-clad'. They are called Jina because they have become spiritual victors mainly through observance of ahimsa and aparigraha. The aparigraha bhava of Jinas, made them arhat and worthy of adoration -- not only by human and divine beings but also by the animal world. Many of the figures of Jinas are surrounded by trio of animals like elephants, lions, leogryph, makara (crocodile) as throne frame animal. A remarkable strength of Indian artists and craftsmen of the past was their deep insight into the canons of their religion and the philosophic nuances of very complex ideas. Aparigraha, for example, is open to the range of interpretations, ranging from the purely objective one of limiting material possessions and consumption, to the more subjective one of eliminating the drive of craving and ownership. The sublime peak is of course the meeting of both these conditions in aparigraha where the soul is no longer vulnerable and the human being no longer encumbered. The artist was not only aware of these various steps in spiritual progress, but was capable of expressing the subtle concepts from scriptures through the gross medium of stone.

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Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art : 83 It is in this light that the very interesting concept of Jivantaswami and its expression in stone, is worth contemplating. Such a person, Jivantaswami, is totally oblivious to the conditions of life around him. According to the Svetambara tradition, Mahavira, on the request of his elder brother, desisted from formally renouncing the world tained the dispassionate state at heart. He turned averse to material possessions and performed rigorous meditation, standing in the kayotsarga-mudra, within the palace itself. Images showing his as Jivantaswami were carved from the Gupta period onwards, mainly at the Western Indian Svetambara Jain sites. Mahavira is shown robed in a dhoti and crowned in mukuta and decked in jewels as befits royalty, while in the posture of absolute renunciation (kayotsarga-mudra). Such images of Mahavira known as Jivantaswami, truly represent a portrait statue. They are found across the region, from Akota (Vadodara, Gujarat), Osian (Jodhpur, Rajasthan), to Khimsavara (Nagaur, Rajasthan) and a number of other places. The Jivantaswami Mahavira images, showing the state of complete mental aparigraha even while bearing ornaments, is a wonderful example of the transformative principle in the concept of aparigraha successfully expounded in art. The concept of Jivantaswamibecame an aspiration model for a human being and was subsequently applied to creating the images of some other Jinas also, namely Santinath, Neminatha and Parsvanatha. Bahubali- He is also known as Gommatesvara in the Southern tradition, occupies a singularly venerated position in the Jaina tradition and worship and hence in visual art. It is particualrly important to note that Bahubali was neither a Jina (or Tirtharkara- highest in Jaina worship) nor does he figure in the list of the sixtythree Salakapurusas or great men, named in the Jaina texts. Bahubali was the younger son of the first Jina, Rsabhanatha. In a fierce fight with his elder brother Bharat Cakravarti, Bahubali emerged as victor but in the final moment of triumph, the futility of the worldly power and possessions dawned on him. He handed back the reins of power to his brother, renounced worldly possessions and went on to attain

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84 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 omniscience and hence salvation. As an ascetic, he performed rigorous austerities, such as the prolonged meditation for a whole year, standing erect in the kayotsarga posture, and finally attained kevalajnana or omniscience. The kayotsarga posture is associated exclusively with the Jinas. To suggest his rigorous tapas in visual representation, Bahubali is shown not only in the kayotsarga mudra, but also with creepers entwining his limbs to suggest the passing of the year he had stood through. Another unusual feature in the Bahubali imaging is the depiction of snakes, lizards and scorpions, either nearby or creeping over his body. The presence of the deer and the sylvan backdrop marks out the Bahubali's images from Ellora. These representational characteristics distinctly suggest the long passage of time in which Bahubali was absorbed in tapas, or deep trance. The creepers and the scorpions, lizards, snakes and deer depicted with Bahubali, symbolize the intimate relationship and co-existence of man and nature. The images of Gommatesvara Bahubali are viewed today with a new awareness in the context of out serious ecological concerns. The kayotsarga posture and nudity of Bahubali are symbolic of total renunciation and perfect self-control. His profound observance of renunciation, non-violence and austerity inspired both the Svetambara and the Digambara Jainas to worship Bahubali who as a result, became a powerful symbol as well as personification of the aparigraha and self-sacrifice preached by the Jinas. The literary references to Bahubali are found in sources dating from about fourth century A.D. in literary works, of which the most important ones are: the Paumacariya of Vimalasuri (473), the Vasudevahindi and the Avasyaka-niryukti (around early sixth century A.D.), the Padmapurana of Ravisena (676 AD), Harivamsapurana of Jinasena (783), the Adipurana of Jinasena (after 837), the Trisastisalakapurusacaritra of Hemacandra (c. mid-twelfth century) and the Caturvimsati-Jina carita of Amarchandra Suri (thirteenth century AD).

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Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art : 85 Three Tirthankara & Bharatmuni 37. Risabhanath, Khajuraho, 10th cent. A.D., Archaeological Museum, Khajuraho (Acc. No. 1682] 57. Bharata Muni, Temple no. 11, Deogarh, 10th-11th cent. A.D. Lord Bahubali 34. Parshvanath, Nachna [Panna, M.P.), late 5th cent. A.D. Ramyana Museum, Satna

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86: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 During zthe course of preparing a research paper for international symposium on Jainism held at Voctoria and Albert Museum, London in November 1995, I came accross some such images of Bahubali, which had not, till then, been properly studied. Some very significant iconographic features which they revealed led me to believe that in art, particularly so of the Digambara Jain tradition, a gradual process of elevating Bahubali in rank, started in the late sixth or early seventh century AD. The procress culminated in bringing Bahubali almost at par with the Jinas who were the highest in Jaina worship. Through the lengends and images of Gommatesvara Bahubali, virtually a new ideal was introduced into Jainism to seggest that even an ordinary person, through the observance of aparigraha and sadhana, can attain the most exalted position of the highest veneration. It was not a coincidence that the tallest Jaina image ever carved was that of Gommatesvara Bahubali, who was not a Jina. The culmination of the process of this elevation was that in the Karkal (Karnataka) inscription of 1432 AD, he is referred to as Gommata Jinapati. In the sculptures of the ninth and twelfth century AD (found in Deogarh, UP) and Ellora (Maharastra) Bharata Cakravartin, the symbol of highest worldly power and royalty is shown sitting in the attitude of supplication at the feet of Gommatesvara Bahubali. This juxtapositon of Bharata and Bahubali represents the very soul of Indian culture which has held the values of aparigraha and ahimsa always at the summit of moral excellence. Even today, one expects the highest political dignitary to bow before spiritual stages. The images of Gommatesvara Bahubali thus carry important and relevant socio-cultural messages. Bharata Muni- He occupies an exalted position in the tradition of both the Jaina sects. His name was included in the list of the sixty three great men, Salakapurusas of the Jaina pantheon, in the early centuries of the Christian era, or even earlier. Bharata, the first of the twelve cakravartins, or universal rulers, was the elder son of the first Jina, Rsabhanatha. He became cakravartin succeeding his father, and ruled from Vinita. Bharata owned the nine treasures, navanidhis,

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Aparigraha as Reflected in Jaina Art : 87 and fourteen ratnas-jewels. Among these were the sword, cakra, horse, elephant, mani and senapati or commandership as cakravartin. The detailed story of the life of Bharata and his clash with his brother Bahubali, and the final change of heart is recounted in the Svetambara and Digambara literature of the early medieval times. Bharata began to be depicted in plastic art from the tenth century AD onwards. At Svetambara Jain sites, he appears only in the narrative panels, in the scenes of fierce fight between the brothers. These instances are found mainly in the eleventh century Santinatha Temple at Kumbhariya in Gujarat and in the Mount Abu Vimala Vasahi of the twelfth century AD in Rajasthan. It may be noted here that Bharata was invoked and eld in high veneration only when he renounced material possession and took to the path of austerity, performing rigorous penance, to attain the omniscience or Kevalajnana. As all the Tirthankara and salakapurusas or Great men performed tapas in the kayotsarga mudra, so also did Bharata. One day when Bharata looked into mirror, the whole futility of the worldly possessions and lusts dawned on him and atonce he decided to quit the world and seek kevalajnana. When Indra (Sakra) came to know of this, he paid homage to Bharata. The cakravartin like the Tirthankaras or Great men, plucked out all his hair in five fistfuls and performed tapas, finally to attain omniscience. The Mahapurana clearly states that Bharata, prior to renunciation, received the homage of only kings but after renunciation, he attained lordship over the three worlds and was worshipped even by the celestial Indras. In the sculptures, Bharata is always portrayed as standing in the kayotsarga mudra and absorbed in tapas. As he renounced all material possession, including the navanidhis and the fourteen jewels before retiring to the forest for tapas, he is shown without any royal insignia or ornaments on his person. The figures of the nine treasures and fourteen jewels possessed and then renounced by Bharata as cakravartin are depicted on the pedestal. The image of Bharata can be distinguished from that of the Tirthankaras mainly by the mark of the navanidhis and fourteen ratnas presented in the composition.

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88 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 Bharata enjoyed a specially favoured position in Deogarh (U.P.) where five sculptures of his image were found. Thus, conecpt of aparigraha, as found in Jaina texts, came to evolve further and got transformed in the visual renderings of the Jina, Bahubali and Bharata Muni. The complete silence of the sculptures speak of aparigraha in a profoundly inspiring way, not only to the names of those ancient times but also to us today. References 1- M.N.P. Tiwari- (a) A Note on Some Bahubali Images From North India, East & West (Rome), New Series, Vol. 23, Nos. 3-4, 1973; Jaina Pratimavijnana, Varanasi; 1981 (b) Element of Jaina Iconography, Varanasi, 1983; Khajuraho Ka Jaina Puratattva, Khajuraho, 1987; (c) Jaina Art of Gupta Period", Marga Special issue on Gupta Art, Mumbai, 1991; (d) Landmarks of Jaina Iconography, In: The Anandavana of Indian Art (Dr. Anand Krisna Felicitation Volume), Varanasi, 2004; (e) Jaina Art and Architecture, Vol. I of Encyclopedia of Jaina Studies (jointly authored by M.N.P. Tiwari, Kamal Giri, Harihar Singh), Varanasi, 2010. 2- U.P. Shah- (a) Bahubali: A Unique Bronze in the Museum, Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, No. 4, 153-54; (b) Jaina Rupamandana, New Delhi, 1984. 3- V.S. Agrawala- Indian Art, Varanasi, 2003 (reprint). 4- A. Ghosh (Ed.)- (a) Jaina Art and Architecture, 3 Volumes, New Delhi, 1974. (b) Bahubali: A Unique Bronze in the Museum, Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, No. 4, 153-54; (c) Jaina Rupamandana, New Delhi, 1984 3- V.S. Agrawala- Indian Art, Varanasi, 2003, (reprint). 4. A. Ghosh (ed.)- Jaina Art and Architecture, 3 volumes, New Delhi, 1974. ***

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh In this age of globalization and advancement of communication technology there is visible erosion in human values. Due to materialistic approach non-religious outlook specially on the part of youth, etical concern is loosing its relevance. Ultimately harmony of the society is in danger. Thre is need to think over the positive aspect of religion. This article is an attempt to underline the practical aspect of religious tolerance of Jainas as well as the basic tenets expounded in Jaina texts which are the key-stone for religious harmony in the world. -Editor The world, today, is a highly interdependent global society--a global city--a global village. The development of advance technology, communication system and trade has brought about unprecedented changes in the pattern of thinking and approach of the people towards life. The whole world is in the grip of materialistic outlook. The onslaught of materialism, consumerism etc. is proving to be serious threat in maintaining spirit of goodwill and harmony in the world. Through advance communication technologies religious and social organizations, corporate groups and other activists are attracting, communicating and influencing any number of people, in any part of the world, with whatever theme, very conveniently, at their choice. In the field of religion religious leaders seem to have left refraining from insisting that their religion alone embodies the whole truth and all others are groping in the darkness. The widening gulf, among the adherents of various religions as well as within their sub-sects, has assumed dangerous proprtion and is threatening world's peace and harmony. The humanity as a whole is facing the most severe threat, due to the division of society on the basis of caste, creed, society, region and nationality.

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90 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 In this age of globalization, the spurt in trade activities and job opportunities has led to the large-scale travelling and migration of the people all over the world. This has also effected change in the traditional ethnic and religious geography. All countries in the world have become socially and religiously multicultural without choice. Lack of respect for fellow religious people has led to the rivalry and bitterness among not only nations with adherents of different religions but also among the different religious community of one nation. It has led (and continues to lead) to many wars, terrorist activities and bitterness among different groups in society. The ultimate results of this bitterness and rivalry are religiously-based wars, terrorism, and civil disturbances, as we have seen in the last decade in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Macedonia, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, etc., as well as New York City, the Pentagon, and the Pennsylvania countryside. It should be obvious to all that the root cause of the 9-11 terrorist attacks was religious hatred and intolerance.' India, also, has witnessed a number of events of religious intolerance, conflicts and riots, having taken place through out its history. Islamic invaders such as Mahmuda of Ghazani committed iconoclasm and genocide of Hindus. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is regarded as perpetrators of religious intolerance towards Hindus through acts such as imposition of zajia. The Goa Inquisition was carried out against the Hindu. Muslim and Jewish populations of Goa by Portuguese Rule. Indo-Pakistan partition 1947, 1984 anti Sikh riots, 1992-93 Bombay riots, 2002 Gujarat riots, 2008 Kandhamal riots of post-Independence era are some of the events which jolted heavily the social equilibrium of India. Non-Religious Attitude:The materialsitic approach and effect of globalization has resulted in adopting non-religious outlook by a sizable number of people, specially the youth. This tradition of nonreligious ethical thinking originated in Western Europe and has a

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 91 history that can be traced back some 2,500 years to the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks. This way of understanding the world, of finding meaning in life, and of grounding moral thinking can also be found in China and India and many other cultures. It was during the 19th and 20th centuries. a range of organizations began to serve and represent the interests of the non-religious people through these organizations: 1.Agnostic, 2.Atheist ,3.Freethinkers, 4. Humanist ,.5.Non-religious, 6.Rationalist, 7. Skeptic and 8. Secularists. Secular Non-religious/Agonistic are supposed to be.1.1 billion in the world.* Attitude of Youth towards Religion:As already mentioned, today in many parts of the world, young people are turning away from religion. They say, "Religion is not so important for our daily life. Religion is an unnecessary burden to mankind. Religions hinder the man's thinking power." These young people think that they can live very well without religion. Religion: Positive for youth But contrary to the outlook of youths towards religion,a study report published on Sept. 9 by Pat Fagan, Senior Fellow of the Family Research Council and Director of the Marriage and Religion Research Institute, on religion and children's academic performance, is capable of convincing the younger generation why religion is important and why religion..must play an important role in their daily life. Religion is beneficial for youth in their study, work and cultivating civic sense in them. The study identified a number of ways through which religion help students:1.It internalizes values and norms that help achievement; 2.It fosters high personal expectations, and helps students avoid socially deviant behaviour ,3.Religious families tend to be cohesive and stable, to plan for students' futures, and to expect much of them; 4.Teens who are devoutly religious have higher educational expectations for themselves; 5.Religious peers tend to be more academically oriented, and the resulting peer group encourages academic engagement;

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92 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 6. Religious attendance also appears to boost social skills; 7. Churches offer students resources, community, and mentorship. The strong social bonds of religious groups can supplement the resources available to children, helping them to achieve higher levels of education. Civic impact In "American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us," Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbello point out how much more religious America compared to other countries and they conclude that this makes Americans better citizens and neighbors. A report by the Religion News Service, dated May 13, 2009, said that among the findings of the study was the fact that religious people are three to four times more likely to be involved in their community. Compared to those who are non-religious they are more involved in voluntary associations, and in attending public meetings, and more likely to vote in local elections, and to donate time and money to causes. The present state of affairs as for as man's approach in general and to that of religion in particular is concerned may be put in these words of George Santayana', "We've fashioned ourselves to be smarter, faster, more capable, and more clear-minded than all our predecessors, and it's only led us to reject truth, standards, decency, virtues, and integrity as we seek to claim the ultimate revelation that escaped generations of others". Tradition of Religious Tolerance In hadia The history of religious tolerance in India is deep rooted which is apparent through the citations found in the early texts and inscriptions The fifth Anga text Vyakhyaprajnapti (c.4th-3rd cent. BC), also known as Bhagavati ,provides an illustration of religious tolerance. Once Gautama's (Chief-disciple of Mahavira) old acquaintance, initiated into some other faith, was to visit him. Mahavira instructed

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 93 Gautama to greet him with respect and affection. Gautama responded accordingly.The induction of teachings of Narada, Bharadvaja, Markhaligosala etc. famous personalities of Vedic tradition, in Jaina text Rsibhasita and treat them as Ksis is unparalleled in the history of world religions. The plural nature of Indian society in the 3rd cent. BCE was encapsulated in an inscription of Asoka:"King Piyadasi (Asoka)' dear to the Gods, honours all sects, the ascetics (hermits) or those who dwell at home, he honours them with charity and in other ways. But the King, dear to the Gods, attributes less importance to this charity and these honours than to the vow of seeing the reign of virtues, which constitutes the essential part of them. For all these virtues there is a common source, modesty of speech. That is to say, One must not exalt one's creed discrediting all others, nor must one degrade these others Without legitimate reasons. One must, on the contrary, render to other creeds the honour befitting them."King Kharvela (born in the family of Rajarsi Vasu) declares himself in his inscription (approximately 2nd century BCE):savapasanda-pujako, savadevayatanasanamaskarako. i.e. I am worshipper of all sects, restorer of all shrines. Kharvela's self-description must be contrasted with other rulers around the world, who took pride in calling themselves "butshikan" or "defender of the (only true) faith"'10 In Jaina tradition the instances of tolerance are available not only canons but also in the acts of later Jaina Royal pesonages/ministers With regard to the administration of Minister Vastupala it is mentioned that he has neither malice towards schools (darsana), nor towards class (varga). Vastupala also paid veneration before the members of other faiths also alongwith Svetambaras of all the cities in his nation every year.11 Another episode related with Vastupala and mother of the contemporary Muslim ruler Sultan Mojadin of Delhi is an instance of religious

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94 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 tolerance. During course of her pilgrimage to Haj, the mother of Muslim ruler Sultan Mojadin of Delhi visited Stambhapur (modern Cambay of Gujrat). Vastupala made her grand entry into the city. He himself washed her feet and stayed her in his palace for ten days.12 Badayuni in his Muntakhab-ut-Tawnrskh" reports that the Mughal Emperor Akbar, who had established the Din-i-Ilahi faith, decreed the following in AH 1000 (1551-1552 CE):"Hindus who, when young, had from pressure become Musalmans, were allowed to go back to the faith of their fathers. No man should be interfered with on account of his religion, and every one should be allowed to change his religion, if he liked. ...People should not be molested, if they wished to build churches and prayer rooms, or idol temples, or fire temples." The observation of His Holiness Dalai Lamal4 regarding the tolerance of Indian religious outlook is also very significant.He remarks, "Major religions of the world like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India and it provided shelter to followers of religions like Zoroastrianism. These can be a model for rest of the world," he said. ... We have to consider human values and think about humanity as a whole. It is a universal responsibility."All major religions essentially have great potential to bring genuine peace on this planet," he said and urged people to promote secular values and religious harmony"."We have no difference. Emotionally, mentally and physically we are the same. For our own interests, we have to take care of six billion human beings," he said. Ach. Mahaprajna's also has declared, ekka manussa jati. Thus,denouncing the division on the basis of caste, creed, colour etc.,certainly, the creation of man. Rev. Acharya Dr. Shivamuni Ji, the present head of Svetambara Sthanakavasi sect also preaches the religious tolerance in thought and action when he instructs the participants (Jaina asa well as non-Jaina) of his Atmadhyana camp to bring before their closed eyes the figure of god, whom they worship, whom they adore. Thus, it can be said that Indian tradition

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages: 95 in general and Jaina tradition, in particular, has the spirit of tolerance in religion from earliest days and this spirit is still present. Testimony to Tolerant Religious Outlook:It is heartening to note that India has a Hindu President (Hon. Mrs. Pratibha Patil), Muslim Vice-President (Hon. M. Hamid Ansari), a Sikkh Prime Minister ( hon.Dr.Manmohan Singh) and a Christian. Defence Minister Mr. A. K. Antony. The leader of the largest party, the Indian National Congress, Sonia Gandhi is a Catholic Christian, while the leader of the opposition is Sushma Swaraj, a Hindu. India's ex-President Hon. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a Muslim. Out of the 12 Presidents of India since Independence, three have been Muslims.Five Chief Justices of Supreme Court of India, have been Muslims. India had a prominent former Defence Minister (George Fernandes), a Christian (though not practicing) and India's Air Force Chief, Fali H. Major, was a Parsi.16 Role of Religion Now comes the question what is the role of religion in society?When we think of religion we think of it as a very powerful instrument of spreading love, compassion,benevolence, a desire for and a striving for a more just and humane world. In the Mahabharata," Yudhisthira asks Bhisma to explain the meaning and scope of dharma. Bhisma replies: It is most difficult to define dharma (religion). It has been explained to be that which helps the upliftment of living beings. Therefore, that which ensures the welfare of living beings is surely dharma. The learned rsis have declared that that which sustains is dharma. In the Karna Parva, Lord Krsna18 explains dharma to Arjuna in the following words: Dharma sustains the society.Dharma maintains the social order. Dharma ensures well being and progress of humanity. Dharma is surely that which fulfils these objectives.

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96: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 Thus, the role of religion in today's society is to help heal the individual. When individuals are healed, families are healed, and when families are healed, society is healed. Dharma is conducive to the highest good. Most of the problems of today's society can be healed through following our religious moral codes. Elements of Tolerance in Jaina religion: After deliberating on the role of religion aiming the welfare of society as a whole, in general, we must understand the various ways which the different co-religionists regard each other; we must understand how the various religious groups react to each other. In this context what is the approach of Jaina religion. We see some religious groups are indifferent to the teachings and the practices of other religions. Some maintain their religious affiliation and yet respect other religions and appreciate their teachings. Jainas belong to the religious group that accepts and appreciates the reasonable teachings of every religion. They can also tolerate the practices of other religious, cultural traditions and customs, although they may not necessarily wish to emulate them. In other words, they respect the other man's views and appreciate other practices without harbouring any religious prejudices. This is called religious tolerance.Jaina religion has much to contribute to build a pluralistic global system that is peaceful and compassionate. Human Welfare: The Sole Aim The Seers of every religion preaches only the basic tenets of his Oredr for the welfare: temporal as well as spiritual, of the whole mankind. His Teachings are organized as a religion by incorporating various religious rites, rituals, traditions and customs. Of course, these practices are important to introduce and to preserve religion amongst the masses. But for a man seeking to be good or to be religious, such ritualistic practices are not really important. Without doubt,all religious teachers have dedicated their lives for the sake of human welfare. They deserve respect and honour, for they also have done good service to mankind. They all have some characteristics common with others as well as specific features of their own.

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 97 Universal virtues such as non-violence, friendliness, service to the humanity, truthfulness, honesty, control over senses etc. are commonly shared by all the religions of the world. Though tolerance is mainly concerned with the religious outlook yet it is a virtue which is reflected in attitude towards various aspects of life. Its spirit cannot be cultivated in isolation but a number of other virtues are required as its precondition. Therefore, to comprehend in totality, the theory and application of tolerance in the context of Jaina tradition, the basic tenets of a religion ought to be understood. Essence of Religion: For comprehending the true nature of Religion ,,a look at the definitions given by Jaina Ach. in their respective works is necessary. We find that 1. Kindness (daya),2.Three jewels ,3.Jivadaya- kindness, 4. Non-violence (ahimsa), 5.Friendliness (maitri),6. Absence of Non-religion (adharmarahita), 7. Forgiveness (ksama), 8. Nature of Reality (vastusvabhava) ,9. Absence of Violence (ahimsa-rahitattva) have been described as the main characteristic of religion in their definitions." The religion based on kindness (daya), etc. universal virtues is bound to be magnanimous and tolerant. Human Race is one. Jainism, since its inception, believes in and advocates religious tolerance. Entire humanity, according to Jaina tradition, is unitary as a race because no element discriminating them is found in human as species. Jatasinghnandi, the author of Varangacarita, maintains that human as a whole belonging to one species (jati) it is improper even on the basis of valid knowledge (pramana) and stand points (nayas), to highlight inequality by dividing them among the class of brahmana, ksatriya, vaisya and sudra.).20 Ach. Gunabhadra, writes that no diversity of figure (akrti) exists ,as between cow and horse, among human beings. If there were disparities of figure among them it would have been proper to admit the caste- differences.21 This approach of oneness towards human being is bound to inculcate the spirit of tolerance and goodwill

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98 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 among the Jaina community. Humanity: the Essence of Religion: Jaina religion also identifies that to be a human in its real sense is essential. To act according to the true nature of a thing is religion, that is what is preached by Jaina texts propounding vatthusahavo dhammo.22 Prabhacandra also remarked religion as, " Jivadivastunoyathavasthitasvabhavo va." This implies that if we fail to behave like a human being, we have no right to call ourselves a religious being or even a human being. Thus, humanity is our first and the foremost religion. But who is manava (human)? According to Amitagati24 one endowed with the eyes in form of knowledge, originated through mind and knowing heya and upadeya. Human has been divided into two mleccha and arya. Humanity is characterized by self-awareness, reasonableness and self-control. These three essential qualities of humanity are comprehended by three jewels, i.e. Right faith (samyagdarsana), Right knowledge (samyagjnana) and Right conduct (samyakcaritra). The presence of these three makes a being a perfect human being. Equanimity: For Jainas, a true religion is based on the practice of equanimity, Acarangasutra,25 (c. 51h-4th cent. BC) also defines religion in these words, "Equanimity is the essence of religion, while the observance of non- violence is its external exposition or a social aspect of religion." According to Bhagavatisutra? also nature and ultimate end of the self is equanimity. Jaina Acaryas have defined equanimity also. According to Dhavalal absence of attachment and aversion towards enemy and friend, jewel and stone, gold and soil is equanimity. According to Ach. Hemacandra2 equanimity is the neutrality towards the causes of attachment and aversion. This attachment and aversion has always been at the root of dissension among communities. Against this the spirit of equanimity has been the guiding spirit of Jaina religion. It has been tolerant and respectful towards other faiths and religious ideologies right through its inceptions. Jambucarita' also regards equanimity as the

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 99 characteristic of religion. While expounding the tolerant outlook of the Jainas30, Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (17th century AD) maintains a true non-absolutist does not look down on my faith but treats all the faiths equally as a father does to his sons, for a non-absolutist does not have any prejudiced and biased outlook. According to him a little knowledge, inducing a person to be impartial is more worthwhile than the unilateral vast knowledge of scriptures. Mutual Cooperation: Innate Nature of Living Beings Through this invaluable saying, Parasparopagrahojivanam, of Umasvati (3rd 4th cent. AD), Jaina tradition proclaims that cooperation and co-existence are the essential nature of living beings. Living on others or killing by others has no place in their ideology, they believe living with others or living for others. Compassion (daya): the Heart of Religion Religion, according to Jaina Ach.is characterized by compassion. What is compassion?. According to Mahapurana of Jinasena32, dayapranyanukampanam that is to have anukampa towards living beings is daya. Ach.Hemacandra" also defines dayain similar manner, dayabhutanukampa. He defines daya as karuna also34. To be compassionate towards living being is itself religion. This spirit is echoed in a large number of writings of Jaina Acaryas. The great Acarya Kundakunda35 defines religion as purified by compassion (daya) dhammo dayavisuddho. Ach. Vimalasuri, Jatasinghnandi, Ach. Jinasena, Svami Karttikeya, Vadibhasingh etc.36 Jaina Acaryas have categorized compassion as the distinguishing feature of Religion. Non-Violence: Base of Jaina Religion. Social behavioural aspect of Jaina religion is marked by observance of non-violence. In Acarangasutra?? Mahavira expounded, the worthy men of past, present and future will say thus, speak thus,

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100 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 explain thus, all breathing, existing, living and sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented. Ach.Amrtacandrasuri38 defines ahimsa as the absence of attachment etc. passions. The observance of non-violence of the form of non-origin of attachment and hatred is pure, eternal and unchangeable law or tenet of the religion. In Jaina canon Mulasutra Dasavaikalika, religion has been described. Ach. Pujyapada"), Akalanka" also gives non-violence as the characteristic of religion. Bhavasangraha42 also echoes the similar spirit. The observation of Prof. Sagarmal Jain", is quite relevant in this regard, He says, in Jainism one hardly comes across instances of religious conflicts involving violence and bloodshed. At the most one meets with instance of disputations and strongly worded debates concerning ideological disagreements. The Jaina men of learning while refuting the different ideologies and religious standpoints, fully paid regard to them and accepted that the opponent's convictions may be valid from a certain stand point. Non-Absolutism: the philosophical basis of Tolerance: Non-Absolutism (Anekantvada) forms the philosophical foundation of Religious tolerance in Jaina religion. Jaina Acharyas are of opinion that reality is a complex one. It has many facets, various attributes and modes. Though only omniscient can comprehend it completely yet even for an omniscient it is impossible to know and explain the reality without a stand-point or view- point. On the basis of partial and relative knowledge of reality one has no right to discard the views of his opponents as totally false. To Jaina thinkers the truth value of opponents must be respected and accepted. Ach. Siddhasena Divakara remarked that all schools of thought were valid when they are understood from their own standpoint and so far as they do not discard the truth value of others. Jaina tradition has explicitly mentioned that tendency of praising their own religion and deploring that of others is not going to do any good to anyone. One of the earliest Jaina Anga texts Sutrakstangas

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 101 categorically declares that those praising their own faith and views and censuring other's, accumulate malice against them hence remain engrossed in the cycle of birth and death. Attitude Significant towards rightness or Falsehood of scriptures: According to Jainas the sole yardstick for measuring falsehood or rightness of any scripture is one's attitude. It is the attitude of followers that makes a scripture true or false. A false scripture is a right scripture for the one with right attitude and right scripture is a false one for a person of perverse attitude. Democratic Approach to the path of Liberation: The term democratic itself is self-explanatory. Just as no discrimination is made on the basis of birth, caste, creed, gender etc. Similarly, door of liberation is open to all the salvable selves irrespective of their birth, creed, gender etc. Liberation is not the prerogative of only the followers of Jina Order according to them. The varieties of liberated souls expounded in Jaina canon-is testimony to this:By eliminating the vices of attachment and aversion only one can attain emancipation. One who attains equanimity of mind will certainly attain liberation, whether a Svetambara or Digambara or Buddhist or anyone else 46 (Seyambarova asambarova buddhovatahevaanno vasabhavabhaviyappalahaimukkham nasarndeho). Not only regarding the destination i.e. liberation but about its means also the Jaina approach is quite liberal. In attaining the liberation not the external mode of worship but it is theright attitude that matters. A person is spiritual by his intrinsic purity and not by the external practices. The significance of right attitude is well established by these words of Mahavira, the practices considered to be the cause of bondage may be the cause of liberation also. (jeassava te parissava, je parissava te assava.) Acarya Haribhadra" also maintains that external appearances, dress codes etc. in no way, are of any worth. What matters is the control over passions. Neither non-clad nor clad in white, neither a logician nor a metaphysician, also not a

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102 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 devotee of personal cult will get liberation, the freedom from passion is the liberation, real sense. Adoption of Jaina Deities: Because of the impact of Hindu tradition Jaina tradition not only adopted various Hindu deities but their mode of worship also with some variations, suited to their religious temperament. Rituals in worship were alien to it in its pure form. sasanadeva and sasanadevi or yaksa-yaksini of Jaina's is nothing but a Jaina version of Hindu deities. Inclusion of Rama as baladeva, Krsna as vasudeva, Laksmana and Ravana as prativasudeva, in their scheme of sixty-three salakapurusas, is a testimony of their generous outlook towards other tradition. The adoption of Hindu gods and goddesses as consorts or companions of Jinas such as Kali, Mahakali, Cakresvari, Ambika, Padmavati, Siddhika, as well as Sarasvati and Laksmi as independent goddesses, speaks a lot about the accommodative attitude of Jaina tradition. However, there is no denying the fact that this impact has been reciprocal. First Tirthankara Rsabha and Lord Buddha of Sramana tradition have been included among the incarnations of Gods in Vedic tradition. In addition to above, a few instances of Jaina Acarya composing hymns in praise of Hindu deities may also be furnished to demonstrate the tolerant outlook of Jainas. Jaina Acaryas like Ramakirti and Jaimangalsuri composed hymns in praise of Tokalji and goddess Camunda. Jaina Faith:a Blending of Heretic Views: Significantly, the great Jaina Acarya Siddhasena Divakara" (5th cent. AD) mentions, "Be glorious, the teachings of Jina, the union of all the heretic views, i.e. the organic synthesis of one sided and partial views, essence of spiritual nectar and easily graspable to the aspirants of emancipation. The remark of mystic Jaina saint Anandghana"9 (17th cent. AD) also is of similar nature. He

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 103 says, "just as ocean includes all the rivers so does Jainism all other faiths". " Further he beautifully expounds that all the six heretic schools are the organs of Jina and one who worships Jina also worships them. Preservation of Non-Jaina Manuscripts: Conserving manuscripts of other traditions in Jaina collections is, definitely, an act revealing their broad outlook which proved of great value in preservation of Indian heritage. Many Brahmanical and Buddhist texts are extant solely because these were preserved by Jainas. Study of Non-Jaina Texts: Jaina monks as well as Jaina laities read and studied the literature outside their religion. Their liberal approach was instrumental in their study of the literature of other traditions, at large scale. This is evident by the quotations found in sizeable number in commentaries written by JainaAcharyas. Here, it may be mentioned as confirmation that containing more than 20,000 citations, made from important texts of Vedic and Buddhist traditions, occurring in the commentaries written by JainaAcharyas, have been collected and are being brought out in three volumes (approx. 2000 pages), by Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology, Delhi. Non-Critical Approach to the Treatment to Other Philosophical Systems in CompendiaWorks of Philosophy: A number of works written by JainaAcharyas in the form of philosophical compendia, titled Darsanasangraha or Darsanasamuccaya are available. The most notable thing about these compendia works is the treatment of the schools of philosophy, therein. In description of the different schools, the author produces extensive citations from the authoritative texts of the respective schools. Not indulging in the criticism of those schools is a sound proof of their lenient approach towards other religions. Saddarsanasamuccaya of Acarya Haribhadra and also of Maladhari Rajsekharsuri (14th cent. AD) may be referred to as example of such works.

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104 : Sramana, Val 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 Writing Commentaries on Non-Jaina works: Jaina Acaryas have written about 450 commentaries, listed so far in different manuscript catalogues, mostly on the important works of Vedic tradition and a few also on the texts of Buddhist tradition. Keeping in mind the scenario where the practice of writing of commentaries on the works of other tradition is extremely rare, this gesture of Jaina authors is simply commendable. Nothing but an open mind approach towards learning might have convinced them to undertake this sort of writing. This trend was set by two distinguished Jaina Acaryas Mallavadi (c.5th cent. AD) and Haribhadra (c. 7th cent.AD). The former commented on the Buddhist work Nyayabindu of Dharmakirti and the latter Nyayapravesasutra of Dinnaga. Since then a number of prominent non- Jaina works belonging to the genre of epics, lyrics, drama, prose works, campu, sataka, hymns, prosody, poetics, grammar, lexicon, astrology, mathematics, Ayurveda, philosophy etc. have been commented by Jaina Acaryas. The works of great poets like Kalidasa, Bharavi, Magha, Sriharsa, Amarsingh, Mammata,etc. found favour with JainaAcaryas. This generosity shown by Jaina Acaryas is unparalleled in world history. It is undoubtedly the outcome of their tolerant attitude towards other religions. Due Importance to Temporal Duties: Jaina religion accords due importance to the duties (dharma)towards society and nation side by side religious affairs. Lord Mahavira has expounded ten duties dharmas in the third Angatext Sthanargasutra", namely:1.Duties towards village (Gramadharma), 2. Duties towards city (Nagardharma),3.Duties towards nation (Rastradharma), 4.Pakhandadharma, 5. duties towards family and lineage (kuladharma),6. Ganadharma,7. Sanghadharma, 8. Srutadharma, 9. Caritradharma, 10. Astikayadharma. This may be interpreted as an instruction of Mahavira that traditions, customs, rules and overall interest and welfare of family, village, city, republic, nation, etc should be given due consideration. This commendable approach of

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages: 105 Jaina religion towards society and nation is deep rooted. It is further confirmed by Acarya Somadevasuri31 also when he says that where there is no distortion from right faith and accepted vows, one ought to follow the tradition prevailing in the country. Thus, it may be said that elements of religious tolerance are prevalent in plenty in Jaina religion, what is needed is to adopt these in practice, which is the need of hour. We may conclude with the words of Dr. L. M. Joshi52 of Punjab University, who observes: "The unity among the religions of mankind, if and when achieved, will be one of the greatest blessings on this earth. Certainly we cannot bring about this unity by mystifying or misinterpreting their differences in origins and doctrines. We can perhaps contribute towards achieving harmony among the followers of different faiths by impartially and respectfully studying their doctrines, beliefs and practices." References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. http://www.religioustolerance.org/rel_tol.htm http://www.religioustoler ance.org/curr_war.htm http://www.humanism.org.uk/humanism/humanism-today/ non-religious-beliefs ibid. ibid. ibid. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Freedom_of_religion_in_India#cite_note-5 He khamdaya! sagayam, khamdaya! Susagayam- 2/1 Bhagavatisutra, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Freedom_of_religion_in_India#cite_note-5 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Freedom_of_religion_in_India#cite_note-5

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106 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 11. Prabandhakosa, Rajshekharsuri, Singhi Jaina Jnanapeeth, Singhi Jaina Granthamala No.6, Visvabharati, santiniketan,1935, p. 109 Ibid., p. 119 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Freedom_of_religion_in_India#cite_note-5 http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/Oldalai.htm Vide. Jain, Prof. S.M., Fellowship of faith and religious harmony, In : Jainism A Global Perspective, PV, Varanasi, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Freedom_of_religion_in_India Mahabharata, Santiparva, 109/9-11 Mahabharata, Karnaparva, 69/58 For definitions of religion, Vide. following texts: -Bodhapahuda, Kundakunda, Manekchand, Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1915, G 25 -Ratnakarandasravakacara, Samantabhadra, Manekchand, Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1925, V3 -Dhavala (Comm.on Satkhandagama), Virasena, Jainsahityoddharaka Fund, Amaravati, Vol. 8, p. 92 -Atmanusasana, Gunabhadra, Jain Samskrti, Sanraksaka, Sargh, Solapur 1961, V 51 -Paumacariyam, Vimalsuri, Prakrit Text Society, Varanasi, G 26-34 -Varangacarita, Jatasimhanandi, Manekchand,Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1938, 15/107 -Mahapurana, Jinasena, Bharatiya Jnanapeeth, Kashi, 1951 -Karttikeyanupreksa, Svami Karttikeya, Rajacandra, Jain Sastramala, Agasa, 1959

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 107 -Niyamasara-vstti, Padmaprabha Maladharideva, Jaingrantha Ratnakara Office, Bombay, 1916, cited in comm. on gatha 6 -Dasavaikalikasutra, ed. Madhukarmuni, Agam Prakashana Samiti, Byavar Rajasthan, 1/1 -Sarvarthsiddhi, Pujyapada, Bharatiya Jnanpith, Kashi, 1955, 6/13 Tattvarthavarttika, Akalanka, Bharatiya Jnanpith, Kashi, 53, 6/13/5 -Lalitvistara, Haribhadrasuri, Jain Pustakoddhara Sanstha, Bombay, 1915, p. 16 -Tattvarthaslokavarttika, Vidyananda, Nirnaya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1918, 6/13 - Latisamhita, Rajmallakavi, Manikacanda Digambara Jain Granthamala Samiti, Bombay, 1927, 2/1 -Dharamabindu, Haribhadra, Agamodaya Samiti Bombay, 1924, V 3 -Tattvarthasara, Amotacandrasuri, Nirnaya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1905, 6/42 -Karttikeyanupreksa, op. chit., V 97 -Upasakadhyayana, Somadevasuri, Bharatiya Jnanapith, Kashi, 1964, V2 Astyaika Evatra yadi prajanam katham punarjati catusprabhedah. - 25.2, Varangacarita, op. chit. Krte yuge nasti ca varnabhedastreta pravitta vathavaiha, bhityam-25/9, Atmanusasana, Gunabhadra, op. chit. Vatthu sahavo dhammo 467, Kartikeyanupreksa, op.chit. Nyayakumudcandra, part I, Prabhacandra, Manikacandra Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1938 20a. 206. 21.

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108 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2011 24. Pancasarngraha, Amitgati, Manikacandra Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1927, 1/139 Acarangasutra, ed. Madhukaramuni, Agam Prakashana Samiti, Byavar Rajasthan, 1/8/4 Bhagavatisutra, ed. Madhukaramuni, Agam Prakashana Samiti, Byavar Rajasthan, 18/10 Dhavala, Vol. 8, op. chit., p. 84 Yogasastra- auto-comm., Hemacandra, Jaindharma Prasaraka,Sabha, Bhavnagar, 1936,vol. 1.,comm. on3/82 Jambusvamicarita, Pt. Rajamalla, Manikacandra Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1936 Adhyatmopanisad, Upadhyaya Yasovijaya, Jaindharma Prasaraka Sabha, Bhavanagar, 1908, V 70-73 31. Tattvarthasutra, Umasvati, comm. Pt. Sukhalal Sanghavi, PV Mahapurana (two parts), Jinasena, Bharatiya Jnanpith, Kashi, 1951 Yogasastra- auto-comm. on 2/4 Ibid. 3/16 Bodhapahuda, Kundakunda, op. chit. 36. Vide reference numbers Acarangasutra, op. chit., 1/4/1 38. Purusarthasiddhupaya, Amstcandra, v. 44 Dasavaikalikasutra, 1/1 Sarvarthasiddhi, Pujyapada Tattvartharajavarttika, Akalanka Bhavasangraha, Devasenasuri, Manikacandra Digambara Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1921 Jain, Prof. S.M., Jain Dharma aur Dharmika Sahisnuta, In : Sagaramal Jain Felicitation Vol., PV, Varanasi, 1998,

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Tolerance in Jaina Religion: Through the Ages : 109 Sanmatitarkaprakarana, Siddhasena Divakara, ed. Pt. Sukhalal Sanghavi, Jain Svetambara Education Board, Bombay 1939, G 28 Sutrakrtangasutra, Agam Prakashana Samiti, Byavar Raj., 1/1/2/23 Haribhadra, Vide. Jain Bauddha Aura Gita ke Acara Darsanon ka Tulanatmaka Adhyayana, Prof. S.M. Jain, Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur, Vol. 2, p. 5 Upadesatarangini, Haribhadra, Varanasi, 1910, 1/8 Sanmatitarkaprakarana, 3/69 Nami Jina Stavana, Anandaghana, In: Anandaghana Granthavali, Jain Sreyaskara Mandala, Mehasana, 1957. Sthanangasutra, 10 Yasastilakacampu, Somadevasuri, Nirnaya Sagara Press,Bombay, p. 373 Vide. (Religion), Wikipaedia 51. 52. ***

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna jijJAsA tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha jayantI ke upalakSya meM hama unake dasa bhavoM se sambandhita jAnakArI cAhate haiN| pArzvanAtha aitihAsika mahApuruSa the, yaha sabhI svIkAra karate haiN| unake jIvana se hameM kyA vizeSa zikSA milatI hai, isakA ullekha karane kA kaSTa kreN| DaoN0 0 rAhula kumAra siMha samAdhAna namaH zrIpArzvanAthAya vizvavighnaunAzine / trijagatsvAmine mUrdhnA hyanantamahimAtmane / / (1) pArzvanAthacarita, sakalakIrti tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se karIba 250-300 varSa pUrva jainadharma ke 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janma ugravaMzIya (ikSvAkuvaMzIya rAjA vizvasena (azvasena / hayasena) ke ghara vAmAdevI kI garbha se vArANasI meM huA thaa| inake jIvana-carita se sambandhita sAmagrI jainAgamoM aura prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, hindI Adi ke kAvyagranthoM meM milatI hai| ina granthoM meM varNita cintAmaNi, vighnahara, pArzvanAtha ke dasa bhavoM kA varNana milatA hai jinakA avalokana karane se eka hI bAta pramukha rUpa se samajhane meM AtI hai " apane prati vaimanasya kA tIvra bhAva rakhane vAle ke prati kSamA, sahRdayatA aura maMgalabhAvanA rakhanA cAhie / " unake jo pramukha dasa bhava batalAye gae haiM, ve isa prakAra haiMpahalA bhava- avasarpiNI ke caturtha kAla meM podanapura ke rAjA aravinda the| unake maMtrI/purohita kA nAma thA- vizvabhUti braahmnn| ye hI pArzvanAtha ke usa janma ke pitA the| unakI mAtA kA nAma thA anundharI / anuddhayA / unake do putra the- kamaTha aura marubhUti / kamaTha kI patnI kA nAma thA - varuNA aura marubhUti kI patnI kA nAma thaavsundhraa| vasundharA bahuta sundara thI jisa para krodhI aura durAcArI bar3e bhAI kamaTha kI kAmAndha dRSTi lagI rahatI thii| eka bAra maukA pAkara usane kapaTapUrvaka usake sAtha durAcAra kiyA / marubhUti ke kAmavirakta svabhAva ko dekhakara donoM meM paraspara sambandha hone lgaa| isa bAta ko jaba marubhUti ne svayaM dekhA to usane rAjA se nivedana kiyaa| rAjA kamaTha ko sira mur3Akara rAjya se nikAla diyaa| choTe bhAI indrabhUti ko rAjyazraya milane se nArAja kamaTha dezAntara meM jAkara paMcAgni tapa karane lgaa| 1. dekheM- kalpasUtra, mahApurANa, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, NAsaNAhacariyaM (guNabhadragaNi), pArzvAbhyudaya (jinasena), pArzvanAthacarita (vAdirAja), pArzvanAthacarita (bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti), pArzvanAthapurANa (candrakIrti), pAsaNAhacariu (padmakIrti), pAsacariu (raidhU), pAsaNAhacariu (zrIdhara, devacanda, padmanandi), pAsapurANa (tejapAla ), pArzvapurANa (bhUdharadAsa) aadi|

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 111 kAlAntara meM jaba marubhUti kA krodha zAnta haA to vaha apane bhAI se kSamAyAcanA ke lie usake pAsa gayA parantu kamaTha ne krodhita hokara usake Upara vizAla zilA se prahAra kara diyA jisase indrabhUti kA ArtadhyAnapUrvaka maraNa ho gyaa| ArtadhyAnapUrvaka maraNa hone se marubhUti agale janma meM tiryaJca yoni meM hAthI paryAya ko prApta huaa| dUsarA bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti bajraghoSa nAma kA hAthI banatA hai aura kamaTha kukkuTa nAmaka srp| isa bhava meM hAthI munivezadhArI rAjA aravinda ke upadeza se zrAvaka ke vratoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura use samyaktva kI prApti hotI hai| kamaTha ke jIva sarpa ke dvArA Dase jAne para vaha hAthI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| tIsarA bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti zrAvaka ke vratoM ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa sahasrAra svarga meM deva hotA hai aura kamaTha dhUmaprabha nAmaka pA~caveM naraka meM janma letA hai| cauthA bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti vidyutgati aura vidyutmAlA ke putra ke rUpa meM janma letA hai jahA~ usakA nAma agnivega/kiraNavega/razmivega rakhA jAtA hai| kamaTha ajagara ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura dhyAnastha agnivega muni ko DasatA hai| muni Dasane vAle sarpa ke prati dayAbhAva rakhate haiM tathA usake apakAra ko bhI upakAra mAnate haiN| pAcavA~ bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti acyuta svarga meM vidyutprabha deva hotA hai aura kamaTha chaThe naraka ko prApta karatA hai| chaThA bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti bajravIrya aura vijayA ke putra ke rUpa meM bajranAbha cakravartI hotA hai aura kamaTha kuraMga/kuraMgaka nAmaka bhIla banatA hai| isa bhava meM bhI kamaTha apane bANoM se dhyAnastha bajranAbha muni kA vadha karatA hai| sAtavA~ bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti madhyama praiveyaka svarga jAtA hai aura kamaTha sAtaveM naraka meM utpanna hotA hai| AThavA~ bhava- isa bhava meM bajrabAhu/kulizabAhu aura prabhaMkarI/sudarzanA ke putra ke rUpa meM Ananda/suvarNabAhu nAmaka cakravartI rAjA hotA hai aura kamaTha siMha paryAya meM janma letA hai| yahA~ bhI vaha dhyAnastha muni kA bhakSaNa karatA hai| zAntapariNAmoM ke kAraNa marubhUti tIrthaMkara nAmakarma prakRtti kA bandha karatA hai| navauM bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti Anata/prANata svarga meM mahardhika deva hotA hai aura kamaTha cauthe naraka meM jAtA hai| dasavA~ bhava- isa bhava meM marubhUti tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura kamaTha samvara/mahipAla nAmaka nIca jAti (asura jAti) kA deva hotA hai| ina dasa bhavoM ke madhya meM donoM ke avAntara kaI janma hote haiM jinakA vizeSa mahattva na hone ke kAraNa kevala dasa bhavoM ko dikhAyA gayA hai| inameM bhI dUsarA, AThavA~ aura dasavA~ bhava adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| dasaveM bhava meM do pramukha ghaTanAe~ ghaTatI haiM

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112 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 1. rAjakumAra pArzva jaba ghUmate hue gaMgA nadI ke taTa para yajJa kara rahe tapasvI (kamaTha kA jIva) ke dvArA yajJakuNDa meM DAlI jA rahI lakar3I meM avadhijJAna se sarpa-sarpiNI ke jIvoM ko dekhate haiM to usa tapasvI ko aisA karane se manA karate haiN| tapasvI unakI bAta para vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai aura lakar3I ko jaba cIratA hai to usameM se maraNAsana sarpa-sarpirNI nikalate haiN| pArzva unheM navakAra maMtra sunAte haiM jisake prabhAva se ve donoM sarpa-sarpiNI nAgaloka meM dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ke rUpa meM janma lete haiN| 2. jaba pArzvaprabhu dhyAnastha mudrA meM kaThora tapa kara rahe the taba kahIM se kamaTha kA jIva samvaradeva/mahipAla vahA~ AtA hai aura unheM dekhakara pUrvajanma kA smaraNa karatA hai tathA unheM apanA zatru samajhakara unake Upara ghanaghora jalavarSA, agnivarSA Adi karake upasarga karatA hai| jaba isakA jJAna dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ko hotA hai to ve Akara prabhu ko apane Upara baiThAkara tathA unake sira para phanoM kA chatra lagAkara unakI rakSA karate haiN| usa upasarga ke zAnta hone para dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ke sAtha prabhu pArzva upasargakartA deva ke prati bhI maMgala-kAmanA karate haiN| pArzva prabhu ke paJca kalyANakoM kI tithiyA~ haiM- (1) cyabana yA garbha- caitra kR0 4 (diga0 vaizAkha vadI 2), vizAkhA nakSatra, (2) janma- pauSa kR0 10 (diga0 pauSa kR0 11), anurAdhA nakSatra (diga0 vizAkhA nakSatra), (3) dIkSA yA tapa- pauSa kR0 11, (4) jJAna- caitra kR0 4, vizAkhA nakSatra, (5) nirvANa- zrAvaNa zu0 8 (diga0 zrAvaNa zu0 7) vizAkhA nakSatra, (6) nirvANa sthala- smmedshikhr| rAzi kumbha tathA varNa nIlamaNi kI taraha thaa| zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra ApakA vivAha prasenajita rAjA kI putrI prabhAvatI se huA thaa| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI Ayu 100 varSa kI thI jisameM 30 varSa taka gRhastha jIvana meM rahe tathA sattara varSa taka sAdhu banakara dharmopadeza dete rhe| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke kezIgautamIya saMvAda se jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne sacela (santarottara) tathA cAturyAma (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura aparigraha) dharma kA dezakAlAnurUpa upadeza diyA thA jise mahAvIra ne dezakAla kI paristhiti ke anusAra ratnatraya kA dhyAna rakhakara acela aura paMcayAma meM parivartita kiyA thaa| digambara paramparA meM sacela-acela kA ullekha to nahIM hai parantu cAturyAma kI carcA anya rUpa meM milatI hai| dezakAla kI paristhitiyA~ AdinAtha se lekara mahAvIraparyanta taka kI donoM paramparAoM meM eka jaisI milatI haiN| __ pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina

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:113 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra | nidezaka, pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina 1. dinAGka 18-20 navambara, 2011 ko rASTrIya mAnava zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI dvArA 'Untouchables Through the Ages' viSaya para bhArata kalA bhavana, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke sabhAgAra meM tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana huaa| isa saMgoSThI ke udghATana satra meM saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne eka satra kI adhyakSatA ke sAtha zodha-patra kA vAcana bhI kiyA tathA samApana satra kI adhyakSatA kii| 2. vajra evaM varuNa janajAgaraNa samiti, vArANasI evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM 1 disambara se 3 disambara, 2011 ko vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM Ayojita tridivasIya prazikSaNa kAryakrama ke mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne vidyApITha kA paricaya dete hue isakA udghATana kiyaa| isa prazikSaNa kAryakrama kA viSaya thA- 'sAmAjika pichar3e vargoM ke utthAna hetu unheM jAgarUka krnaa'| . 3. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne prAkRta jaina aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, bAsokuNDa, mujaphpharapura meM dinAGka 12 disambara, 2011 ko Ayojita DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata pramukha vaktA ke rUpa meM 'bhAratIya vAGmaya kI bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa meM prAkRta bhASA kA yogadAna' viSaya para vyAkhyAna diyaa| isa vyAkhyAnamAlA kA udghATana bI0Ara0 ambeDakara vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 vimala kumAra ne kiyA tathA adhyakSatA pro0 ravIndra kumAra varmA 'ravi' hindI vibhAga ne kiyaa| DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, jayapura Adi ne bhI apane vicAra prakaTa kiye| saMsthAna ke nidezaka DaoN0 RSabhacanda jaina ne viSayapravartana evaM dhanyavAda jJApita kiyaa| 4. dinAGka 28 disambara, 2011 ko maitrI bhavana meM Ayojita sva0 AcArya zrI zarada kumAra sAdhaka jI kI smRti meM 'jala, jaMgala, jamIna, jIvikA aura hamArA sAmudAyika jIvana' viSayaka rASTrIya saGgoSThI sampanna huI jisameM saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne viSaya-pravartana kiyaa| vidyApITha-sadasyoM dvArA vibhinna saGgoSThiyoM meM patra-vAcana, sahabhAmitA evaM vyAkhyAna 1. DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha evaM zrI oma prakAza siMha bhAratIya itihAsa anusaMdhAna pariSad evaM prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti evaM

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114 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 purAtattva vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM Ayojita 'Ara0 zAmazAstrI : bhAratIya itihAsa ke naye AyAma' viSaya para 8-10 navambara, 2011 ko rASTrIya saGgoSThI kA Ayojana huaa| isa saGgoSThI meM saMsthAna ke esosieTa prophesara DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne 'AcArya hemacandra viracita laghuarhannIti para kauTilya kA prabhAva' tathA saMsthAna ke pustakAlayAdhyakSa zrI oma prakAza siMha ne 'kauTilya ke arthazAstra kI jaina TIkA : nIti nirNIta' viSaya para apanA zodha patra prastuta kiyaa| 2. DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha dinAGka 18 - 20 navambara 2011, ko rASTrIya mAnava zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI dvArA Ayojita tridivasIya rASTrIya saGgoSThI meM saMsthAna ke esosieTa prophesara DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne 'jaina paramparA meM aspRzyatA : eka aitihAsika pariprekSya' viSaya para zodhapUrNa patra prastuta kiyaa| 3. DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha cANakya insTiTyUTa oNpha pablika lIDarazipa tathA muMbaI vizvavidyAlaya, muMbaI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM 9-10 disambara, 2011 ko Ayojita dvidivasIya prazikSaNa kAryazAlA meM saMsthAna ke risarca esosieTa DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha ne vyAkhyAna evaM prazikSaNa diyaa| 4. DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava evaM DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha dinAGka 19-20 navambara, 2011 ko naI dillI ke zrI lAla bahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM AI0esa0 je0esa0 tathA darzana saGkAya, lAla bahAdura saMskRta vidyApITha ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM 'Jain Logic and Pariksamukha Sutrarin' viSaya para dvidivasIya kAryazAlA kA ayojana huaa| saMsthAna ke risarca esosieTa DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava tathA DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha ne apanI sahabhAgitA prastuta kii| isake atirikta isa kAryazAlA meM pro0 pArasamala agravAla, DaoN0 nArAyaNa lAla kachArA evaM lAla bahAdura saMskRta vidyApITha ke anya adhyApakoM ne apanI sahabhAgitA prastuta kii| DaoN0 zugana canda jaina, adhyakSa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM adhyakSa, AI0esa0 je0 esa0 ne jainadharma kA paricaya evaM isakI samasAmayika upayogitA para prakAza DAlA tathA unhIM ke saujanya se yaha kAryazAlA sampanna huii| 2. darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI dvArA vizva darzana divasa para 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM mUlya aura vartamAna samAja meM usakI prAsaGgikatA'

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 115 viSaya para ekadivasIya rASTrIya saGgoSThI kA Ayojana 30 navambara 2011 ko huaa| vibhAga ke pUrva adhyakSa pro0 e0 ke0 caTarjI, pro0 kamalAkara mizra tathA pro0 e0 ena0 tripAThI isa saGgoSThI meM mukhya vaktA the| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina, esosieTa prophesara DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha, risarca esosieTa DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava evaM DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha isa saGgoSThI meM bhAga liye| viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA Agamana 1. DaoN0 sumati karNAvata : akhila bhAratIya zrAvaka samiti ke adhyakSa tathA zramaNasaMghIya pU0 AcArya DaoN. zivamuni jI ke prati pUrNa samarpita zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI samAja ke agraNI DaoN0 sumati karNAvata evaM saMsthAna ke pUrva adhyakSa zrI nRparAja jaina kA akTUbara ke dvitIya saptAha meM vidyApITha meM Agamana huaa| DaoN0 karNAvata ne vidyApITha kI gatividhiyoM kA avalokana kiyA tathA nidezaka ke sAtha vicAra-vimarza karake pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke vikAsa meM pUrNa sahayoga kA AzvAsana diyaa| 2. pro0 esa0Ara0 bhaTTa : dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI ke darzana vibhAga ke pUrva adhyakSa pro0 esa0Ara0 bhaTTa apane ekadivasIya daure para dinAGka 29 navambara, 2011 ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha pdhaare| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne unakA svAgata kara saMsthAna kI gatividhiyoM se unheM avagata kraayaa| pro0 bhaTTa ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI akAdamika gatividhiyoM meM hara sambhava madada kA AzvAsana diyaa| 3. zrI DI0 Ara0 mehatA : prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura ke saMsthApaka evaM adhyakSa padmabhUSaNa DaoN0 DI0Ara0 mehatA kA 7 disambara, 2011 ko vidyApITha meM Agamana huaa| yahA~ unhoMne saMsthA ke akAdamika sadasyoM ke sAtha eka baiThaka kii| DaoN0 mehatA ne prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA saMyukta rUpa se pustakoM ke prakAzana ke prastAva ko svIkAra kiyA tathA donoM saMsthAoM ke paraspara sahayoga para bala diyaa| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne unakA svAgata kara saMsthAna kI gatividhiyoM se unheM paricita kraayaa| pArzvanAtha jayantI evaM mAlavIya jayantI samAroha sampanna dinAGka 18 disambara , 2011 ko mahAmanA mAlavIya mizana, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM mahAmanA paMDita madana mohana mAlavIya kI 151vIM jayantI tathA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha janma jayantI mahotsava vidyApITha ke sabhAgAra meM manAyI gii| isa avasara para pro0 rAmaharSa siMha, pUrva kulapati rAjasthAna Ayurveda vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura ne adhyakSatA kI aura unhoMne bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura mahAmanA jI ke vyaktitva ko anukaraNIya btaayaa| saMsthAna ke

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116 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA paricaya diyA tathA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke jIvana para prakAza DAlate hue mAlavIya jI ko zraddhA-sumana arpita kiye| mukhya atithi zrI pannAlAla jAyasavAla, naI dillI, itihAsakAra pro0 je0pI0 mizra, pro0 dInabandhu pANDeya, pro0 je0pI0 lAla, DaoN0 upendra kumAra tripAThI Adi vidvAnoM ne donoM mahAvibhUtiyoM kA guNagAna karate hue zraddhA sumana arpita kiye| DaoN0 philipa kleTona kA AgAmI 3 janavarI, 2012 ko Agamana AgAmI 3 janavarI, 2012 ko amerikA ke klerAmaoNNTa liMkana yUnivarsiTI ke provosTa (adhyakSa) evaM klerAmaoNNTa skUla oNpha thioNlaji ke DIna DaoN0 philipa kleTona kA Agamana ho rahA hai| DaoN0 kleTona pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sabhAgAra meM 'Applied Jainism : Why and How' viSaya para apanA eka vyAkhyAna deNge| isa avasara para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita tIna pustakoM- prAkRta-hindI koza, jainakumArasambhava evaM karmagrantha-5 kA vimocana hogaa| ISJS News 1- ISJS center at Virginia Commonwelth University (VCU) is being inaugurated on November 13, 2011. Earlier Dr. Shugan C. Jain had gone to VCU to deliver two lectures to more than two hundred students in September 2011 and a professor (Dr. Daniel Smith) and three students of VCU attended ISSJS 2011. This is the second ISJS centre for Jain studies being opened in US universities this year. Earlier the first ISJS centre was opened at Claremont Lincoln University, California on Sept. 6, 2011. 2- Dr. Shugan C. Jain, President PV and Chairman ISJS went to Switzerland where he delivered a lecture of one and half hours to 125 school children of class VI at Ecole International Geneva on Jainism. The session was highly interactive and children were very interested to know the principles of Karma, Anekanta and Ahimsa of Jainism. Meetings and discussions also took place with faculty at Universities of Lausanne, Switzerland and Munich in Germany for likely association with ISJS and participations in ISSJS 2012 programme.

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 117 3- ISJS is organising a Jain Leadership Summit in association with JAINA of USA on January 14 and 15, 2012. This is a continuation of eleven international ISJS seminars on Social Consciousness in Jainism organised by ISIS in 2010. 4- Admission of various program of ISJS in 2012 are in full swing. We expect good response from various universities in USA, Canada, Europe and Thailand. 5. Workshop on Jain Logic (Special reading of Pariksamukha by Ac. Manikyanandi). for ISSJS faculty members had been orgainsed from November 19-20, 2011 at Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), New Delhi. More than 16 faculty members from all over India attended that workshop. ***

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jaina jagat 1. vaizAlI meM DaoN0 gulAbacanda caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA sampanna mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa vibhAga, bihAra sarakAra dvArA saMcAlita prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ke sabhAgAra meM dinAGka 23 akTUbara 2011 ko gulAbacanda caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa vyAkhyAnamAlA kA udghATanaM vaizAlI ke sAMsada evaM pUrva kendrIya maMtrI DaoN0 raghuvaMza prasAda siMha ne kiyaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA kI adhyakSatA rASTrIya khyAtiprApta vidvAn DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva ne kI tathA mukhya vaktR ke rUpa meM viduSI DaoN0 mithileza kumAra mizrA ne apane vicAra prastuta kiye| 2. pro0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' bI0 ela0 insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI ke nidezaka bane sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke pUrva prophesara evaM jainadarzana vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM prAcya vidyAoM ke variSTha vidvAna pro0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' dillI sthita bhAratIya prAcya-vidyAoM ke antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta saMsthAna bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI (bI0 ela0AI0 AI0) ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM navambara 2011 se padabhAra samhAla rahe haiN| jJAta ho ki pro0 premI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke zodha-chAtra raha cuke haiN| inakA zodha-viSaya thA 'mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyyn'| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI tarapha se hArdika shubhkaamnaa| 3. 'adhyAtma, samAja aura bhraSTAcAra' viSaya para rASTrIya saGgoSThI sampanna jodhapura meM 5-6 navambara 2011 ko 'adhyAtma, samAja aura bhraSTAcAra' viSaya para dvidivasIya rASTrIya saGgoSThI kA Ayojana paramazraddheya AcAryapravara zrI hIrAcandrajI ma0sA0 ke sAnnidhya meM sampanna huaa| 4. jambUdvIpa ke pIThAdhIza pUjya kSullakaratna zrI motIsAgara jI mahArAja kA samAdhimaraNa jambUdvIpa, hastinApura ke pIThAdhIza dharmadivAkara pUjya kSullaka zrI motIsAgara jI mahArAja kA sallekhanApUrvaka samAdhimaraNa kArtika zukla pUrNimA, 10 navambara 2011 ko huaa| pUjya mahArAja zrI ke samAdhimaraNa ko hara kisI ne apUraNIya kSati batAkara apanI saMvedanAe~ vyakta kii|

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jaina jagat : 119 5. lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda meM ilekTrAnika lAibrerI kA udghATana bhArata ke pUrva rASTrapati bhArataratna DaoN. e.pI.je. abdula kalAma ne ahamadAbAda meM 11 navambara 2011 ko bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana, saMzodhana, prAcIna hastalikhita durlabha granthoM ke saMrakSaNa ke kSetra meM agraNI saMsthA lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM ilekTrAnika lAibrerI pariyojanA kA udghATana kiyaa| isa avasara para DaoN0 kalAma ne pArasI vidvAn DaoN0 honIvAlA kI pustaka 'Many Faces of Peace' ke DaoN0 zrI devIbena mehatA evaM pro0 prazAnta dave kRta gujarAtI anuvAda 'zAntinA svarUpo' kA vimocana bhI kiyA jise DaoN0 je0bI0 zAha ne sampAdita kiyA hai| 6. pro0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara' 'jaina ratna' se sammAnita amerikA meM pro0 bhAgacanda jaina bhAskara ko jainadharma, itihAsa, darzana, saMskRti aura purAtattva ke kSetra meM viziSTa yogadAna ke lie 'jaina ratna' upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| sAhityika kSetra meM aise yogadAna ke lie yaha unakA bIsavA~ puraskAra hai| pro0 bhAskara kI 75 se bhI jyAdA pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| jJAta ho ki pro0 bhAskara pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke nidezaka (1999-2001) bhI raha cuke haiN| isa sammAna ke lie unheM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI tarapha se hArdika bdhaaii| 7. 'bhAratIya darzana ko jaina dArzanikoM kA avadAna' viSaya para rASTrIya saGgoSThI kA Ayojana dinAGka 30-31 disambara, 2011 evaM 1 janavarI, 2012 ko prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0) evaM bhAratIya dArzanika anusaMdhAna pariSada, naI dillI ke sahayoga se 'bhAratIya darzana ko jaina dArzanikoM kA avadAna' viSaya para tridivasIya rASTrIya saGgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA hai| 8. jalagA~va meM bhavya jaina bhagavatI dIkSA samAroha AgAmI 19 janavarI, 2012 ko zrI jJAnacandra jI ma0 sA0 kI pAvana nizrA meM taruNa tapasvI sevA bhAvI zrI dharmendra munijI ma.sA0 Adi saMtaratna, variSThatama mahAsAdhvI ratnA zrI lalitA jI0 ma0sA0 Adi sAdhvI ratnAoM kI upasthiti meM caturvidha saMgha ke samakSa navaratna zrI sudarzana jI mehatA, unakI dharma sahAyikA mahilAratna zrImatI zucitAjI mehatA aura unake suputra bAlakaratna zrI anekAntajI

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120 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 4 / akTUbara-disambara 2011 mehatA- eka sAtha pUrA parivAra sAgara pArka grAuMDa, AkAzavANI cauka, jalagA~va dIkSAsthala para dIkSA aMgIkAra karane jA rahe haiN| 9. prAkRta hastalikhita granthoM para saGgoSThI kA Ayojana lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda meM dinAGka 16 se 17 pharavarI, 2012 taka rASTrIya stara para prAkRta hastalikhita granthoM para prathama saGgoSThI kA Ayojana rASTrIya pANDulipi mizana, naI dillI ke sahayoga se kiyA jA rahA hai| isa viziSTa saGgoSThI meM luptaprAya evaM alpajJAta prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hastalikhita aprakAzita kRtiyoM para prakAza DAlA jaaegaa| ***

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: 121 sAbhAra prApti pa0pU0 prazamarati vijayajI ma.sA. ke dvArA divyadarzana TrasTa, 39, kalikuMDa sosAyaTI, kalikuMDa cAra rAstA, kalikuMDa-dholakA, jilA- ahamadAbAda (gujarAta) prakAzana se nimna pustakeM sAbhAra prApta huI mUlya pustaka lekhaka/sampAdaka 1. vyutpattivAda pa0pU0 zrIbhavyasundara vijayajI ma.sA0 ru050 (dvitIya kAraka- prathama khaNDa) gujarAtI vivecana 2. nikSepaviMzikA A0 vijaya abhayazekharasUri ru090 (gujarAtI) 3. nayaviziMkA A0 vijaya abhayazekharasUri ru0200 (gujarAtI) 4. zrI piNDavizuddhiH siddhAnta divAkara AcAryadeva ru0250 (gurjarabhASAntara-guNAnandIya- zrImadvijaya jayaghoSasUrizvara vArtika vibhUSitA) 5. zrI piNDaniyukti pravacanadhyakSa pU0 gaNivarya ru0165 granthano sAnuvAda (gujarAtI) zrI haMsasAgara ma0 sA0 inake atirikta saMsthAna ko nimnalikhita pustakeM bhI sAbhAra prApta huIM1. dvAdazAra nayacakram, samuddhArakartA- AcArya vijayalabdhisUrIzvara, prakA0 svargArohaNa ardhazatAbdI samiti, ahamadAbAda 2. AcAryakundakundakundagranthopari jayasenapraNItavRttigranthAnAMsamIkSAtmakamadhyayanam (zodha prabandha), prastutakartI- ku0 sujAtA roTe 3. prAkRta-bodha, AcArya sunIlasAgara, jaina saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, rAmagaMja, jinsI, indaura 8. Acarya Umasvami's Tattvarthasutra (With Hindi and English Translation), Edition- Vijay K. Jain, Pub.- Vikalp Printers, Publishing Section, Dehradun, Rs. 250/ ***

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Advertisement Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi (PV) invites scholars of Jain philosophy, religion, non-violence to join its ambitious expansion plans. PV provides an excellent fully equipped campus adjacent to BHU and opportunities to teach and work with foreign scholars and students in India and abroad. PV is an approved external research organization of BHU. PV is well known Jain education and research organization since 1937. PV is honoured to have leading scholars of Jainism with it since its inception. It has now planned for major expansion to conduct research and its application in Jain doctrine, ethics, languages, meditation, rituals, history, art and their application to resolve issues of society in 215 century. PV has openings for the following academic staff: Position Qualification Experience Professor/Principal Research Fellow Ph.D. 10+Years Associate Professors/Senior Research Fellows Ph.D. 6+Years Assistant Professor/Research Fellows Ph.D. 1+Years P.G. Research Fellows Ph.D. Fresh Research Assistant M.A./Ph.D. 1 Year for M.A. Other requirements: The candidates should have demonstrable experience of conducting research and publishing and/or teaching in reputed universities or research institutes. Fluency in English and computer working is desirable along with command of Hindi/Prakrit or Sanskrit. Candidates who have superannuated/retired may also apply for suitable openings. Candidates for Research Associates without Ph.D. will have the option to work for Ph.D. also while serving at PV. Salary: Competitive salary along with living accommodation at the campus will be provided. General: All positions are for posting at the campus of PV in Varanasi and New Delhi desired by the President. Initially all the position shall be on contract basis for three years, and likely to be made permanent on successful completion of the contract period. Openings, especially for foreign scholars also exist for shorter periods of 6 month to one year to work on specific projects earmarked by PV. Please send your application by 31sJan.2012. The President PV D-28, Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi-110017 or email to isjs_pv@yahoo.com

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OUR IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS 1. Prakrit - Hindi Kosa Edited by Dr. K.R. Chandra * 1200.00 2. Encyclopaedia of Jaina Studies Vol. I (Art & Architecture) * 4000.00, $ 100.00 3. Jain Kumara Sambhavam Dr. Neelam Rani Shrivastava * 300.00 4. Jaina Sahitya Ka Brhad Itihasa, Vol. I -Vol. VII, 1430.00 5. Hindi Jaina Sahitya Ka Brhad Itihasa, Vol. I-Vol. III Dr. Shitikanth Mishra 1270.00 6. Jaina Pratima Vijnana Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari 300.00 7. Jaina Dharma Darsana Dr. Mohanlal Mehta * 200.00 8. Sthanakavasi.Jaina Parampara Ka Itihasa Dr. S. M. Jain & Dr. Vijaya Kumar * 500.00 9. Studies in Jaina Philosophy Dr. Nathmal Tatia *200.00 10. Theaory of Reality in Jaina Philosophy Dr.J.C. Sikdar *300.00 11. Doctrine of Karma in Jaina Philosophy H.V. Glasenapp * 150.00 12. Jainism: The Oldest Living Religion Dr. Jyoti Prasad Jain 40.00 13. Scientific Contents in Prakrit Canons Dr. N.L. Jain 400.00 14. Pearls of Jaina Wisdom Editors: Dr.S.M. Jain & Dr.S. P Pandey 7120.00 15. Studies in Jaina Art Dr. U.P. Shah *300.00 16. Dr. C. Krause: Her Life and Literature Vol. I Editor : Dr. S.P. Pandey 500. $ 40-00 17. Jainism in a Global Perspective Editors: Dr.S.M. Jain & Dr.S.P. Pandey 400.00. $ 19.00 18. Multi-dimensional Application of Anekantavada Editors: Dr. S.M. Jain & Dr.S.P. Pandey *500.00, $ 20.00 19. Advanced Glossary of Jaina Terms Dr. N. L. Jain 300.00 20. Uttaradhyayana-Sutra: Eka Parisilana (Gujrati) Dr. S. L. Jain & Trans. A. Santilal Joshi * 300.00 21. Jains Today in the World Pierre Paul Amiel * 500.00 22. Kasayapahuda (Chapters on Passion) Dr.N. L. Jain 300.00 23. Jaina Karmagrantha Part -1-V (Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi) *400.00 Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5