Apbhramsa Ek Parichaya

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002700/1

Page #1
apabhraMza : eka paricaya DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna Mampi o natomony Higheroine

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apabhraMza : eka paricaya lekhaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI pUrva prophesara, darzanazAstra, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura nArA prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna

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prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI zrImahAvIrajI - 322220 (rAja.) prApti-sthAna 1. jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI 2. apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI / digambara jaina nasiyA bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura - 302004 prathama bAra, I. san 2000, 2000 pratiyA~ mUlya : 30.00 rupaye mudraka jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. ema. AI. roDa jayapura - 302001

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svargIya DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ko sAdara samarpita jinhoMne bhAratIya saMskRti kI amUlya dharohara jainasAhitya-paramparA ke prAkRta bhASA ke grantha SaTkhaNDAgama evaM apabhraMza bhASA ke aneka vismRta va aprakAzita granthoM kA sampAdana kara navajIvana pradAna kiyaa|

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Page #6
Arambhika prakAzakIya pahalA adhyAya - apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya apabhraMza kI bhUmikA apabhraMza kA svarUpa va vikAsa apabhraMza sAhitya kI khoja va usakA kSetra apabhraMza sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa (i) jainoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ svayaMbhU evaM unakI racanAe~ puSpadaMta evaM unakI racanAe~ dhanapAla evaM unakI racanA viSaya-sUcI vIra evaM unakI racanA nayanaMdi evaM unakI racanAe~ kanakAmara evaM unakI racanA hemacandra evaM unakI racanAe~ harideva evaM unakI racanA raithU evaM unakI racanAe~ (ii) bauddhoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ sarahapA kaNhapA (iii) zaivoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ (iv) aihikatAparaka apabhraMza racanAe~ dUsarA adhyAya - paravartI apabhraMza prAkRta paiMgalam sirithUlabhadda - phAgu nemInAtha caupaI uktivyakti prakaraNa (v) pRSTha saMkhyA 1-31 1 2 4 7 7 8 10 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 24 25 25 33-40 34 34 35 35

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43-49 kIrtilatA pRthvIrAja rAso vidyApati padAvalI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA udaya tIsarA adhyAya - apabhraMza aura hindI pariziSTa apabhraMza ke mUla graMtha sahAyaka pustakeM 'jainavidyA' zodha-patrikA ke apabhraMza vizeSAMka 'apabhraMza-bhAratI' zodha-patrikA ke aMka (vi)

Page #8
Arambhika 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' pustaka pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM samarpita karate hue harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| yaha sarvavidita hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne lokabhASA prAkRta meM upadeza dekara sAmAnyajana ke lie vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| lokabhASA badalatI calatI hai / isake pariNAmasvarUpa apabhraMza bhASA kA janma loka-bhASA ke rUpa meM huA aura IsA kI pA~cavIM - chaThI zatAbdI meM vaha sAhityika abhivyakti ke lie sazakta mAdhyama bana gii| lambe samaya taka yaha uttarI bhArata kI bhASA banI rhii| pazcima se pUrva taka isakA prayoga hotA thA / isI se Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA janma huA hai / 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' pustaka apabhraMza bhASA ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ujAgara karane kI ora eka mahatvapUrNa kadama hai| digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI dvArA jayapura meM san 1988 meM 'apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI' kI sthApanA kI gii| deza kI yaha prathama akAdamI hai jahA~ mukhyataH patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se 'apabhraMza bhASA' kA adhyApana kiyA jAtA hai / vizvadharma preraka AcArya vidyAnandajI munirAja ke zabdoM meM- "digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI dvArA saMcAlita aneka loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM meM apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI eka mahattvapUrNa pravRtti hai / apabhraMza bhASA kA zikSaNa-prazikSaNa denevAlI aura zodha karanevAlI yaha ekamAtra saMsthA hai| yadi isa saMsthA ke prayAsoM se apabhraMza bhASA ko bhArata meM usake gaurava ke anukUla sammAna aura usake adhyayana ko protsAhana mila sakA to yaha bhAratIya saMskRti kI bahuta bar3I sevA hogI / " DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI dvArA racita 'apabhraMza racanA saurabha', 'apabhraMza kAvya saurabha', 'apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha' tathA 'praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha bhAga - 1' (vii)

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akAdamI ke mahattvapUrNa prakAzana haiM / isI krama meM DaoN. sogANI kI 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' pustaka prakAzita hai| isake lie hama DaoN. sogANI ke AbhArI haiN| 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' pustaka ke prakAzana meM sahayogI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI ke kAryakarttA evaM jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa dhanyavAdArha haiM / prakAzacandra jaina maMtrI prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (viii) narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa

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prakAzakIya apabhraMza bhAratIya Arya parivAra kI eka susamRddha loka-bhASA rahI hai| isakA prakAzita-aprakAzita vipula sAhitya isake vikAsa kI gauravamayI gAthA kahane meM samartha hai| svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta, dhanapAla, vIra, nayanaMdi, kanakAmara, joindu, rAmasiMha, hemacandra, raidhU Adi apabhraMza bhASA ke amara sAhityakAra haiN| koI bhI deza va saMskRti inake AdhAra se apanA mastaka U~cA rakha sakatI hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai - "apabhraMza hI vaha Arya bhASA hai jo IsA kI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se terahavIM zatAbdI taka sampUrNa uttara bhArata kI sAmAnya loka-jIvana ke paraspara bhAva-vinimaya aura vyavahAra kI bolI rahI hai|" yaha nirvivAda tathya hai ki apabhraMza kI kokha se hI sindhI, paMjAbI, marAThI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bihArI, ur3iyA, baMgalA, asamI, pazcimI hindI, pUrvI hindI Adi bhAratIya bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| isa taraha se rASTrabhASA kA mUla srota hone kA gaurava apabhraMza bhASA ko prApta hai| yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata hai - "apabhraMza aura hindI kA sambandha atyanta gaharA aura sudRr3ha hai, ve eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiN| hindI ko ThIka se samajhane ke lie apabhraMza kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai|'' DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra - "hindI sAhitya meM (apabhraMza kI) prAyaH pUrI paramparAe~ jyoM kI tyoM surakSita haiN|" ata: rASTra bhASA hindI sahita Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sandarbha meM yaha kahanA ki apabhraMza kA adhyayana rASTrIya cetanA aura ekatA kA poSaka hai, ucita pratIta hotA hai| 1. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavara siMha, san 1882, pRSTha - 287 2. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zaMbhUnAtha pAMDeya, 1979, pRSTha - 91 (ix)

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'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' pustaka apabhraMza kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatI hai| isakA mukhya uddezya apabhraMza kI bikharI huI jAnakAriyoM, sUcanAoM ko eka jagaha sameTanA hai jisase apabhraMza se hindI taka kI yAtrA spaSTa ho ske| isameM tIna adhyAya haiM - 1. apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 2. paravartI apabhraMza 3. apabhraMza aura hindii| ina tInoM adhyAyoM kI sAmagrI vidvAnoM kI vibhinna pustakoM se saMgRhIta hai| ina pustakoM ke nAma yathAsthAna de diye gaye haiN| akAdamI kI zodha-patrikA 'apabhraMza-bhAratI' tathA 'jainavidyA' zodha-patrikA ke apabhraMza-vizeSAMkoM kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA gayA hai| inakI sAmagrI ko pustaka ke rUpa meM lAne kA saMbhavataH yaha prathama prayAsa hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki isa pustaka se sAmAnyajana, vidyArthI aura vidvAn - sabhI lAbhAnvita ho skeNge| isa pustaka meM apabhraMza kI kucha prakAzita racanAoM kA hI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina racanAoM ke atirikta jaina grantha bhaNDAroM meM apabhraMza kI aneka pAMDulipiyA~ abhI aprakAzita haiM jinheM prakAzita karAnA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kA eka pramukha uddezya hai| . merI dharmapatnI zrImatI kamalAdevI sogANI ne isa pustaka ko likhane meM jo sahayoga pradAna kiyA, usake lie maiM AbhAra vyakta karatA huuN| pustaka ke prakAzana kI vyavasthA ke lie 'jainavidyA saMsthAna samiti' kA AbhArI huuN| akAdamI ke kAryakartA evaM jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa dhanyavAdAha haiN| tIrthaMkara vimalanAtha nirvANadivasa DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI ASAr3ha kRSNa SaSThI, saMyojaka vIranirvANa saMvat 2526 jainavidyA saMsthAna samiti dinAMka 23-6-2000 (x)

Page #12
pahalA adhyAya apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya apabhraMza kI bhUmikA bhASA, samAja aura saMskRti kA abhinna saMbaMdha hai| saMskRti ke apane koI paira nahIM hote, vaha to bhASA aura samAja ke pairoM para calatI hai| yadi bhASA aura samAja sazakta hote haiM to saMskRti kA teja dUra-dUra taka phaila jAtA hai / yadi bhASA aura samAja lar3akhar3AtA hai to saMskRti lar3akhar3A jAtI hai / jisa samAja kA dhyAna apanI sAMskRtika bhASA se haTatA hai usa samAja ke sAMskRtika mUlya dhIre-dhIre vismRta ho jAte haiN| jisa samAja meM hameM sAMskRtika bhASA-cetanA kama dikhAI de vaha samAja apane sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko chor3atA dikhAI degaa| vAstava meM bhASA ko bhUlanA saMskRti ko bhUlanA hai / loka-bhASA hI sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI vAhaka hotI hai| loka samunnata ho isake lie loka-bhASA kA prayoga mahatvapUrNa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne dharma-pracAra ke nimitta tatkAlIna loka-bhASA 'prAkRta' kA prayoga kiyaa| bhArata meM ati prAcInakAla se hI sAMskRtika abhivyakti ke lie loka-bhASA meM sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke prati janatA ko jAgRta karanA aura loka-jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ko loka-bhASA meM abhivyakta karanA - ye donoM hI bAteM mahatvapUrNa samajhI jAtI rahI haiM / apanI vyaktigata anubhUti ke mAdhyama se sAhityakAra jana-cetanA meM naye tatvoM kA praveza karAne ke lie loka-bhASA ko cunakara usameM sAMskRtika prANoM kA saMcAra karatA hai / yahA~ yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki vaidika kAla meM bhI lokabhASA prAkRta kA astitva rahA hai / yadi hama kaheM ki vaidika bhASA prAkRta ke tatvoM ko pracura mAtrA meM sameTe hue hai to atyukti nahIM hogii| 'prAkRta' mahAvIra, buddha aura Asa-pAsa ke lAkhoM logoM kI mAtRbhASA rahI hai| kucha zatAbdiyoM taka prAkRta meM vibhinna prakAra kA sAhitya likhA jAtA rhaa| yaha eka vAstavikatA

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hai ki loka-bhASA badalatI calatI hai aura jo badalatI calatI hai vahI lokabhASA hotI hai| dhIre-dhIre eka naI bhASA 'apabhraMza' kA janma loka-bhASA ke rUpa meM huA aura IsA kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI meM vaha apabhraMza bhASA sAhityika abhivyakti ke lie sazakta mAdhyama bana gii| "zIghra hI use svayaMbhU jaisA pratibhAzAlI kavi prApta ho gayA, jisane bhAratIya vAGmaya ke itihAsa meM apabhraMza-yuga kA pravartana kiyaa| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki apabhraMza lambe samaya taka uttarI bhArata kI bhASA banI rhii| DaoN. cATuA ke anusAra zaurasenI apabhraMza rASTrabhASA bana gaI thii| pazcima se pUrva taka usI kA prayoga hotA thaa| yahA~ yaha samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ko samagra rUpa se jAnane ke lie lokabhASAoM ke sAhitya kA adhyayana eka anivAryatA hai| jana-jIvana meM vyApta sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko AtmasAt karane kI ora jhukAva loka-bhASAoM ke sAhitya ke prati ruci jAgRta karane se hI hotA hai| apabhraMza kA svarUpa va vikAsa __uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza kA artha hai - loka-bhASA yA janabolI / sAmAnya logoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA hI janabolI hotI hai| AcArya bharata muni (tIsarI zatI) ne jisa bhASA ko 'ukArabahulA' (apabhraMza) kahA hai vaha himAlaya pradeza se lekara siMdha tathA uttara paMjAba taka pracalita thii| isa uttarapazcimI bhAratIya bolI ko hI saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza nAma diyA; kyoMki loka-bhASA meM vibhinna kSetroM meM eka hI artha meM vibhinna zabda the, jaise - 'gau' ke lie gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA ityAdi loka-pracalita vibhinna zabda haiN| saMskRta ne ina zabdoM ko apabhraMza nAma diyaa| paM. candradhara zarmA 'gulerI' ne apabhraMza kA artha 'nIce ko bikharanA' (loka meM vikasita honA) batAyA hai| unhoMne likhA ki apabhraMza yA dezI bhASA aura kucha nahIM bA~dha se bacA huA pAnI hai yA vaha jo nadI-mArga para calA AyA, bA~dhA na gyaa| unakA Azaya hai ki saMskRta zabda eka hai to pyAra ke pravAha meM pAnI kI taraha sarakanevAle apabhraMza zabda anek| 'mAtA' saMskRta zabda hai, usakA 'mAtu', 'mAI' aura 'mAvo' taka pahu~ca jAnA adhika madhura banane ke lie hai| zabdoM kA nayA rUpa lenA dUSaNa nahIM, bhUSaNa hai| 'gau' ke lie gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA Adi aneka apabhraMza zabdoM meM loka-jIvana kI jIvantatA hai, jana-jIvana kI sugandha hai| "dhyAna dene apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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kI bAta hai, jo 'apabhraMza' zabda IsA se do zatAbdI pUrva apANinIya prayoga ke lie prayukta hotA thA vahI IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate eka sAhityika bhASA-saMjJA bana gyaa| paM. candradhara zarmA 'gulerI' jise 'purAnI hindI' kahate haiM, DaoN. ela.pI. TaissiTarI jise 'purAnI rAjasthAnI' kahate haiM, gujarAtI jise 'jUnI gujarAtI' tathA baMga evaM mithilAvAsI jise apanI 'purAnI bhASA' kahate haiM, vastutaH vaha apabhraMza hI hai| yaha apabhraMza lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI jananI kahI gayI hai| apane vyApaka artha meM apabhraMza usa loka-bhASA kI dyotaka hai jo saMskRta se itara hai| isa taraha se apabhraMza sabhI loka-boliyoM kA sAmAnya nAma hai / jana-bhASA apabhraMza' lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI se pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta hotI rahI aura vaha hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, siMdhI, paMjAbI aura baMgalA Adi kI mUla bhASA rahI hai| isIlie chaThI zatAbdI ke kAvyazAstrI bhAmaha saMskRta-prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza kA bhI kAvyabhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha karate haiM; yadyapi apabhraMza kA bolI ke rUpa meM ullekha I.pU. lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI meM milatA hai / rAjA bhoja ke yuga meM (1022-63 I.) prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza kA bhI acchA pracAra thaa| saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA kA isa yuga meM samAna rUpa se mahatva thaa| rAjazekhara ke isa kathana se yahI bAta bhalIbhA~ti jJAta hotI hai ki rAjasabhAoM meM rAjAsana (rAjA ke Asana) ke uttara kI ora saMskRta kavi, pUrva kI ora prAkRtakavi aura pazcima kI ora apabhraMzakaviyoM ko sthAna diyA jAtA thaa| svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta jaise apabhraMza ke mahAkaviyoM ne apanI bhASA ko desI bhASA kahA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ke anusAra desI bhASA aura apabhraMza eka hI hai| puSpadaMta apanI bhASA ko desI bhASA kahane ke sAtha-sAtha avahaMsa (apabhraMza) bhI kahate haiM / pariNAma yahI hai ki apabhraMza = avahaMsa va desI bhASA eka hI hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai - "apabhraMza hI vaha Arya bhASA hai jo IsA kI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se terahavIM zatAbdI taka sampUrNa uttara bhArata ke sAmAnya loka-jIvana ke paraspara bhAva-vinimaya aura vyavahAra kI bolI rahI hai|'' yaha nirvivAda tathya hai ki apabhraMza se hI siMdhI, paMjAbI, marAThI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bihArI, ur3iyA, baMgalA, asamI, pazcimI hindI, pUrvI hindI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya

Page #15
bharata muni ne jisa ukArabahulA bhASA kA kSetra pazcimottara bhArata batalAyA hai vaha AThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka samUce uttara bhArata kI sAhityika bhASA bana gaI thii| DaoN. nAmavarasiMha ke anusAra - " yaha eka bhASA-vaijJAnika tathya hai ki rAjanItika aura Arthika unmukhatA ke kAraNa vividha sthAnIya boliyA~ eka vizAla rASTrIya bhASA ke rUpa meM Dhala jAtI haiN| navIM zatAbdI meM uttara bhArata ke rAjanItika mAnacitra para dRSTi DAlane se mAlUma hotA hai ki baMgAla meM pAla tathA mAnyakheTa meM rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ne apanA Adhipatya jamA liyA thaa| pAla aura rASTrakUTa rAjA desIbhASA ke saMrakSaka the| saraha, kANha Adi caurAsI siddha kavi pAloM ke zAsanakAla meM hue| udhara svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta jaise apabhraMza kaviyoM kI zakti kA prasphuTana rASTrakUToM kI chatrachAyA meM huaa|islie AraMbha meM tatkAlIna boliyoM ko apabhraMza ke rUpa meM kendrita karane aura isa taraha use vikasita karane kA zreya mukhyata: rASTrakUToM ko hai|" dasavIM zatAbdI kA aMta hote-hote mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUToM ke sthAna para gujarAta meM solaMkI aura cAlukyoM kI zakti prabala ho gaI; jisameM siddharAja jayasiMha tathA kumArapAla apabhraMza sAhitya ke unnAyaka rhe| apabhraMza ke prasiddha vidvAna hemacandra sUri ko saMrakSaNa dene kA zreya siddharAja ko hI hai| sAhitya-sRjana ke lie hemacandra ko dhana aura jana kI jitanI suvidhAe~ rAja kI ora se dI gaI thIM, vaha usa yuga meM kisI ke lie bhI IrSyA kA viSaya ho sakatA thaa| kumArapAla ne bhI apabhraMza ko paryApta saMrakSaNa diyaa|2| ___ "mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUToM ke bAda pATaNa ke solaMkI dUsare rAjA hue jinhoMne apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke utthAna meM bahuta bar3A kArya kiyaa| solaMkiyoM ke zAsanakAla meM gujarAta kA vaibhava parAkASThA para thaa| vANijya aura saMskRti donoM meM vaha bhArata kA siramaura ho rahA thaa| svAbhAvika thA ki aise rAjya kI sAhityika bhASA apabhraMza usa samaya kI rASTrabhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho|'13 apabhraMza sAhitya kI khoja va usakA kSetra ___ yahA~ yaha likhanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jaba pizela dvArA 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa' likhA jA rahA thA to unheM hemacaMdra ke vyAkaraNa meM uddhRta apabhraMza bhASA ke namUnoM ko chor3akara apabhraMza kA anya koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM ho sakA thaa| harmana jekobI ne apabhraMza sAhitya ke astitva kA anumAna lagA liyA thaa| ve isakI khoja meM laga ge| ve do bAra jarmanI se bhArata aae| apabhraMza : eka paricaya

Page #16
dvitIya bAra san 1913-14 I. meM ahamadAbAda meM eka jaina sAdhu ke pAsa rakhI huI eka prAcIna hastalikhita grantha kI prati dekhii| unako batAyA gayA ki yaha koI prAkRta kI racanA hai| jekobI mahodaya ne use ulaTa-palaTakara dekhA aura usa graMtha kI do-cAra paMktiyoM ko dhyAna se pddh'aa| graMtha par3hate hI jekobI atyanta camatkRta hue aura harSa se uchala pdd'e| turanta hI unake mukha se jo zabda nikala par3e unakA bhAva thA - "are ! yaha to koI apabhraMza racanA laga rahI hai|"14 sAdhu jekobI ko usa grantha ko dene ke lie taiyAra nahIM the| ataeva DaoN. jekobI kaI dinoM taka lagAtAra baiThakara usakI nakala karate rahe aura bAda meM bace hue patroM kI phoTo-kApI taiyAra krvaaii| yaha kAvyagraMtha apabhraMza bhASA ke mahAkavi dhanapAla kA likhA huA 'bhavisayattakahA' thaa| apabhraMza sAhitya kA yaha mahatvapUrNa kAvya DaoN. jekobI ko sabase pahale prApta huaa| kucha dinoM ke bAda saurASTra ke pravAsa meM unheM eka dUsarA kAvyagrantha upalabdha huaa| vaha bhI rAjakoTa ke eka sAdhu ke pAsa se prApta huA thaa| isa grantha kA nAma 'neminAthacarita' thaa| isakI pUrNa hastalikhita prati hI jarmana vidvAna ko mila gaI thii| isa prakAra apabhraMza granthoM kI pahalI jAnakArI DaoN. jekobI ko prApta huI thii| - san 1918 I. meM myUnika rAyala ekeDamI se 'bhavisayattakahA' kA prathama saMskaraNa prakAzita huA jo vyAkaraNa, zabda-racanA, zabdakoSa Adi se bhalIbhA~ti alaMkRta thaa| apabhraMza kA sarvaprathama prakAzita honevAlA yahI sAhityika grantha thaa| isake prakAzita hone ke tIna varSoM ke pazcAt san 1921 meM DaoN. jekobI ne AcArya haribhadrasUri viracita 'neminAthacarita' ke aMtargata 'sanatkumAracarita' kA susampAdita saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyaa| san 1923 meM bhAratavarSa meM prathama bAra gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sirIja bar3audA se sI.DI. dalAla aura pI.DI. guNe ke dvArA susampAdita 'bhaviSyadattakathA' kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| usake bAda aneka apabhraMza granthoM kA patA lagatA gyaa| bhAratIya vidvAna jina granthoM ko prAkRta bhASA kA samajhate rahe, unameM se kaI grantha apabhraMza ke nikle| apabhraMza sAhitya kI khoja ke bAda apabhraMza sAhitya kA sampAdanakAla Arambha ho jAtA hai / DaoN. pI.ela. vaidya, zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, muni jinavijaya, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, DaoN. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye Adi vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza granthoM ke sampAdana kA kArya prArambha kiyaa| apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 5

Page #17
yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya hai ki AThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI kA samaya apabhraMza sAhitya kA utkarSa yuga kahA jA sakatA hai| jina pradezoM meM apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA huI unake AdhAra para apabhraMza sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara ne nimna prakAra se kiyA hai - pazcimI pradeza (zaurasenI kA kSetra) - kAlidAsa ke 'vikramorvazIya' ke apabhraMza padya, svayaMbhU, yogIndu, devasena, rAmasiMha, dhanapAla, nayanandI, bhoja, dhanaMjaya, jinadatta, lakSmaNagaNi, haribhadra, hemacandra, somaprabha, abdula rahamAna, yazakIrti, raidhU Adi kavi gujarAta, madhyapradeza kI apabhraMza ke pratinidhi kahe jA sakate haiN| mahArASTra pradeza (mahArASTrI kA kSetra) - puSpadaMta aura kanakAmara ne Adhunika marAThI bolI ke samIpavartI pradezoM meM rahakara apabhraMza kRtiyoM kI racanA kii| isa kAraNa unakI kRtiyoM meM marAThI ke zabda mila sakate haiM / yoM inakI bhASA zaurasenI kSetra ke kaviyoM se mUlataH bhinna nahIM hai| __ pUrvI prAntoM kI apabhraMza (mAgadhI boliyoM kA kSetra - pUrvI hindI, maithilI, baMgalA Adi) - dohAkoSa, caryApada, DAkArNava taMtra tathA kIrtilatA, kIrtipatAkA, prAkRta-paiMgalam ke kucha padya tathA sekoddeza TIkA Adi ke bikhare padyoM kI racanA pUrvI prAntoM meM huii| isI kAraNa dohAkoSa, kIrtilatA kI bhASA yadyapi zaurasenI apabhraMza hai tathApi mAgadhI ke prayoga bhI usameM mila jAte haiN| uttarI pradezoM kI apabhraMza (paMjAbI, kAzmIrI bhASAoM kA kSetra) - gorakhanAtha ke kahe jAnevAle kucha apabhraMza padya tathA kAzmIra zaivoM kI apabhraMza mizrita kRtiyoM kI isa prAnta meM racanA huI jo kAzmIrI se prabhAvita hai| "vibhinna pradezoM meM racita isa vizAla apabhraMza sAhitya para zaurasenI apabhraMza kA bahuta prabhAva par3A, saMbhavataH vaha kAvya kI bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thii| xx upalabdha apabhraMza sAhitya meM sabase adhika sAhitya jaina sampradAya ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA racita milatA hai| dharma ke sAtha-sAtha kAvya, rasa, samAja aura mAnava-jIvana kA citraNa, kathA kA manoraMjakatva - sabhI kucha isameM milatA hai|"17 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

Page #18
uttarI pradezoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ zaivoM dvArA racita haiM tathA bauddha-siddhoM ne pUrva ke pradezoM meM rahakara racanA kii| isa taraha se "eka ora inameM jaina muniyoM ke ciMtana kA ciMtAmaNi hai to dUsarI ora bauddha-siddhoM kI sahaja sAdhanA kI siddhi bhI hai, yadi eka ora dhArmika AdarzoM kA vyAkhyAna hai to dUsarI ora lokajIvana se utpanna honevAle aihika rasa kA rAgaraMjita anukathana hai| yadi yaha sAhitya nAnA zalAkA-puruSoM ke udAtta jIvana-carita se sampanna hai to sAmAnya vaNika putroM ke duHkha-sukha kI kahAnI se bhI paripUrNa hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI stutiyoM, anubhavabharI sUktiyoM, rahasyamayI anubhUtiyoM Adi ke vicitra citroM se apabhraMza sAhitya kI vizAla citrazAlA suzobhita hai| svayaMbhU jaise mahAkavi ke hAthoM isakA bIjAropaNa huA, puSpadaMta, dhanapAla, haribhadra, joindu, rAmasiMha, devasena, kanakAmara, hemacandra, abdula rahamAna, saraha aura kANha jaisI pratibhAoM ne ise pratiSThita kiyA aura aMtima dinoM meM isa sAhitya ko yaza:kIrti aura raidhU jaise sarvatomukhI pratibhAvAle mahAkaviyoM kA sambala prApta huaa| aise mahAkaviyoM aura itane mahAkAvyoM tathA gItakAvyoM ke isa sAhitya kA, jo AThavIM zatAbdI se caudahavIM zatAbdI taka (sudUra dakSiNa ko chor3akara) sampUrNa bhAratavarSa ke sAmAnya loka tathA zikSita maMDalI ke hRdaya kI vANI thI, bhAratIya sAhitya meM kitanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna ho sakatA hai - yaha sahaja hI anumeya hai|"18 apabhraMza sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa sampUrNa apabhraMza sAhitya cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai - 1. jainoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ 2. bauddha-siddhoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ 3. zaivoM kI racanAe~ 4. aihikatAparaka apabhraMza racanAe~ 1. jainoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ IsA kI sAtavIM zatI se lekara solahavIM zatI taka jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita apabhraMza sAhitya prApta hotA hai| isa sudIrghakAla meM jo pracura sAhitya racA gayA hai usakA kevala eka aMza isa samaya prakAza meM AyA hai| jaina grantha-bhaNDAroM meM apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM bharA par3A hai| dharma aura sAhitya kA apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya

Page #19
adbhuta saphala mizraNa jaina kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| jisa samaya jaina kavi kAvyarasa kI ora jhukatA hai to usakI kRti sarasa kAvya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai aura jaba dharmopadeza kA prasaMga AtA hai to vaha padyabaddha dharma - upadezAtmaka kRti bana jAtI hai / 19 muktaka kAvya aura prabandha kAvya ina do prakAra kI racanAoM se jainoM ne apabhraMza sAhitya ko samRddha kiyA hai| muktaka kAvya-paramparA kI rahasyavAdI dhArA meM joindu kA paramAtmaprakAza va yogasAra, muni rAmasiMha kA pAhuDa dohA, suprabhAcArya kA vairAgyasAra Adi kRtiyA~ jIvana ke Antarika, Atmika va AdhyAtmika pakSa ko sabalarUpa se ujAgara karatI haiN| isI paramparA kI upadezAtmaka dhArA meM devasena kA sAvayadhamma - dohA sabase mahatvapUrNa kRti hai / isameM gRhastha-jIvana ko samunnata karane ke lie aneka upadeza die gae haiN| ina donoM dhArAoM kI kaI pANDulipiyA~ jaina bhaNDAroM meM par3I prakAzana kI bATa joha rahI haiM / 1 apabhraMza kI prabaMdha kAvya - paramparA meM bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM kAvya likhe gaye isa paramparA meM svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta, dhanapAla, vIra, nayanandI, kanakAmara, raidhU Adi kAvyakAra apabhraMza bhASA ke amara sAhityakAra haiM / svayaMbhU ( 8vIM zatI) - mahAkavi svayaMbhU apabhraMza ke sarvazreSTha kavi haiM / inhoMne loka-bhASA apabhraMza ko uccAsana para pratiSThApita kiyA / janasAmAnya kI bhASA 'apabhraMza' meM kAvyoM kI racanA kara sAhitya ke kSetra meM usako gauravapUrNa sthAna dilaayaa| ina kAvyoM kA prabhAva paravartI sAhityakAroM para asaMdigdha hai / apabhraMza ke mahAkavi puSpadaMta, rAjasthAnI kavi hariSeNa (apabhraMza bhASA kI kRti 'dhammaparikkhA' ke raciyatA), 'jambUsAmicariu' ke racayitA mahAkavi vIra, 'sayalavihivihANakavva' ke racanAkAra mahAkavi nayanandI, apabhraMza meM sarvAdhika saMkhyA meM kAvya-nirmANa karanevAle kavi raidhU, 'suloyaNAcariu' ke racayitA gaNi devasena Adi ne mahAkavi svayaMbhU kA kRtajJatApUrvaka ullekha kiyA hai 120 apabhraMza ke hI paravartI kavi puSpadaMta ne to unheM vyAsa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhAravi, bANa Adi pramukha kaviyoM kI zreNI meM virAjamAna kara diyA hai| ve 'mahAkavi', 'kavirAja', 'cakravartI' Adi aneka upAdhiyoM se sammAnita the / apabhraMza : eka paricaya 4 8

Page #20
- yahA~ yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogI ki yadi "svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta apane samaya kI loka-bhASA apabhraMza meM nahIM likhate to sambhavataH 'pRthvIrAja rAso', 'sUrasAgara' aura 'rAmacaritamAnasa' kA sRjana loka-bhASAoM meM saMbhava nahIM hotaa| 27 "racanA-prakriyA kI dRSTi se gosvAmI tulasIdAsa bhI mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke kAvya-vaibhava evaM bhASikI garimA se pUrNataH prabhAvita haiM / 22 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA kahanA hai - "hindI kavitA ke pA~coM yugoM (1. siddha-sAmanta yuga, 2. sUphI yuga, 3. bhakta yuga, 4. darabArI yuga va 5. navajAgaraNa yuga) ke jitane kaviyoM ko hamane yahA~ saMgRhIta kiyA hai, unameM yaha ni:saMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki svayaMbhU sabase bar3A kavi thaa| vastuta: vaha bhArata ke eka darjana amara kaviyoM meM se eka thaa| Azcarya aura krodha donoM hotA hai ki logoM ne kaise aise mahAn kavi ko bhulA denA caahaa|' '23 "upalabdha apabhraMza sAhitya kI ora dekhane para dhyAna meM AtA hai ki prabandha kAvya ke kSetra meM svayaMbhU apabhraMza ke 'Adikavi' haiM, apabhraMza ke rAmakathAtmaka kAvya ke ve 'vAlmIki' haiM, apabhraMza ke kRSNapANDava kathAtmaka kAvya ke ve 'vyAsa' haiM / '24 isa taraha "samUcI rAma-kAvya aura kRSNa-kAvya paramparA ke lagabhaga do hajAra varSa ke itihAsa meM svayaMbhU pahile kavi haiM jinhoMne donoM ke caritoM para samAnarUpa se adhikArapUrvaka kAvya-racanA kii|''25 bhASA kI kasAvaTa, prabhAvotpAdakatA, lAkSaNikatA aura citrAtmakatA ke sAtha-sAtha 'alaMkAra-prayoga' kI jo viziSTa kSamatA hama kavi svayaMbhU ke kAvya-zilpa meM pAte haiM vaisI anyatra sahaja hI hameM upalabdha nahIM ho paatii| DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa' kA kathana hai - "isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki koI-koI alaMkAra kisI kavi ko itanA adhika 'priya' ho jAtA hai ki vaha usakI pahacAna kA mAdhyama' bana jAtA hai / 'upamA kAlidAsasya' kI ukti ke mUla meM mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI 'upamA-priyatA' hI to hai / maiM niHsaMkoca kahanA cAhU~gA ki svayaMbhU kI pahacAna kA sazakta mAdhyama hai- 'utprekSA', jisake AdhAra para maiM kahU~gA - 'utprekSA svyNbhuvH'| svayaMbhU to 'utprekSA-samrATa' kahe jA sakate haiM"26 svayaMbhU mahArASTra ke pUrvI bhAga barAr3a/barAra ke nivAsI the| unake tIna grantha upalabdha hue haiM - 1. paumacariu, 2. riTThaNemicariu aura 3. svyNbhuuchNd| apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya

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(1) paumacariu - isameM jaina rAmakathA varNita hai / isameM pA~ca kANDa haiM (1) vidyAdharakANDa, (2) ayodhyAkANDa, (3) sundarakANDa, (4) yuddhakANDa aura (5) uttarakANDa | yaha mahAkAvya 90 saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| 83 saMdhiyA~ svayaM svayaMbhU dvArA racita haiM aura zeSa 7 saMdhiyA~ unake putra tribhuvana dvArA racI gaI haiN| rAmakathA meM " vanagamana para mAtAoM kA vilApa, bharata kI AtmaglAni, sItAharaNa para rAma kI viraha vedanA, vanavAsa ke duHkha ke kSaNa Adi sabhI karuNa prasaMgoM kA bar3A mArmika citraNa svayaMbhU ne kiyA hai| paM. rAmacandra zukla ke anusAra kavi kI saphalatA kI kasauTI mArmika sthaloM kI pahacAna aura usakI sakSama abhivyakti meM parilakSita hotI hai / kahanA nahIM hai ki kavi svayaMbhU isameM pUre khare utare haiN| 27 niSkarSa yaha hai ki bhASA, chanda, kavitva aura abhivyakti kauzala sabhI dRSTi se 'paumacariu ' apabhraMza sAhitya kA siramaura grantha hai 1 28 (2) riTThaNemicariu ( harivaMzapurANa ) - isameM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi (neminAtha) tathA kRSNa aura kaurava-pAMDavoM kI kathA likhI gaI hai| isameM tIna kANDa haiM - (1) yAdavakANDa, (2) kurUkANDa aura (3) yuddhkaanndd| yaha grantha abhI taka pUrA prakAzita nahIM huA hai / aThAraha hajAra zlokapramANa yaha mahAkAvya 112 sandhiyoM meM pUrA hotA hai / " isameM kRSNa janma, kRSNa kI bAla lIlAe~, kRSNa - vivAhakathA, pradyumna kI janma kathA aura tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke caritra kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI kauravoM evaM pANDavoM ke janma, bAlyakAla, zikSA, unakA paraspara vaimanasya, yudhiSThira dvArA dyUta-krIr3A aura usameM sabakucha hAra jAnA tathA pANDavoM ko bAraha varSa vanavAsa Adi aneka prasaMgoM kA vistAra se citraNa hai / ' 129 ( 3 ) svayaMbhUchaMda yaha prAkRta - apabhraMza chandazAstrIya - paramparA ke utkRSTatama granthoM meM se eka hai| isameM kula 13 adhyAya haiM, jinameM 8 adhyAyoM meM prAkRta chandoM kA tathA zeSa 5 adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza chandoM kA vivecana huA hai / 3066. ' 'grantha meM lagabhaga 48 vibhinna kaviyoM ke chandoM ko udAharaNarUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve sacce arthoM meM chanda-cUr3AmaNi siddha hue haiM / " 1131 10 - - - puSpadaMta ( 10vIM zatI) - apabhraMza kI prabandha-kAvya - paramparA meM svayaMbhU ke pazcAt mahAkavi puSpadaMta kA nAma gaurava se liyA jAtA hai| puSpadaMta asAdhAraNa apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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pratibhAzAlI mahAkavi the / " inakI racanAoM meM oja, pravAha, rasa aura saundarya kA samAyojana utkRSTa hai / bhASA para kavi kA adhikAra ullekhanIya hai / zabdoM kA bhaNDAra vizAla hai aura zabdAlaMkAra evaM arthAlaMkAra - donoM se hI kavikAvya samRddha hai / puSpadaMta naiSadhakAra zrI harSa ke samAna hI medhAvI mahAkavi haiM 1' 132 yadi svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta kI tulanA kareM to jJAta hogA ki "svayaMbhU kI bhASA meM prasanna pravAha hai to puSpadaMta kI bhASA meM arthagaurava kI alaMkRta jhA~kI / eka sAdagI kA avatAra hai to dUsarA alaMkaraNa kA zreSTha nidrshn| 33 DaoN. bhAyANI ne svayaMbhU ko apabhraMza kA kAlidAsa aura puSpadaMta ko bhavabhUti kahA hai 34 "utprekSA alaMkAra puSpadaMta ko bhI svayaMbhU kI bhA~ti priya hai / anya alaMkAroM kA bhI yathAsthAna manohArI prayoga puSpadaMta ne kiyA hai|' '35 " puSpadaMta ke kAvyoM meM vIra, zrRMgAra aura zAnta ina tIna rasoM kI abhivyaMjanA milatI hai, kahIM-kahIM karuNa, vIbhatsa evaM Azcarya rasa ke dRzya bhI milate haiN| 36 puSpadaMta ko apabhraMza bhASA kA vyAsa kahA jAtA hai| 7 " inakI pratibhA ke darzana isI se ho jAte haiM ki inako apane mahApurANa meM eka hI viSaya - svapnadarzana ko 24 bAra iMgita karanA par3A, parantu sarvatra navIna chandoM evaM navIna padAvaliyoM kI yojanA milatI hai jo unakA kAvya naipuNya hai / ' 138 - 44 1 puSpadaMta dvArA samajhAe gae dharma kA svarUpa sArvalaukika hai, sampradAyAtIta hai / AcArya ne jina mAnava mUlyoM ko isameM sameTA hai ve bahuta hI Adhunika pratIta hote haiM / unake anusAra 'jo samasta jIvoM para dayA karatA hai, jhUTha vacana nahIM kahatA, satya aura zauca meM ruci rakhatA hai, cugalakhorI, agni ke samAna karkaza vacana, tAr3ana-bandhana va anya prakAra kI pIr3Avidhi kA prayoga nahIM karatA, kSINabhIrU-dIna aura anAthoM para kRpA karatA hai, madhura - karuNApUrNa vacana bolatA hai, dUsare ke dhana para kabhI mana nahIM calAtA, binA dI huI vastu ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, parAyI strI para dRSTi nahIM calAtA hai, parAye dhana ko tRNa ke samAna ginatA hai aura guNavAnoM kI bhakti - sahita stuti karatA hai; jo abhaMgarUpa se ina dharmoM ke aMgoM kA pAlana karatA hai, vahI dharma kA pAlana karatA hai; kyoMki yahI dharma kA svarUpa hai aura kyA dharma ke sira para koI U~ce sIMga lage rahate haiM 39 yahA~ yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki puSpadaMta mUlyAtmaka anubhUtiyoM ko, jo mAnavIya cetanA kA viziSTa AyAma hai, saghana banAne ke lie prayatnazIla haiM / sAhityakAra apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya - 11

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ghaTanAcakroM ke mAdhyama se mUlyoM ko samAja ke jIvana meM praviSTa karAne ke lie tatpara rahate haiM / sAhityakAra kAvya kI vibhinna vidhAoM kA prayoga karake abhivyakti ko lAlitya pradAna karate haiM jisase saundarya ke sAtha ziva aura satya sAkAra ho sake / amara sAhityakAra jIvana ke zAzvata mUlyoM ko nisteja hone se bacAte haiM / mahAkavi puSpadaMta aise hI amara sAhityakAra haiM jinhoMne zAzvata mUlyoM ko saundaryAtmaka abhivyakti pradAna kI hai| unake kAvya isake udAharaNa haiN| I puSpadaMta kI tIna racanAe~ upalabdha haiM ( 1 ) mahApurANa (tisaTThi - mahApurisa - guNAlaMkAra), (2) NAyakumAracariu aura (3) jasaharacariu / mAnyakheTa (vartamAna Andhrapradeza ke haidarAbAda rAjya kA malakher3a) ke rAjA kRSNarAja tRtIya ke maMtrI bharata ke Azraya meM rahakara unhoMne mahApurANa kI racanA kI aura phira bharata ke putra nanna ke Azraya meM 'NAyakumAracariu' tathA 'jasaharacariu' jaise kAlajayI apabhraMza khaNDa kAvyoM kA praNayana kiyA / " rAjasthAna meM sabase adhika lokapriyatA puSpadaMta ko prApta hai| akele puSpadaMta kI racanAoM kI 75 se bhI adhika pANDulipiyA~ rAjasthAna ke grantha-bhaNDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiM / ' '40 (1) mahApurANa - puSpadaMta kI sabase prathama aura vizAla racanA hai jo 102 saMdhiyoM meM pUrI huI hai| isameM jaina paramparA meM prakhyAta 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 balabhadra, 9 nArAyaNa aura 9 pratinArAyaNa ina 63 zalAkApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai| sabase adhika vistAra se RSabhadeva tathA unake putra bharata kA varNana hai jo 37 saMdhiyoM meM gumphita hai| isa khaNDa / bhAga kA nAma 'AdipurANa' hai / isake Age kA bhAga 'uttarapurANa' kahalAtA hai jisameM 65 saMdhiyoM meM zeSa tIrthaMkaroM tathA anya mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai / uttarapurANa ke antargata hI rAmakathA evaM kRSNakathA sammilita haiM / ( 2 ) NAyakumAracariu (nAgakumAracaritra) puSpadaMta kI dUsarI racanA hai / 9 saMdhiyoM meM likhita isa kAvya meM zrutapaMcamI kA mAhAtmya batalAne ke lie nAgakumAra kA caritra varNita hai / mAnyakheTa meM bharata maMtrI ke putra nanna ke Azraya meM puSpadaMta ne NAyakumAracariu likhA / carita ke nAyaka nAgakumAra haiM jo eka rAjaputra haiM, kintu sautele bhrAtA zrIdhara ke vidveSavaza ve apane pitA dvArA nirvAsita apabhraMza : eka paricaya 12

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kiye jAne para nAnA pradezoM meM bhramaNa karate haiM tathA apane zaurya, naipuNya va kalAcAturyAdi dvArA aneka rAjAoM va rAjapuruSoM ko prabhAvita karate haiM, bar3e-bar3e yoddhAoM ko apanI sevA meM lete haiM tathA aneka rAjakanyAoM se vivAha karate haiM / antata: pitA dvArA Amantrita kiye jAne para ve punaH rAjadhAnI ko lauTate haiM aura rAjyAbhiSikta hote haiN| phira jIvana ke antima caraNa meM saMsAra se virakta hokara muni-dIkSA lete aura mokSa prApta karate haiN|" (3) jasaharacariu ( yazodhara caritra)- cAra saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| isa kAvya meM yaha pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai - "pratyeka jIva ke acche-bure karmoM kA phala use isa janma meM hI nahIM kintu bhAvI janma-janmAntaroM meM bhI bhoganA par3atA hai| apane puNya-pAparUpa bhAvoM aura pariNAmoM ke anusAra use manuSya se pazu aura paza se manuSya yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karanA par3atA hai aura yahA~ bhI usake pUrvakRta zatrumitra sambandhoM kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| kathAnaka kA vizeSa abhiprAya hai ki jIvahiMsA sabase adhika ghora pApa hai aura jo apane paraloka ko sudhAranA cAhate haiM unheM jIvahiMsA kI kriyA ko hI nahIM kintu aisI bhAvanA se bhI apane mana ko bacAnA caahie| kathA ke isI uddezya ke kAraNa prAcInakAla meM yaha bahuta lokapriya huI aura aneka kaviyoM ne isa para kAvya racanA kii|''42 dhanapAla (10vIM zatI)- apabhraMza prabandha kAvya-paramparA meM kavi dhanapAla 'bhavisayattakahA' ke racayitA haiM / isa kAvya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kavi ne "kathAnAyaka ke rUpa meM kisI rAjA athavA rAjakumAra ko na lekara sAdhAraNa vaNika putra 'bhaviSyadatta' ko liyA hai jisase kathA meM lokacetanA ko sahaja hI abhivyakti milI hai|''43 "kavi ne isa kAvya ko likhakara paramparAgata khyAtavRtta nAyaka-paddhati ko tor3akara apabhraMza meM laukika nAyaka kI paramparA kA pravartana kiyA hai|''44 isa kathA ke mAdhyama se kavi dhanapAla bahuvivAha ke duSpariNAma ko vANI detA hai aura sAtha hI usane sAdhvI tathA kuTila strI ke aMtara ko kamala zrI evaM sarUpA ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA hai| kavi sAmAjika mUlyoM ko nirantara vANI dene kA upakrama karatA hai / paramparA se prApta tyAga, udAratA, sneha, sadbhAva evaM sahAnubhUti jaise mAnava mUlyoM ko kavi dhanapAla yatra-tatra kathA ke sUtroM meM gUMtha detA hai| dhArmika evaM sadvRtti-pradhAna pAtroM kA abhyudaya 'bhavisayattakahA' meM sarvatra dikhAyA jAnA kavi kI mahAna dRSTi kA paricAyaka apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 13

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hI hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki mahAkavi dhanapAla ne AlaMkArika zailI ke sthAna para sahaja kathA kahanA adhika upayukta samajhA hai| DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina ke anusAra - "alaMkRta zailI kI apekSA dhanapAla kAvya ko manuSya-hRdaya ke nikaTa rakhanA adhika pasanda karate haiM, thor3I sI atiraMjanA aura dhArmika aMza ko chor3akara unakI racanA loka-hRdaya ke bahuta nikaTa hai / "46 'bhavisayattakahA' meM zrRMgAra, vIra aura zAMta rasa kA praNayana sajIva zailI meM huA hai| prastuta kAvya ke kathAnaka meM Adarza aura yathArtha kA apUrva mizraNa hai| kavi ne laukika AkhyAna ke dvArA zrutapaMcamI vrata kI mahattA pradarzita kI hai| "vastutaH bhavisayattakahA padya-baddha dhArmika upanyAsa hai|''47 isa kAvya meM kavi ne mAtrika aura varNika donoM prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isameM mAtrika chandoM kI hI bahulatA hai / mAtrika chandoM meM pajjhaTikA, aDilla, duvaI, siMhAvalokana tathA gAthA mukhya haiN| yahA~ para yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki sAhitya meM kathA-kAvya janajIvana meM mUlyoM ke sampreSaNa ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa vidhA hai| apabhraMza kA kathA-sAhitya samRddha hai / isa vipula kathA-sAhitya meM kucha to vrata-mahAtmyamUlaka haiM, kucha upadezAtmaka haiM aura kucha prema-AkhyAnaka haiM / apabhraMza kathA-koza bhI upalabdha hai| zrIcandra kA kathA-koza prasiddha hai| apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya kI mahatvapUrNa racanAe~ haiM - bhavisayattakahA (dhanapAla), jinadattakahA (lAkhU), vilAsavaIkahA (siddhasAdhAraNa), siripAlakahA (raidhU), sattavasaNakahA (paM. mAnikyacandra), kahAkosu aadi| loka-jIvana ke vividha pakSa ina kathAkAvyoM meM sahaja hI anusyUta haiM / kyA kathA, kyA bhAva aura kyA chanda aura zailI sabhI lokadharmI jIvana ke aMga jAna par3ate haiM / DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI kA kathana hai - "abhI taka isa samagra sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa tathA anuzIlana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAoM ke adhyayana se madhyakAlIna saMskRti ke navIna rUpa prakAzita ho skeNge|"48 vIra (11vIM zatI) - apabhraMza kI prabandha-kAvyadhArA meM mahAkavi vIraracita 'jaMbUsAmicariu' mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| yaha kAvya gyAraha saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| isa caritAtmaka prabandhakAvya meM prAraMbhika tIna saMdhiyoM meM aitihAsika mahApuruSa jaMbUsvAmI ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana hai| cauthI saMdhi meM ___apabhraMza : eka paricaya 14

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jaMbUsvAmI ke janma kA varNana hai / pA~cavIM se sAtavIM saMdhi taka jaMbU ke aneka vIratApUrNa kAryoM kA varNana hai / sudharmAsvAmI apane pA~ca ziSyoM ke sAtha upavana meM Ate haiM, jaMbU unake darzana kara namaskAra karate haiN| muni se ve apane pUrva janmoM kA vRtAnta sunakara virakta ho ghara chor3anA cAhate haiM, mAtA samajhAtI hai, aura anta meM jaMbUkumAra kI zarta ke anusAra sAgaradatta Adi cAra zreSThiyoM kI kamalazrI, kanaka zrI, vinaya zrI aura rUpa zrI nAmaka cAra kanyAoM se jaMbU kA vivAha ho jAtA hai| yahA~ AThavIM saMdhi samApta hotI hai / 19 navIM saMdhi meM jaMbU ke vairAgya kA varNana hai / vaha vairAgya - pratipAdaka kathAnaka kahatA hai aura usakI patniyA~ vairAgya-virodhI kathAe~ kahatI haiM / isa prakAra AdhI rAta ho gaI aura jaMbU kA mana viSayoM se virata hI rhaa| isI samaya vidyuccara cora vahA~ AtA hai| jaMbU kI mA~ usase kahatI hai ki yadi vaha usake beTe ko vairAgya se vimukha kara de to vaha jo cAhe le jA sakatA hai| cora jaba jaMbU kI mAtA se usake vairAgya kI bAta sunatA hai to vaha pratijJA karatA hai ki yA to use rAgI banA dU~gA anyathA svayaM vairAgI ho jAU~gA / jaMbU kI mAtA vidyuccara ko apanA choTA bhAI kahakara jaMbU ke pAsa le jAtI hai tAki vaha use rAgI banA sake 150 dasavIM saMdhi meM jaMbU aura vidyuccara eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane ke lie aneka kathAe~ sunAte haiM / jaMbUsvAmI vairAgyapradhAna evaM viSaya-bhoga kI nissAratApratipAdaka AkhyAna kahate haiM aura vidyuccara isake viparIta vairAgya kI nissAratA dikhalAne vAle bhoga - pratipAdaka AkhyAna prastuta karate haiM, aMta meM jaMbUsvAmI kI vijaya hotI hai / ve sudharmAsvAmI se dIkSA lete haiM aura unakI cAroM patniyA~ bhI AryikAyeM bana jAtI haiN| jaMbUsvAmI ne tapazcaryA dvArA kevalajJAna prApta karake nirvANa prApta kiyA / 1 | gyArahavIM saMdhi meM vidyuccara dazavidha dharma kA pAlana karate hue tapasyA dvArA sarvArthasiddhi prApta karatA hai / isa kAvya meM sAMsArika viSayoM ko tyAgakara vairAgya bhAva jAgrata karane meM hI kavi kA utsAha parilakSita hotA hai / zRMgArika bhAvoM ko dabAkara una para vijaya pAne meM hI vIratA dikhAI par3atI hai aura isI dRSTi se ise zRMgAra-vIra kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara ne ise zrRMgAravairAgyaparaka caritakAvya kahA hai / 12 " jaMbUsAmicariu kI bhASA bahuta hI prAMjala, apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 15

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subodha, sarasa aura gaMbhIra artha kI pratipAdikA hai, isameM puSpadaMta Adi mahAkaviyoM ke kAvyagranthoM kI bhASA ke samAna hI praur3hatA aura artha-gaurava kI chaTA yatra-tatra bikharI par3I hai|''3 isa kRti kI bhASA nAgara-apabhraMza hai jisameM svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta, dhanapAla Adi kaviyoM ne kAvya racanA kI hai| kavizrI ne apane bhAvoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie nAnA alaMkAroM kI yojanA kI hai| zabdAlaMkAroM meM anuprAsa aura yamaka tathA arthAlaMkAroM meM upamA, utprekSA aura rUpakoM se kAvya-racanA AdyopAnta vibhUSita hai / isa kAvya meM mAtrika aura varNika donoM prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai; kintu adhikatA mAtrika chandoM kI hai| mahAkavi vIra kA janma mAlavA prAnta meM gulakheDa nAmaka nagara meM haa| inhoMne svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta aura apane pitA kavi devadatta kA hI apane kAvya meM smaraNa kiyA hai / gyArahavIM zatI ke muni nayanandI para vIra kavi kA pracura prabhAva hai| 15vIM zatI ke kavi raidhU ne bhI mahAkavi vIra kA smaraNa kiyA hai|" ___apabhraMza ke caritakAvyoM meM paurANika mahApuruSoM yA adhikatara tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA jIvana-caritra varNita hai| ye eka prakAra se sakala kathAe~ haiM jinameM paurANika zailI se kathAnAyaka kA jIvana bacapana se hI asAdhAraNa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / mahApuruSoM kA jIvana-caritra ati laukika tathA dhArmika tatvoM se anuraMjita hai / AkAra kI dRSTi se sAdhAraNata: caritakAvya cAra saMdhiyoM se lekara bIsa-bAIsa saMdhiyoM taka meM nibaddha hai| pUrva bhavAntaroM tathA anya avAntara ghaTanAoM se prAyaH sabhI caritakAvyoM kA kalevara vRddhiMgata huA hai| phira bhI, caritakAvya paurANika kAvyoM kI apekSA AkAra meM choTe hote haiM / bAraha yA teraha saMdhiyoM se lekara lagabhaga savA sau saMdhiyoM taka ke purANa-kAvya upalabdha hote haiN|" inameM pramukha paurANika mahAkAvya haiM - harivaMzapurANa (dhavala) - 122 saMdhiyA~, pANDavapurANa (yaza:kIrti) - 34 saMdhiyA~, harivaMzapurANa (yaza:kIrti) - 13 saMdhiyA~, harivaMzapurANa (zrutakIrti) - 44 saMdhiyA~, harivaMzapurANa (raidhU) - 14 saMdhiyA~ / apabhraMza ke katipaya caritakAvya nimnalikhita haiM - nemInAthacaritra (amarakIrtigaNi), pradyumnacaritra (siMha), pArzvanAthacaritra (zrIdhara), mallinAthacaritra (jinaprabhasUri), yazodharacaritra (raidhU) aadi|" apabhraMza : eka paricaya 16

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nayanaMdI (11vIM zatI) - prabandha-kAvyoM kI paramparA meM nayanaMdI kA 'sudaMsaNacariu' eka suvikhyAta kAvya hai| yaha 12 saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| NamokAra mahAmaMtra ke mahAtmya pratipAdana hetu yaha kAvya likhA gayA hai| yaha jIvana-mUlyoM ke prati samarpita caritakAvya hai| nayanaMdI yaha bhalI bhA~ti samajhate pratIta hote haiM ki manuSyoM kA mUlyAtmaka-vyavahAra hI samAja ke cahuMmukhI vikAsa ke lie mahatvapUrNa hai / vyavahAra meM mUlyoM kA abhAva samAja meM arAjakatA ko janma detA hai| kartavyahInatA, durAcAra va zoSaNa kI pravRtti naitika mUlyoM meM anAsthA kA pariNAma hai| naitika mUlyoM kA vAtAvaraNa, naitika mUlyoM ke grahaNa kI prathama sIr3hI hai| isa vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa meM kAvya kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hotA hai| rasa, alaMkAra aura chanda kAvyarUpI zarIra ko nissaMdeha saundarya pradAna karate haiM, kintu kAvyarUpI zarIra kA prANa hotA hai usameM mUlyAtmaka cetanA kI upsthiti| kAvya meM pratyeka rasa kI abhivyakti eka viziSTa prayojana ko liye hue hotI hai, kintu kAvya kA aMtima prayojana samAja meM zAzvata mUlyoM ko sIMcanA va unako jIvita rakhanA hI hotA hai / sAmayika mUlyoM ke lie likhA gayA kAvya mahatvapUrNa ho sakatA hai para usameM pratipAdita zAzvata mUlya hI usako amaratA pradAna karate haiM / vyasana mahAmArI kI taraha vyakti va samAja ko khokhalA kara dete haiN| unakA tyAga samAja meM Arthika vyavasthA, laiMgika sadAcAra, vyaktigata evaM kauTumbika zAMti aura ahiMsAtmaka vRtti ko panapAtA hai / zIla kA pAlana jIvana kA AbhUSaNa hai| caritra ko naSTa hone se bacAnA mUlyoM ke prati niSThA kA dyotaka hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki nayanaMdI ne samAja meM zAzvata mUlyoM ke prasAra hetu hI 'sudaMsaNacariu' kI racanA kI hai| nayanaMdI mAlava deza ke dhArA nagara ke nivAsI haiM / 'sudaMsaNacariu' kI racanA dhArA nagara ke jaina maMdira ke mahAvihAra meM huii| "sudaMsaNa isa caritAtmaka mahAkAvya kA dhIra prazAnta nAyaka hai| isI ke nAma para mahAkAvya kA nAmakaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai| usakA caritra kendrIya hai aura anya pAtra usake sahAyaka haiM / vaha aneka guNoM se maMDita, dRDhavratI, AcAraniSTha, sundara mAnava hai| bhAvukatA usakA svabhAva hai| vaha premI hai, jisake vazIbhUta ho vaha manoramA kI ora AkRSTa hotA hai, parantu apane Upara Asakta rAnI abhayA aura kapilA ke prati vaha sarvathA udAsIna hai| yahI gatizIlatA aura sthiratA usake caritra ko utthita karatI hai|''60 apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 17

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44 'kavi nayanaMdI udAtta bhAva ke kavi haiN| inakI kRti meM AtmA ke utthAna kA paramodAtta rUpa citrita huA hai| bAraha saMdhiyoM meM racita 'sudaMsaNacariu ' ko par3ha lene ke bAda bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaha udAtta rUpa spaSTa hotA hai jo bhoga ke sthAna para tyAga evaM vairAgya ko sameTa kara calatA hai / vyakti icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti kA adhama sAdhana mAtra nahIM hai varan hai Atma-zakti se sampanna prajJA - puruSa / " sudaMsaNacariu' meM jahA~ eka ora vilAsa kI apakarSatA hai vahA~ dUsarI ora eka mahAmAnava ke caramotkarSa kI gAthA bhI hai / "61 'sudaMsaNacariu' meM jisa jIvana-darzana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha vAsanA kI viDambanA, indriya-vijaya kI suphalatA, dharma kI durlabhatA evaM samyakjJAna kA pratipAdaka hai 12 bhASA kI dRSTi se kavi zrI nayanaMdI kI bhASA zuddha sAhityika apabhraMza hai / tatsama tadbhava aura dezI zabdoM ke vyavahAra se bhASA meM saralatA aura sarasatA kA saMcAra huA hai / usameM bhI dezI zabdoM kI bahulatA kavi-kAvya kI apanI vizeSatA hai| mahAkavi nayanaMdI alaMkArayukta kAvya ko hI saMsAra kI sarvAdhika sarasa upalabdhi batalAtA hai / sudaMsaNacariu meM upamA, utprekSA evaM udAharaNa alaMkAra kI to bharamAra hai hI, anya alaMkAra bhI yathAsthAna prayukta hue haiN| chandoM kI vividhatA kI dRSTi se apabhraMza kAvyoM meM 'sudaMsaNacariu' kA mahatva ullekhanIya hai / isameM 85 chandoM kA vyavahAra huA hai / jitane adhika chandoM kA prayoga isa racanA meM huA hai utanA anyatra nahIM dikhAI detA / vividha varNoM kA aisA sundara saMyojana bahuta kama racanAoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / isa kAvya kI yaha bhI vizeSatA hai ki kavi ne aneka sthaloM para chanda kA nAma sUcita kiyA hai / kaI chanda naye haiM jinake nAma aura lakSaNa taka anyatra nahIM milate 164 nayanaMdI kI dUsarI racanA 'sayalavihivihANakavva' hai jo abhI taka aprakAzita hai / kanakAmara ( 11vIM zatI) apabhraMza kI prabandhadhArA meM mahAkavi muni kanakAmara kA 'karakaMDacariu ' eka lokapriya kAvya hai / yaha 10 saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| bundelakhaNDa kI AsAiya nagarI meM inakA janma huA thaa| inake guru kA nAma paM. maMgaladeva thA / inhoMne apane kAvya meM siddhasena, samantabhadra, akalaMka, jayadeva, svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa kAvya kI racanA zrutapaMcamI ke phala tathA paMcakalyANaka vidhi kI pratiSThA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI hai| isameM kaI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai tathA maMdira ke zilpa kA varNana bhI hai| apabhraMza : eka paricaya 18 -

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kathA-kAvya kA pramukha pAtra karakaNDu hai| usakA caritra zaktizAlI aura saundarya se anuprANita hai| mAtRbhakti aura vinaya-sampannatA isa caritra kI atirikta vizeSatA hai| isa kAvya meM zRMgAra aura vIra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai| 10 saMdhiyoM ke isa prabandha kAvya meM tIna-cauthAI bhAga meM karakaNDu kI mukhya kathA hai aura zeSa cauthAI bhAga meM 9 avAntara kathAe~ haiN| ye avAntara kathAe~ karakaNDu ko nIti kI zikSA dene ke bahAne kahI gaI haiM / muni kanakAmara ne bhASA meM tatsama, tadbhava tathA dezaja zabdoM ke sAtha-sAtha lokapriya tathA sarala lokoktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| "yuddhavarNana meM bhASA ojaguNa-pradhAna hai va zRMgAra-varNana meM mAdhurya guNa se anuprANita hai / kanakAmara ne bhASA ko bhAvAnukUla banAne ke lie dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai|''67 kAvya meM aneka chandoM kA prayoga huA hai / kavi ne zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkAra donoM hI prakAra ke alaMkAroM ko kAvya meM sthAna diyA hai| DaoN. trilokInAtha premI ke anusAra - "karakaNDacariu ke sampUrNa kathAnaka meM prAya: 50 se adhika kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| ina kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM ke prayoga se muni kanakAmara ke 'karakaMDacariu' meM usake kathA-saMgaThana, vastu-nirUpaNa, maulika prasaMgodbhAvanA, zilpa evaM prayojanasiddhi Adi meM jo kalAtmaka-saundarya aura kAvya kA audAtya ubharakara AyA hai vaha anUThA aura anyatama hai| sabase bar3I bAta to yaha hai ki kisa kathAnaka-rUr3hi* kA kahA~, kaba aura kaise prayoga honA hai, isa kalA meM vaha pAraMgata hai, niSNAta hai| tabhI itanI adhika rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga vaha saphalatA ke sAtha kara sakA hai|''69 hemacandra (12vIM zatI) - apabhraMza ke kSetra meM AcArya hemacandra kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa kArya hai apabhraMza bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kI rcnaa| 'siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana' ke AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda meM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke sUtra racita haiM / "sUtroM meM niyamoM ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo apabhraMza ke dohe die gae haiM ve Aja apabhraMza kI amUlya nidhi haiN| inake cayana aura saMkalana meM hemacandrAcArya kI talasparzI kAvya-marmajJatA, sAragrAhiNI pratibhA aura sahRdayatA * "lokakathA meM rocakatA kI sRSTi ke lie prayukta hue vividha kalA-tantu punaH punaH prayoga meM Ane se rUr3ha ho jAte haiM, taba unheM kathAnaka-rUr3hi yA abhiprAya kahA jAtA hai|''68 apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya - 19

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kA spaSTa patA calatA hai|''70 'dezInAmamAlA' meM hemacandra ne apabhraMza meM prayukta dezI zabdoM kA cayana karake eka apUrva kArya kiyA hai / hema-vyAkaraNa meM saMkalita apabhraMza ke dohe apabhraMza sAhitya kA gaurava bar3hAnevAle haiM / "inakA kAvyasaundarya nirAlA hai, apane ApameM bejor3a hai| inakI AdhAra-bhUmi AdhyAtmika nahIM, ihalaukika hai / laukika jIvana meM bhI kitanA pracura rasa utpanna kiyA jA sakatA hai, logoM ko usase AplAvita kiyA jA sakatA hai, ye dohe isake spaSTa pramANa haiN| ina dohoM meM zaurya aura zrRMgAra kA, saMyoga aura viyoga kA, dAna aura mAna kA, vizvAsa aura svAbhimAna kA, puruSa ke pauruSa aura vIra ramaNI ke darpa kA jaisA zlAghanIya rUpa milatA hai, anyatra durlabha hai| 71 AcArya hemacandra kA janma gujarAta ke dhakkalapura, dhandhUkA nAmaka gA~va meM huA thaa| inako solaMkI cAlukya rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha va unake bhatIje kumArapAla kA saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| harideva (15vIM zatI) - apabhraMza kI prabandhAtmaka racanAoM kI paramparA meM kavi harideva dvArA racita 'mayaNaparAjayacariu' do saMdhiyoM kA eka rUpakakAvya hai / "apabhraMza ke upalabdha rUpaka-kAvyoM meM yaha sarvazreSTha hai|''72 "isa racanA meM pratIka rUpa se jIva ke mokSa-prApti kA prayatna aura usa prayatna meM kAmAdi vikAroM dvArA bAdhA DAle jAne kA vRtAnta hai|''73 kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai - "rAjA kAmadeva, moha nAmaka maMtrI aura ahaMkAra, ajJAna Adi senApatiyoM ke sAtha bhavanagara meM rAja karate haiM / caritrapura ke rAjA jinarAja unake zatru haiM, kyoMki ve mukti aMganA se vivAha karanA cAhate haiM / kAmadeva, rAga-dveSa nAmaka dUta ke dvArA unake pAsa yaha saMdeza bhejate haiM ki yA to Apa apanA yaha vicAra chor3a deM aura apane tIna ratna - darzana, jJAna aura cAritra mujhe sauMpa deM yA yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jaaeN| jinarAja ne kAmadeva se lohA lenA svIkAra kiyaa| aMta meM kAma parAsta hotA hai|''74 kavi harideva ne AcArya zubhacandra dvArA racita jJAnArNava ko apanI racanA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| madana (kAmadeva) isa kAvya kA nAyaka hai| vaha utkRSTa abhilASI aura mahatvAkAMkSI hai, kriyAzIla hai aura ghaTanAcakra ke kendra meM hai / usake pratipakSI nAyaka jinendra haiM aura nAyikA siddhi hai / kavi ne ina tIna mukhya pAtroM ke AdhAra se kAvya ko rocaka banAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| ___ apabhraMza : eka paricaya 20

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'mayaNaparAjayacariu' kI bhASA prAyaH TakasAlI apabhraMza hai jisakA prayoga svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta Adi mahAkaviyoM kI racanAoM meM milatA hai / jo thor3A bahuta bheda dikhAI detA hai use DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne 'mayaNaparAjayacariu' kI prastAvanA meM vistAra se diyA hai aura yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki yaha graMtha Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| 75 'mayaNaparAjayacariu' meM rUpaka, upamA, atizayokti, zleSa Adi sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM kA prayoga huA hai / ina arthAlaMkAroM ke atirikta zabdAlaMkAroM kA prayoga bhI kAvya meM samAviSTa hai| anuprAsa aura yamaka alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa graMtha meM sarvatra haiM / vastu (raDDA ) *76 chaMda kA prayoga kAvya meM sabase adhika hai / duvaI chaMda kA prayoga bhI kAvya meM pAyA jAtA hai| kar3avakoM meM aDillA chaMda sabase adhika milatA hai / pajjhaTikA evaM pAdAkulaka ke udAharaNa kAvya meM dikhAI dete haiM / " raidhU ( 15vIM zatI) - raidhU ne vipula apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA kI / inake pitA kA nAma sAhU harisiMha tathA mAtA kA nAma vijayazrI thaa| inakI dharmapatnI kA nAma sAvitrI thA aura putra kA nAma hRdayarAja thA / kavi kA janma gopAcala (gvAliyara) yA usake Asa-pAsa huA / gopAcala evaM durga unakA nivAsa evaM sAhitya-sAdhanA kA pramukha sthala thA / kavi ne jina bhaTTArakoM ko guru ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA hai ve haiM 78 1. guNakIrti, 2. yazakIrti, 3. pAlhabrahma, 4. kamalakIrti, 5. zubhacandra evaM 6. kumArasena / kavi kI nimnalikhita kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM" 1. balahaddacariu, 2. mehesaracariu, 3. komuikahapavaMdhu, 4. jasaharacariu, 5. puNNAsavakahA, 6. appasaMbohakavva, 7. sAvayacariu, 8. sukosalacariu, 9. pAsaNAhacariu, 10. sammaijiNacariu, 11. siddhacakkamAhappa, 12. vittasAra, 13. siddhantatthAra, 14. dhaNNakumAracariu, 15. ariTThanemicariu, 16. jImaMdharacariu, - 19. sammataguNaNihANakavva, 20. saMtiNAhacariu evaM 21. bArAbhAvanA / * 17. solahakAraNajayamAla, 18. dahalakkhaNajayamAla, raDDA chaMda meM prathama caraNa meM 15 mAtrA, dUsare caraNa meM 12 mAtrA, tIsare caraNa meM 15 mAtrA, cauthe caraNa meM 11 mAtrA aura pA~caveM caraNa meM 15 mAtrA hotI haiM ( kula 68 mAtrA ) / isake Age dohA chaMda AtA hai / apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 21

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inameM se nimnalikhita racanAoM kI sacitra pratiyA~ bhI upalabdha haiM - 1. jasaharacariu, 2. pAsaNAhacariu, 3. saMtiNAhacariu 180 jo racanAe~ anupalabdha haiM unake nAma isa prakAra haiM 1. mahApurANu, 2. pajjuNNacariu, 3 sudaMsaNacariu, 4. bhavisayattakahA, 5. karakaMDacariu, 6. ratnatrayI evaM 7. uvaesarayaNamAlA / mahAkavi raidhU ko ukta vizAla sAhitya nirmANa kI preraNA apane pitA harisiMha saMghavI se milI thI / raidhU- sAhitya ke vizeSajJa DaoN. rAjArAma jaina ke anusAra - " raidhU apabhraMza sAhitya ke jAjvalyamAna nakSatra haiN| vipula sAhityaracanAoM kI dRSTi se unakI tulanA meM ThaharanevAle anya pratispardhI kavi yA sAhityakAra ke astitva kI sambhAvanA apabhraMza sAhitya meM nahIM kI jA sakatI / rasa kI amRta - srotasvinI pravAhita karane ke sAtha-sAtha zramaNa saMskRti meM cirantana AdarzoM kI pratiSThA karanevAlA yaha prathama sArasvata hai jisake vyaktitva meM eka prabandhakAra, dArzanika, AcArazAstra - praNetA evaM krAMtidRSTA kA samanvaya huA hai| idhU ke prabandhAtmaka AkhyAnoM meM saundarya kI pavitratA evaM mAdakatA, prema kI nizchalatA evaM vivazatA, prakRtijanya saralatA evaM mugdhatA, zramaNa saMsthA kA kaThora AcaraNa evaM usakI dayAlutA, mAtA-pitA kA vAtsalya, pApa evaM durAcAroM kA nirmama daNDa, vAsanA kI mA~salatA kA prakSAlana, AtmA kA suzAnta nirmalIkaraNa, romAMsa kA Asava evaM saMskRta ke pIyUSa kA maMgalamaya sammilana, preyas aura zreyas kA granthibandha aura ina sabase Upara tyAga evaM kaSAya-nigraha kA nidarzana samAhita hai / 81 22 - prabandha-kAvya kI dhArA ke kaviyoM meM dhAhila (paumasirIcariu), padamakIrti (pAsaNAhacariu ), zrIdhara ( sukumAlacariu, pAsaNAhacariu, bhavisayatacariu ), devasenagaNi (sulocanAcariu ), siMha (paMjuNNacariu ), lAkhU (jiNadattacariu ), lakkhamadeva (miNAhacariu ), amarakIrti ( chakkamovaesa), yaza: kIrti (caMdappaharacariu), narasena ( zrIpAlacarita), jayamihala ( varddhamAnacariu ), mANikyarAja ( amarasenacariu, (mRgAMka lekhAcaritra) Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| NAyakumAracariu ), bhagavatIdAsa apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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apabhraMza ke jaina sAhitya kA jo paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha apUrNa hai| adhikAMza sAhitya grantha-bhaNDAroM meM par3A huA sampAdana, adhyayana va prakAzana kI bATa joha rahA hai / usa sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAne kA kArya sAmAnyarUpa se bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA aura vizeSarUpa se jaina vidvAnoM kA hai / isa sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAnA sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI rakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai / prAntIya bhASAoM aura rASTra bhASA ke saMdarbha meM apabhraMza sAhitya kA mahatva samajhanA rASTrahita meM hai / 2. bauddhoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ bauddhoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ muktaka kAvya kI koTi meM AtI haiN| ina racanAoM ke kartA bauddha siddha haiM jinake dvArA racita aneka dohe aura gIta milate haiM / siddhoM ke aneka dohoM aura gItoM kA saMgraha rAhulajI ne 'hiMdI kAvyadhArA' meM diyA hai| inakI racanAe~ do rUpoM meM milatI haiM - (1) dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana aura (2) karmakANDa kA khaNDana / yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki siddhoM kA AvirbhAva jisa bhUmikA meM huA usake kAraNa bauddha-sAdhanA ke naye AyAma prakaTa hue| isako nimna prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai 1 bauddhadharma hInayAna aura mahAyAna ina do dhArAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM eka mukhya bheda nirvANa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM hai / mahAyAnI nAgArjuna ne ise (nirvANa ko) 'zUnya' kahA aura loka-maMgala ke lie cittavRtti ko pAnA 'bodhicitta' kahA gayA / zUnya ke sUkSma vicAra ko samajhanA kaThina thA / dharmaguruoM ne zUnya ke lie 'nirAtmA' zabda kA AviSkAra kiyA / bodhicitta isI nirAtmA meM lIna hokara mahAsukha meM DUbA rahatA hai| nirAtmA zabda strIliMga hai ataH nirAtmA devI mAnI gaI hai / usI ke AliMgana meM bodhicitta lIna rahatA hai / isa prakAra mahAsukhavAda ke pariNAmasvarUpa mahAyAna se vajrayAna kI utpatti huI / dhIredhIre vajrayAna kI isa dhArA meM anAcAra vyApta ho gyaa| isameM se hI eka zAkhA 'sahajayAna' ke nAma se prasiddha huI, jo isa zAkhA ke sAdhaka hue ve 'siddha' kahalAye / sahajayAna ke anusAra citta-zuddhi se sahajAvasthA prApta hotI hai aura yahI 'sahaja' hamArA parama lakSya hai / 2 siddha caurAsI kahe gaye haiM / unameM se sarahapA va kaNhapA mukhya haiN| sarahapA va kaNhapA ke dohA-koSa tathA gIta upalabdha haiM / apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya - 23

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sarahapA ( 8vIM zatI) - siddhoM kI paramparA meM sarahapA Adisiddha mAne jAte haiM / inakA kAla AThavIM zatI hai| inakI kavitA ke viSaya haiM - rahasyavAda, pAkhaMDoM kA khaNDana, maMtra - devatA Adi kI vyarthatA, sahaja mArga para bala, yoga se nirvANa - prApti, gurumahimAgAna Adi / citta zuddhi para sarahapA ne vizeSa dhyAna diyA / " citta hI sabakA bIja rUpa hai / bhava yA nirvANa bhI isI se prApta hotA hai / usI ciMtAmaNirUpa citta ko praNAma kro| vahI abhISTa phala detA hai / citta zuddha hone para mAnava 'buddha' kahA jAtA hai| usake mukta hone para vaha nissaMdeha mukta hotA hai / jisa citta se jar3a - mUrkha baddha hote haiM usI se vidvAna zIghra hI mukta ho jAtA hai / yaha citta hI saba kucha hai / isa sarvarUpa citta ko AkAza ke samAna zUnya athavA nirlepa banA denA cAhiye / mana ko bhI zUnya svabhAva kA banA denA cAhiye / isa prakAra vaha mana amana ho jAe arthAt apane caMcala svabhAva ke viparIta nizcala ho jAe, tabhI sahaja svabhAva kI prApti hotI hai / 183 kaNhapA (9vIM zatI) kaNhapA kahate haiM - vyartha hI manuSya garva meM DUbA rahatA hai aura samajhatA hai ki maiM paramArtha meM pravINa hU~ / karor3oM meM se koI eka niraMjana meM lIna hotA hai / Agama, veda, purANoM se paNDita abhimAnI bane haiM kiMtu ve pakva zrIphala ke bAhara hI bAhara cakkara kATate hue bhauMre ke samAna AgamAdi ke bAhyArtha meM hI ulajhe rahate haiM 184 chanda kA siddhoM ne apane siddhAMtoM ko dohoM aura gItoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai / " ina siddhoM kI racanAe~ kucha to dohoM meM milatI haiM aura kucha bhinna-bhinna naye padoM ke rUpa meM / caryApada meM saMgRhIta siddhoM ke pratyeka pada ke prArambha meM kisI na kisI rAga kA nirdeza milatA hai / ina naye padoM meM kahIM-kahIM pAdAkulaka, aDillA, pajjhaTikA, rolA Adi chanda bhI mila jAte haiN| ''85 racanAoM meM vizeSa prayoga huA hai / dohA-koSa meM dohA chanda kI prathAtA hai| "ina racanAoM kI bhASA meM do prakAra ke rUpa mila eka jisameM pUrvI apabhraMza kA rUpa milatA hai lekina jisameM pazcimI apabhraMza ke bhI zabdarUpa milate haiM tathA dUsarA rUpa pazcimI apabhraMza kA milatA hai / caryAgItoM meM pUrvIrUpa kI pradhAnatA hai aura dohA -koSa ke padyoM kA rUpa pazcimI apabhraMza kA hai|' 1 1186 24 - apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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3. zaivoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ kAzmIra zaiva sampradAya kI kucha kRtiyA~ aisI haiM jinameM apabhraMza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai - (1) abhinavagupta ke 'tantrasAra' (1014 I.) meM prAkRta-apabhraMza ke padya milate haiM / apabhraMza ke 16 padya haiM / tantrasAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti svayaM paramaziva hai / mala ke kAraNa, ajJAna-pracchana hone ke kAraNa vaha paramaziva ko dekha nahIM paataa| vyakti jJAna kI sahAyatA se apane meM paramaziva kA anubhava karatA hai / 87 abhinavagupta-kRta tantrasAra unakI vRhat kRti 'tantrAloka' kA sAra hai| (2) bhaTTa vAmadeva mAhezvarAcArya kI 'janmamaraNa vicAra' (11vIM zatI) meM eka padya (dohA chanda) apabhraMza kA milatA hai| (3) zitikaNThAcArya kI kRti 'mahAnayaprakAza' (15vIM zatI) meM apabhraMza ke 94 padya haiM / "kRti kI bhASA usa samaya kI apabhraMza hai jaba apabhraMza dhIre-dhIre kAzmIrI kA rUpa le rahI thii| isa kRti meM mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| ina racanAoM se apabhraMza bhASA ke prayoga ke kSetra ke vistAra kI sUcanA milatI hai| bhASA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI unakA mahatva hai|' 88 4. aihikatAparaka apabhraMza racanAe~ - apabhraMza kI kucha racanAe~ aisI prApta hotI haiM jo kisI dharma vizeSa se saMbaMdhita nahIM haiN| inako do vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai - (1) eka varga meM ve apabhraMza padya rakhe jA sakate haiM jo kAvya-samIkSakoM dvArA udAharaNasvarUpa cune gae haiN| aise padya alaMkAra, chanda va vyAkaraNa ke graMthoM meM udAharaNasvarUpa diye gaye haiN| (2) dUsare varga meM prabandhAtmaka racanAe~ haiN| (1) kAlidAsa racita 'vikramorvazIya' nATaka ke caturtha aMka meM kucha apabhraMza padya prApta hote haiM / vaiyAkaraNoM meM sarvaprathama caNDa ne apabhraMza bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA apabhraMza ke do dohe uddhata kiye haiN| Anandavardhana ke 'dhvanyAloka' meM apabhraMza kA eka dohA milatA hai| bhoja dvArA racita 'sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa' va 'zRMgAra prakAza' meM apabhraMza padya uddhRta haiN| rudraTa ke 'kAvya alaMkAra' meM apabhraMza ke kucha dohe milate haiN| 'prAkRta-paiMgalam', merUtuMgAcArya dvArA racita 'prabandha cintAmaNi', rAjazekhara sUrikRta 'prabaMdha koSa' Adi meM bhI apabhraMza ke dohe milate haiM / hemacandra ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM ko samajhAne ke lie apabhraMza ke dohe uddhRta kiye haiM / ina dohoM meM zrRMgAra, vIratA, prema, nIti, bhakti Adi se saMbaMdhita kaI viSaya prastuta kiye gaye haiN| apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 25

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(2) prabandhAtmaka racanAoM meM abdula rahamAna/addahamANa kA saMdezarAsaka' (12-13vIM zatI) mahatvapUrNa kAvya hai| kavi mulatAna kA nivAsI thaa| isa kAvya meM laukika prema-bhAvanA ko abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| 223 padyoM meM racita yaha kAvya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, inheM prakrama kahA gayA hai| prathama prakrama meM maMgalAcaraNa, Atma-paricaya, graMtha likhane kA aucitya tathA pAThaka cayana hai| dvitIya prakrama meM kathA Arambha hotI hai| isakI tulanA meghadUta', 'DholA-mArUrA dUhA' tathA 'vIsaladevarAso' se kI jA sakatI hai| isa kathA meM batAyA gayA hai ki nAyikA paradeza gaye hue apane pati ke viraha meM du:khI hai| pathika se yaha jAnakara ki vaha khambhAta jA rahA hai, vaha pati ko saMdeza bhejane ke lie Atura ho uThatI hai| isa prakrama meM nAyikA kI AkulatA tathA pati ko saMdeza bhejane kI utkaMThA kA citraNa hai| jaba pathika nAyikA se usake pati ke paradeza jAne kA samaya pUchatA hai to uttara meM tIsarA prakrama prArambha ho jAtA hai| isa prakrama meM nAyikA chahoM RtuoM meM anubhUta duHkha kA varNana karake pathika ko jAne kI anumati detI hai| itane meM usakA pati paradeza se lauTatA huA dikhAI detA hai| 'saMdezarAsaka' zRMgArarasa-pradhAna kAvya hai| isakI bhASA pariniSThita, parimArjita aura sAhityika hai| kiMtu dohoM meM bolacAla meM prayukta honevAlI paravartI apabhraMza bhASA kA rUpa hai / apabhraMza bhASA kA uttarakAlIna rUpa jisa para prAMtIya bhASAoM kA prabhAva bhI par3ane laga gayA thA, isameM dekhA jA sakatA hai| "isa prakAra kavi ne bhASA ke ina donoM rUpoM kA bar3I sundaratA se prayoga kiyA hai|''11 kAvya meM upamA, utprekSA Adi sAdRzamUlaka alaMkAroM kA hI adhikatA se prayoga huA hai| isameM kaI prakAra ke chanda prayukta hue haiM kintu sarvAdhika mAtrA meM 'rAsA' chanda kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| nAyikA kI ceSTAoM kA varNana rAsA chanda meM kiyA gayA hai| "sandezarAsaka ke adhikAMza chandoM kA saundarya kathA-sUtra se alaga karake par3hane se bhI jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai| inake chandoM kI tulanA una muktAmaNiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai jo eka sUtra meM graMthita hone para kaMThahAra ke rUpa meM bhI suzobhita hote haiM aura bikharakara alaga ho jAne para bhI sundara aura mUlyavAna bane rahate haiN|'' 26 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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1. mahAkavi svayaMbhU, DaoN. saGkaTAprasAda upAdhyAya, pR. 5, 1969, bhArata prakAzana mandira, aliigddh'| 2. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 26, 1982, lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 3. apabhraMza kI viziSTa vidhA dohA meM lokasaMpRkti, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 2, __ apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka 2, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 4. hindI kAvyadhArA, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 5, 1945, kitAba mahala, ilaahaabaad| 5. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 41, 1996, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 6. mahAkavi puSpadaMta kI kAvyapratibhA, DaoN. vRddhicandra jaina, pR. 77, __ jainavidyA, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka : khaNDa-2, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 7. pAhuDa dohA, muni rAmasiMha, saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, bhUmikA, pR. 35, 1933, ambAdAsa cavare digambara jaina granthamAlA, 3, kaarNjaa| 8. hindI ke vikAsa ke apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 287, 1982, lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 9. vahI, pR. 50 10. vahI, pR. 50 11. vahI, pR. 50 12. vahI, pR. 51 13. vahI, pR. 51 14. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 83, 1996, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 15. vahI, pR. 84 16. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara, pR. 67, 1963, hindI pariSad, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, pryaag| 17. vahI, pR. 68 18. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 179-80, lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 19. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara, pR. 69, hindI pariSad, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, pryaag| 20. apabhraMza sAhitya meM mahAkavi svayaMbhU, DaoN. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, pR. 20-21, jainavidyA-aMka 1, svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 27

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21. riTThaNemicariu, mahAkavi svayaMbhU, sampAdaka : DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, prAkkathana, pR. 12, 1985, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii|| 22. apabhraMza rAmAyaNa paumacariu ke hanumAna, DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva, pR. 65, jainavidyA-aMka-1, svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 23. hindI kAvyadhArA, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 50, 1945, kitAba mahala, ilaahaabaad| 24. mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva kA vyaktitva, DaoN. gajAnana narasiMha sAThe, pR. 9, jainavidyA, aMka-1, svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 25. riTThaNemicariu, mahAkavi svayaMbhU, sampAdaka : DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, pR. 13, 1985, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| svayaMbhU meM prayukta alaMkAra, DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa', pR. 42, jainavidyA, aMka 1, svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 27. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 53, 1979, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 28. vahI, pR. 53 29. riTThaNemicariu, mahAkavi svayaMbhU, sampAdaka : DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, pradhAna sampAdakIyaH paM. kailAzacanda zAstrI, pR. 7, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 30. svayaMbhU chanda : eka vizleSaNa, DaoN. gadAdharasiMha, pR. 71, apabhraMza bhAratI aMka 2, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 31. mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva kA vyaktitva, DaoN. gajAnana narasiMha sAThe, pR. 14, jainavidyA, aMka-1, svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 32. mahAkavi puSpadaMta : vyaktitva aura kartRtva, DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti' pR. 13, jainavidyA, aMka-2, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka, khaNDa-1, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 33. vahI, pR. 13 34. vahI, pR. 13 35. mahAkavi puSpadaMta aura unakA kAvya, DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa', pR. 30, jainavidyA, aMka-2, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka, khaNDa-1 jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 36. mahAkavi puSpadaMta aura unakI rasAbhivyakti, DaoN. premacanda rA~vakA, pR. 64, jainavidyA, aMka-3, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka khaNDa-2, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 37. vahI, pR. 67 38. vahI, pR. 67 39. NAyakumAracariu meM pratipAdita jIvanamUlya, DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI, pR. 19, __ jainavidyA, aMka-3, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka khaNDa-2, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 28 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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40. mahAkavi puSpadaMta kI racanAoM kI rAjasthAna meM lokapriyatA, paM. anUpacanda nyAyatIrtha, pR. 102, jainavidyA, aMka-2, puSpadaMta vizeSAMka, khaNDa-1, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 41. NAyakumAracariu, mahAkavi puSpadaMta, sampAdaka : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, prastAvanA, pR. 20, 1972, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 42. vahI, pR. 20 43. mahAkavi dhanapAla kI kAvya pratibhA, DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa', pR. 24, jainavidyA, aMka-4, mahAkavi dhanapAla vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 44. bhavisayattakahA kA sAhityika mahatva, DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA, 'dIti', pR. 37, jainavidyA, aMka-4, mahAkavi dhanapAla vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 45. mahAkavi dhanapAla kI kAvya pratibhA, DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa', pR. 24, jainavidyA, aMka-4, mahAkavi dhanapAla vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 46. vahI, pR. 25 47. bhavisayattakahA kA sAhityika mahatva, DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pR. 31,, jainavidyA, aMka-4, mahAkavi dhanapAla vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 48. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 67, 68, 1996, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 49. mahAkavi vIra aura unakA jaMbUsAmicariu kA eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. jayakizanaprasAda khaNDelavAla, pR.-17, jainavidyA, aMka 5-6, vIra vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 50. vahI 51. vahI 52. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara, pR. 124, hindI pariSad, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, pryaag| 53. jaMbUsAmicariu kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana, DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pR. 37, jainavidyA, aMka 5-6, vIra vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, shriimhaaviirjii| 54. jaMbUsAmicariu, mahAkavi vIra, sampAdaka, DaoN. vimalaprakAza jaina, pR. 97, 98, 1968, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 55. vahI, pR. 10 56. vahI, pR. 130, 131, 135, 137 57. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 69, 1996, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 58. vahI 59. vahI apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 29

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pR. 3, 60. sudaMsaNacariu kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana, DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jainavidyA, aMka- 7, muni nayanandI vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 61. sudaMsaNacariu : udAtta kI dRSTi se, DaoN. gadAdharasiMha, pR. 64, jainavidyA, aMka- 7, muni nayanandI vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 62. vahI, pR.65 63. sudaMsaNacariu meM alaMkAra-yojanA, DaoN. gaMgArAma garga, pR. 17, jainavidyA, aMka-7, muni nayanandI vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 64. sudaMsaNacariu kA kAvyAtmaka vaibhava, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 15, jainavidyA, aMka- 7, muni nayanandI vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 65. muni kanakAmara - vyaktitva aura kRtitva, DaoN. (zrImatI) alakA pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pR. 3, jainavidyA, aMka- 8, kanakAmara vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 66. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 215, loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilAhAbAda / 67. muni kanakAmara - vyaktitva aura kRtitva, DaoN. (zrImatI) alakA pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pR. 5, jainavidyA, aMka- 8, kanakAmara vizeSAMka, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI / 68. karakaMDacariu meM kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~, DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI', pR. 54, apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka 9-10, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura / 69. vahI, pR. 55, 63, 64 70. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 87, 1979, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vArANasI / - 71. vahI, pR. 88 72. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 73, 1996, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 73. mayaNaparAjayacariu, harideva, sampAdaka : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, prastAvanA, pR. 62, 1962, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 74. apabhraMza sAhitya, pro. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 338, 1957, bhAratI sAhitya mandira, dillI / 75. mayaNaparAjayacariu, harideva, sampAdaka, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, 30 pR. 78, 79, 80, 1962, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 79. vahI, pR. 7 76. vahI, pR. 74 77. vahI, pR. 73 78. raidhU granthAvalI, bhAga 1, sampAdaka : DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, bhUmikA, pR. 10, 1975, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura / prastAvanA, apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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80. raidhU granthAvalI, bhAga 1, sampAdaka : DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, bhUmikA,1975, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, pR. 7 81. vahI, pR. 4 82. apabhraMza sAhitya, pro. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 300 se 305, 1957, bhAratI sAhitya mandira, dillii| 83. vahI, pR. 308 84. vahI, pR. 313 85. vahI, pR. 318 86. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara, pR. 183, hindI pariSada, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, pryaag| 87. vahI, pR. 185 88. vahI, pR. 188 89. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 115, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 90. vahI, pR. 116 91. vahI, pR. 116 92. saMdeza-rAsaka meM zRMgAra-vyaMjanA, DaoN. indrabahAdura siMha, pR. 38, apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka 5-6, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 93. vahI, pR. 38 94. vahI, pR. 38 apabhraMza : usake kavi aura kAvya 31

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arahantu vuddha tuhu~ hari haru......... jaya tuhu~ gai tuhu~ mai tuhu~ mAya vappu tuhu~ tuhu~ tuhu~ parama-pakkhu savvahu~ parahu~ tuhu~ tuhu~ siddhante tuhu~ sayala - surAsurehi~ mante sajjhAe~ jhA tuhu~ arahantu vuddha tuhu~ hari haru vi tuhu~ aNNANa - tamoha - riu / tuhu~ suhumu NiraJjaNu paramapau tuhu~ ravi vambhu sayambhu siu // (paumacariu, 43.19.5-9) - mahAkavi svayaMbhU daMsaNeM NArNe 32 tuhu~ saraNu / vandhu-jaNu // paramatti haru / parAhiparu // thiu / Namiu // vAyararNe / tavacaraNeM // jaya ho, tuma (merI) gati ho, tuma (merI) buddhi ho, tuma (mere) rakSaka ho, tuma (mere) mA~-bApa ho, tuma baMdhujana ho| tuma paramapakSa ( tarka ke parama AdhAra) ho, tuma durmati ko dUra karanevAle ho / tuma saba anyoM se ( bhinna ho), tuma parama AtmA ho / carit tuma darzana, jJAna aura cAritra meM sthita ho / sakala sura-asura tumheM namana karate haiM / siddhAnta, mantra, vyAkaraNa, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura tapazcaraNa meM tuma ho / arihanta, buddha tuma ho, viSNu aura mahAdeva tuma ho, ajJAnarUpI aMdhakAra ke zatru tuma ho| tuma sUkSma, niraMjana aura mokSa ho, tuma sUrya, brahmA, svayaMbhU aura ziva ho / apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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dUsarA adhyAya paravartI apabhraMza I 'apabhraMza' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali ( 150 I. pU.) ne mahAbhASya meM kiyaa| unakA uddezya saMskRta ke eka zabda ke pracalita kaI rUpAntaroM ko batAnA hI thA / jaise 'gau' zabda ke gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA Adi vividha rUpa haiM / yaha vividhatA hI unakI dRSTi meM apabhraMza thI / kintu bhAmaha aura daMDI (chaThI zatI) ke samaya taka apabhraMza sAhityika bhASA bana gaI thI aura isameM kAvya-racanA hone lagI thI / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki apabhraMza pataMjali ke samaya se bhAmaha taka loka bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukI thI aura usameM sAhitya-racanA hone laga gaI thii| yaha eka bhASA vaijJAnika tathya hai ki lokabhASA hI sAhityika bhASA ke lie AdhAra banatI hai| loka- bhASA apane parivartanazIlatA ke niyama ko nahIM chodd'tii| vaha kabhI prAkRta ho jAtI hai, kabhI apabhraMza aura kabhI koI anya bhASA / DaoN. nAmavarasiMha ke anusAra " pratyeka yuga meM sAhityArUr3ha bhASA ke samAnAntara koI na koI dezI bhASA (loka - bhASA) avazya rahI hai aura yahI dezI - bhASA ( loka bhASA) usa sAhityika bhASA ko nayA jIvana pradAna kara sadaiva vikasita karatI calatI hai / "" -- yahA~ yaha batAnA Avazyaka hai ki apabhraMza kA vikAsa prAkRta - kAla kI loka-bhASA se huA aura yaha bhASA sAhityArUr3ha hokara 1000 I. taka kAvyaracanA kA mAdhyama rhii| bAda meM bhI isI bhASA meM kAvya-racanA hotI rahI / kintu hemacandra ( 12vIM zatI) ke samaya taka sAhitya meM apabhraMza kA eka rUpa sthira va pariniSThita ho cukA thA / apabhraMza ke paravartI kaviyoM ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ko sAmane rakhakara hI sAhitya-nirmANa kiyaa| aise prayatna hemacandra ke tIna sau varSa bAda taka hote rhe| idhara pariniSThita apabhraMza meM kAvya likhe jA rahe the aura udhara loka- bhASA parivartanazIlatA ke AdhAra para nayA rUpa grahaNa kara rahI thI / DaoN. nAmavarasiMha ke anusAra - "hemacandra ke bAda apabhraMza kAvya kI eka aura

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bhI dhArA pravAhita rahI jisameM pariniSThita apabhraMza ke niyamoM kA kar3AI se pAlana karane kI apekSA lokapracalita bhASA kA upayoga hotA thA / isa mizrita bhASA meM race hue grantha kAvya kI dRSTi se to utkRSTa haiM hIM, Adhunika dezI bhASAoM ke Arambhika rUpa meM adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiM / bhAratIya AryabhASA ke itihAsa athavA vikAsa kI dRSTi se paravartI apabhraMza kA yaha dezyamizrita sAhitya vizeSa mahatva kA hai aura sacce arthoM meM paravartI apabhraMza yahI hai / 2 11vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI taka paravartI apabhraMza kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai / paravartI apabhraMza kI katipaya racanAe~ nimnalikhita haiM- (1) prAkRta-paiMgalam (12vIM se 15vIM zatI), (2) siri thUlibhadda phAgu (14vIM zatI), (3) neminAtha caupaI (13vIM zatI), (4) uktivyaktiprakaraNa ( 12vIM zatI), (5) kIrtilatA (14vIM zatI), (6) pRthvIrAja rAso (12vIM zatI), (7) vidyApati padAvalI ( 14vIM zatI) / (1) prAkRta - paiMgalam - yaha chandazAstra kA eka saMgraha - grantha hai / isameM prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA paravartI apabhraMza ke chandoM kA saMgraha huA hai / grantha kA nAma prAkRta - paiMgalam hai kintu adhikAMza bhAga meM paravartI apabhraMza kI racanAe~ dI gaI haiM / isa grantha ke saMgrAhaka ke saMbaMdha meM koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai / yaha saMgraha 14vIM zatI meM taiyAra huA hogA / isameM babbara, vidyAdhara, jajjala, haribrahma aura kaI ajJAta kaviyoM kI racanAoM kA saMgraha hai / " prAkRta - paiMgalam meM aneka viSayoM se saMbaMdhita padya milate haiM / vIratA, zrRMgAra ( saMyoga- zRMgAra, viyogazrRMgAra ), rAjastuti, nIti, bhakti, devastuti, prakRti-citraNa, sukhI- jIvana, duH khI- jIvana, jIvana- niHsAratA, kSaNabhaMguratA, senA-prayANa, yuddhavarNana, kIrti, prazaMsA, vIra kSatrANI kA ojasvI citra, sAmantI samAja kA citraNa Adi viSaya bhinna-bhinna padyoM meM citrita haiN| - (2) sirithUlibhadda - phAgu ( zrI sthUlibhadra - phAgu) - yaha racanA gujarAta ke jaina AcArya jinapadma sUri kI hai| yaha 27 padyoM meM racita eka laghu kAvya hai / isa sarasa kAvya meM muni sthUlibhadra ( thUlibhadda) kI cAritrika dRr3hatA kI kahAnI varNita hai / kAma para vijaya kA eka sundara citraNa isameM huA hai / kAvya meM dohA aura rolA chaMda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhASA meM gujarAtI kA prabhAva svAbhAvika hai aura saralIkaraNa pravRtti hai / tatsama zabdoM ke prayoga kAvya meM milate haiM / 34 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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(3) nemInAtha caupaI - yaha gujarAta ke vinayacandra sUri dvArA 40 padyoM meM racita eka choTI racanA hai jisameM rAjula ke viraha kA varNana hai / rAjula kA vivAha neminAtha se hone jA rahA thA kintu vahA~ mAMsa-bhojana ke nimitta mAre jAnevAle pazuoM kI cItkAra sunakara neminAtha ko vairAgya ho gyaa| rAjula viraha meM jalane lgii| "kavi ne bArahamAse ke mAdhyama se usake viraha kA bar3A marmasparzI citraNa kiyA hai| bArahamAse ke mAdhyama se virahavarNana kI paramparA sarvaprathama yahI parilakSita hotI hai, jisakA acchA vikAsa 'bIsaladevarAso' aura jAyasI ke 'padmAvata' meM dikhAI par3atA hai| neminAtha caupaI' kA bArahamAsA varNana 'zrAvaNa' se zurU hotA hai|'' kAvya meM caupAI chanda kA prayoga huA hai| (4) uktivyaktiprakaraNa - kAzI ke dAmodara paNDita dvArA racita uktivyaktiprakaraNa madhyadezIya apabhraMza kI ekamAtra upalabdha kRti hai| isase pazcimI aura pUrvI apabhraMza ke bIca madhyadeza kI apabhraMza ke svarUpa kA jJAna hotA hai| pA~ca prakaraNoM meM gumphita yaha eka vyAkaraNa grantha hai| ukti kA artha hai - 'sAmAnya jana kI bhaassaa'| muni jinavijayajI ne likhA hai - "ukti zabda kA artha hai lokokti arthAt loka-vyavahAra meM prayukta bhASA-paddhati jise hama hindI meM 'bolI' kaha sakate haiN| lokabhASAtmaka ukti kI jo vyakti arthAt vyaktatA - spaSTIkaraNa kare - vaha hai uktivyakti shaastr|" madhyadeza kA Adhunika pratinidhi uttarapradeza hai / DaoN. varmA ke anusAra isameM pA~ca pradhAna mahAjana padoM kA saMgha milA huA hai, ve ye haiM - kuru janapada (khar3I bolI pradeza), pAMcAla janapada (kannaujI pradeza), zUrasena janapada (brajabhASA pradeza), kauzala janapada (avadhI pradeza) tathA kAzI janapada (bhojapurI pradeza) / khar3I bolI pradeza - khar3I bolI kA udbhava zaurasenI apabhraMza ke uttarI rUpa se huA hai tathA isakA kSetra deharAdUna kA maidAnI bhAga, sahAranapura, mujaphpharanagara, meraTha, dillI kA kucha bhAga, bijanaura, rAmapura tathA murAdAbAda hai| paravartI apabhraMza 35

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kannaujI pradeza - kannaujI iTAvA, pharrukhAbAda, zAhajahA~pura, kAnapura, haradoI, pIlIbhIta Adi meM bolI jAtI hai| yaha bhI zaurasenI apabhraMza se hI nikalI hai| brajabhASA pradeza - brajabhASA AgarA, mathurA, alIgar3ha, dhaulapura, mainapurI, eTA, badAyU~, barelI tathA AsapAsa ke kSetra meM bolI jAtI hai / isakA vikAsa zaurasenI apabhraMza ke madhyavartI rUpa se huA hai| avadhI pradeza - avadhI kA kSetra lakhanaU, ilAhAbAda, phatehapura, mirjApura, unnAva, rAyabarelI, sItApura, phaijAbAda, goMDA, bastI, baharAica, sultAnapura, pratApagar3ha, bArAbaMkI Adi hai / adhikAMza vidvAna isa bhASA kA saMbaMdha ardhamAgadhI apabhraMza se mAnate haiN| __ bhojapurI pradeza - isa bolI kA kSetra banArasa, jaunapura, mirjApura, gAjIpura, baliyA, gorakhapura, devariyA, Ajamagar3ha, bastI, zAhAbAda, campArana, sArana tathA AsapAsa kA kucha kSetra hai| isakA vikAsa mAgadhI apabhraMza ke pazcimI rUpa se huA hai| (5) kIrtilatA - vidyApati-racita 'kIrtilatA' meM AzrayadAtA kIrtisiMha ke yaza kA gAna kiyA gayA hai| bihAra ke darabhaMgA jile ke aMtargata visapI grAma vidyApati kA janma-sthAna thaa| mahArAjA kIrtisiMha kI dAnazIlatA, vIratA aura rAjanaitika kuzalatA kA varNana isa kAvya meM milatA hai / kIrtilatA cAra pallavoM (bhAgoM) meM likhI gaI hai / vidyApati kahate haiM ki dezI vacana sabako mIThe lagate haiM, ata: avahaTTa (apabhraMza) meM racanA karatA hU~ / kIrtisiMha ke vaMza aura parAkrama ke varNana se kathA prArambha hotI hai / kIrtisiMha ke pitA rAjA gaNezvara ko navAba asalAna ne chala se mAra diyA thaa| kIrtisiMha ne apane pitA kA badalA lene kI bhAvanA se asalAna ke sAtha yuddha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa yuddha meM kIrtisiMha vijayI hue| unakA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| AzIrvAda va maMgala-kAmanA ke sAtha kAvya samApta hotA hai| vidyApati ne jaunapura nagara kA varNana bar3e sajIva DhaMga se kiyA hai| kIrtilatA meM preraNAdAyI kathana bhI prApta hote haiM - "janma mAtra se koI puruSa nahIM hotaa| puruSa vahI hai jisakA mAna ho, jisameM dhanopArjana kI zakti ho, jo dharma-parAyaNa ho, Apatti-vipatti meM dIna vacana na bolanevAlA ho|'' ___apabhraMza : eka paricaya 36

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kIrtilatA kI bhASA paravartI apabhraMza hai| isameM maithilI kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / arabI-phArasI ke zabdoM kA, tatsama tadbhava va dezaja zabdoM kA prayoga bhI isameM milatA hai| kAvya meM sthAna-sthAna para gadya kA prayoga bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se ise campU-kAvya bhI kaha diyA jAtA hai / isa kAvya meM mAtrika va varNika donoM prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| __(6) pRthvIrAja rAso - candabaradAI dvArA racita 'pRthvIrAja rAso' paravartI apabhraMza kA utkRSTa kAvya hai| yaha rAjasthAna kA mahatvapUrNa lokapriya kAvya rahA hai| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI pRthvIrAja rAso ko premakAvya hI mAnate haiN| rAsasAhitya kI paramparA apabhraMza kAla se lekara 18vIM-19vIM zatI taka calatI rhii| kucha ullekhanIya rAso grantha haiM - zAlibhadrasUri kA bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa (12vIM zatI) 203 padyoM meM nirmita hai; Asuga kavi kI do racanAe~ - jIvadayA rAsa va candanabAlA rAsa (12vIM zatI); dharmasUri kA jambUsvAmI rAsa; delhaNi kA gayasukumAla rAsa (13vIM zatI); narapati nAlha kA bIsaladeva rAsa (14vIM zatI); jalha kavi kA buddhi rAsa (14vIM zatI) Adi aneka rAso grantha prApta hote haiM / ina sabameM pRthvIrAja rAso utkRSTa kAvya hai| isameM candabaradAI ne apane AzrayadAtA pRthvIrAja cauhAna ke zaurya, zRMgAra va prema kI kathA varNita kI hai| rAso ke tIna vivAha-prasaMgoM - iMchinI kA, zazivratA kA aura saMyogitA kA - meM se vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM zazivatA-vivAha prasaMga kAvyAtmaka dRSTi se pRthvIrAja rAso kA utkRSTa prasaMga hai / zRMgAra aura vIra rasa isa kAvya meM pradhAna haiN| vaise zRMgAra rasa rasoM kA rAjA mAnA gayA hai para bhavabhUti ne karuNa rasa ko bhI yaha sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| __ karuNa rasa kA citraNa candabaradAI bar3I mArmikatA se karate haiM - "kyA vicitra viDambanA hai ki jisa pRthvIrAja ne muhammada gaurI ko kaI bAra parAsta kara chor3a diyA thA use eka bAra bhI chor3ane kA maukA gaurI ne nahIM diyaa| vaha gajanI ke lohe ke zikaMjoM meM baMda hai, vaha bhI aMdhA bnaakr| bIte dinoM ke sukha aura vaibhava kI yAda meM duHkha kI kAlI chAyA aura gaharI ho jAtI hai| Aja vaha apane sUrasAmaMtoM, parivAra aura deza se dUra hai| ghor3oM, hAthiyoM aura bhaNDAroM kA rAjA dIna ho gayA hai| prANa se bhI pyArI saMyogitA, sundariyoM se citrita citrasArI nahIM hai aura viruda bakhAnanevAlA kavi canda bhI usase dUra hai| Aja dAna dene ke lie hAtha meM phUTI kaur3I taka usake pAsa nahIM hai|" paravartI apabhraMza 37

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DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra - "vastuta: mUla pRthvIrAja rAso zaurasenI apabhraMza meM likhA gayA thA jo pariniSThita sAhityika apabhraMza se thor3I bhinna aura Age bar3hI huI thii| muni jinavijayajI isakI bhASA ko paravartI apabhraMza hI mAnate haiN|''10 rAso kI bhASA meM tatsama, tadbhava, dezaja tathA videzaja sabhI prakAra ke zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| rAso meM alaMkAroM kA svAbhAvika aura sundara prayoga milatA hai| zabdAlaMkAroM meM - anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa aura vakrokti tathA arthAlaMkAroM meM - upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka Adi kavi ke priya alaMkAra haiN| isameM aneka prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| isameM 72 prakAra ke chanda milate haiN| zivasiMha seMgara ne canda kavi ko 'chappaya chanda kA rAjA' kahA hai|12 (7) vidyApati padAvalI - vidyApati dvArA samaya-samaya para gAye jAnevAle padoM kA saMgraha hI vidyApati padAvalI' hai / mithilA meM to ye ghara-ghara meM gAye jAte haiN| ina padoM ko bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kucha pada prakRti-saMbaMdhI haiM, to kucha pada stutiparaka haiM / kintu adhikAMza pada rAdhAkRSNa ke prema-saMbaMdhI haiN| vidyApati ke gItoM kI vizeSatA hai - 'lokaabhimukhtaa'| ye lokajIvana se jur3e hue gIta haiN| ___Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA udaya - pichale pRSThoM meM apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA jo vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai usase jJAta hogA ki sAhitya ke kSetra meM 6ThI zatI se 14vIM zatI taka apabhraMza ke do rUpa hamAre sAmane upasthita hote haiN| pahalA rUpa svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta, dhanapAla, kanakAmara, sarahapA, kaNhapA Adi kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM milatA hai aura dUsarA rUpa abdula rahamAna, vidyApati, candabaradAI, dAmodara paNDita Adi kI racanAoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa taraha se sAhitya ke kSetra meM kramazaH pariniSThita apabhraMza aura paravartI kI racanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| yahA~ yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki paravartI apabhraMza ke mUla meM pariniSThita apabhraMza hI hai| parini / apabhraMza kA jaba laukika bhASAoM ke sAtha mizraNa huA to vaha paravartI apabhraMza bana gii| paravartI apabhraMza kA sAhitya pazcima, pUrva aura madhyadeza meM prApta hotA hai| deza-bheda se loka-bhASAoM meM bheda hotA hI hai| 38 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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DaoN. nAmavarasiMha kA kathana hai - "apabhraMza meM Adhunika dezI boliyoM kA jitanA pragAr3ha mizraNa pUrvI pradezoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai, utanA pazcimI meM nhiiN| pazcimI pradeza kI sAhityika bhASA bahuta dinoM taka pariniSThita apabhraMza se prabhAvita rahI, kintu pUrva ke lie vaha zurU se hI mAtra sAhityika bhASA hone ke kAraNa sthAnIya bolI se alaga rahI hai| phalataH pUraba meM dezI boliyoM kA ubhAra bahuta tejI se huaa|"13 yaha deza-bheda dhIre-dhIre itanA bar3hA ki terahavIM zatAbdI meM jAte-jAte apabhraMza ke sahAre hI pUraba aura pazcima ke dezoM ne apanI boliyoM kA svataMtra rUpa prakaTa kara diyaa| isa taraha se paravartI apabhraMza nayenaye rUpa dhAraNa karatI gaI aura 14vIM zatI se naI-naI bhASAoM kI sattA dikhAI dene lgii| ina Adhunika bhASAoM kA udaya aura vikAsa apabhraMza ke hI garbha meM dhIre-dhIre saikar3oM varSoM se hotA A rahA thaa| eka ora sAhityika apabhraMza ke rUpa dhIre-dhIre apracalita hote gaye aura dUsarI ora Adhunika bhASAoM ke naye rUpa pracalana meM Ate rhe| kramazaH prAcIna rUpoM ke hrAsa aura navIna rUpoM ke vikAsa kI prakriyA se hI Adhunika bhASAoM kA udaya huaa| Adhunika bhASAoM ke naye-naye rUpa nizcaya hI unakI prAdezika boliyoM se Ate rahe haiN|''15 uparyukta vivecana kI pRSThabhUmi meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA vikAsa apabhraMza ke vibhinna sthAnIya bhedoM se huA hai / ye bhASAe~ nimnalikhita haiM16 - (ka) pUrvI bhASAe~ (1) pUrvI hindI, (2) bihArI, (3) ur3iyA, (4) baMgalA, (5) asamiyA (kha) pazcimI bhASAe~ (1) gujarAtI, (2) rAjasthAnI (ga) uttarI bhASAe~ (1) siMdhI, (2) lahandA, (3) paMjAbI (gha) dakSiNI bhASA (1) marAThI (Ga) madhyadezIya bhASA (1) pazcimI hindI paravartI apabhraMza 39

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isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA hI hindI aura anya Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa ke mUla meM hai| "jahA~ taka hindI bhASA kA prazna hai yaha apabhraMza kI sAkSAta uttarAdhikAriNI hai| 17 apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI samasta paramparAe~ hindI meM surakSita haiM / DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra zAyada hI kisI prAMtIya sAhitya meM ye sArI kI sArI vizeSatAe~ itanI mAtrA meM surakSita hoN| DaoN. zaMbhUnAtha pANDeya likhate haiM - "apabhraMza aura hindI kA saMbaMdha atyanta gaharA aura samRddha hai| ve eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiM / hindI ko ThIka se samajhane ke lie apabhraMza kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai| hindI hI nahIM, anya navya bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI AdhArazilA apabhraMza hI hai| usI kI kror3a se ina bhASAoM kA vikAsa huaa|19 40 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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1. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 27, loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 2. vahI, pR. 68 3. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 120, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 4. vahI, pR. 142 5. AdikAlIna hindI sAhitya, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 204, vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vaaraannsii| 6. vahI, pR. 40 7. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, sampAdaka, DaoN. nagendra, pR. 23, 24, 25, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillii| 8. apabhraMza aura avahaTTaH eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 208, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 9. vahI, pR. 150 10. vahI, pR. 189 11. vahI, pR. 193 12. vahI, pR. 196 13. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 75, loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 14. vahI, pR. 68 15. vahI, pR. 99, 100 16. bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA itihAsa, zrI jagadIzaprasAda kauzika, pR. 161, apolo prakAzana, jypur| 17. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 5, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 18. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 25, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillii| 19. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 9, 10, caukhambhA oriyaNTAliyA, vaaraannsii| paravartI apabhraMza 41

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jaya risaha risIsaraNaviyapAya.... jaya risaha risIsaraNaviyapAya jaya ajiya jiyNgyrosraay| jaya saMbhava saMbhavakayavioya jaya ahiNaMdaNa nnNdiypoy| jaya sumai sumaisammayapayAsa jaya paumappaha pumaannivaas| jaya jayahi supAsa supAsagatta jaya caMdappaha cNdaahvtt| jaya puSphayaMta daMtaMtaraMga jaya sIyala siiylvynnbhNg| jaya seya seyakiraNohasuja jaya vAsupuja pujaannupujj| jaya vimala vimalaguNaseDhiThANa jaya jayahi annNtaanntnnaann| jaya dhamma dhammatitthayara saMta jaya saMti sNtivihiyaayvtt| jaya kuMthu kuMthupahuaMgisadaya jaya ara aramAhara vihiysmy| jaya malli malliyAdAmagaMdha jaya muNisuvvaya suvvynnibNdh| jaya NamiNamiyAmaraNiyarasAmi jaya Nemi dhmmrhcvnnemi| jaya pAsa pAsachiMdaNakivANa jaya vaDDhamANa jsvddddhmaann| iya jANiyaNAmahi duriyavirAmahi parihivi nnviysuraavlihiN|| aNihaNahi aNAihi samiyakuvAihi paNavivi arhNtaavlihiN|| jasaharacariu, 2.2 mahAkavi puSpadanta jaya ho ApakI, he RSabha, jinake caraNoM meM RSIzvara bhI namana karate haiN| jaya ho, he ajita, jinhoMne zarIra ke doSoM tathA rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM ko jItA hai| sambhava kI jaya ho jinhoMne janma-maraNa kI paramparA ko vinaSTa kiyA, tathA abhinandana kI jaya ho jinhoMne jIva ke AcAra-vyavahAra ko Anandaprada bnaayaa| jaya ho, he sumati, jinhoMne samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAnarUpI prakAza pradAna kiyaa|lkssmii ke nivAsa padmaprabha, ApakI jaya ho| jinakA zarIra sundara pAryoM se suzobhita hai aise he supArzva, jaya ho ApakI, tathA jaya ho una candraprabha kI jinakA mukha candra kI AbhAyukta hai| jinhoMne apane antaraMga zatruoM kA damana kiyA hai ve puSpadanta jayavanta hoM tathA pravacana kI zItala zailI ke vidhAtA zItala kI jaya ho| ujjvala kiraNasamUhayukta sUryarUpa he zreyAMsa, ApakI jaya ho aura jaya ho pUjyoM dvArA pUjya vAsupUjya kii| he nirmala guNoM kI zreNI ke Azraya vimala, jaya ho ApakI, evaM jaya ho una ananta kI jo ananta jJAna ke dhAraka haiM / he dharmarUpI tIrtha ke saMsthApaka dharmanAtha, jaya ho ApakI tathA jaya ho una zAntinAtha kI jinhoMne loka kI zAnti ke lie dharmarUpI chatra kA vidhAna kiyA hai / kunthu Adi zarIradhArI jIvoM para dayA karanevAle kunthunAtha, ApakI jaya ho, evaM jaya ho una arahanAtha kI jinhoMne alakSmI kA apaharaNa tathA samyagjJAna kA vidhAna kiyA hai| camelI kI puSpamAlA samAna sugandhayukta mallinAtha, jaya ho tathA jaya ho munisuvrata kI jinhoMne uttama vratoM kI maryAdA bA~dhI hai| jinheM devasamUhoM ke indra bhI namana karate haiM aise he nami; ApakI jaya ho evaM jaya ho he nemi, ApakI jo dharmarUpI ratha ke cakra kI nemi haiN| saMsAra ke bandhanoM ko kATanevAle kRpANa he pArzvanAtha, jaya ho ApakI tathA jaya ho vardhamAna tIrthaMkara kI jinakA yaza aba bhI vRddhizIla hai| isa prakAra maiM una tIrthaMkaroM ke samUha kA Azraya letA hU~ va unako praNAma karatA hU~ jinake nAma suvikhyAta haiM, jo pApoM kA zamana karate haiM, devasamUhoM dvArA vandita haiM, jo anAdi-nidhana haiM, tathA kuvAdiyoM ko zAnta karanevAle haiN| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina 42 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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tIsarA adhyAya apabhraMza aura hindI yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki svayaMbhU Adi kI pariniSThita apabhraMza vidyApati Adi kI paravartI apabhraMza meM gatizIla huii| lokabhASA apabhraMza ke sthAnIya pradeza-bhedoM ke paravartI apabhraMza meM mizraNa se Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huaa| isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA hI hindI aura anya Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ke mUla meM sthita hai| "hindI bhASA kA kSetra himAcala pradeza, paMjAba kA kucha bhAga, hariyANA, rAjasthAna, dillI, uttarapradeza, madhyapradeza tathA bihAra hai jise hindIbhASI pradeza kahate haiN| isa pUre kSetra meM hindI kI pA~ca upabhASAe~ haiM, jinake antargata mukhyataH 17 boliyA~ haiMbhASA upabhASAe~ boliyA~ hindI 1. pazcimI hindI 1. khar3I bolI, 2. braja bhASA, 3. hariyANavI 4. buMdelI, 5. kannaujI 2. pUrvI hindI 1. avadhI, 2. baghelI, 3. chattIsagar3hI 3. rAjasthAnI 1. pazcimI rAjasthAnI (mAravAr3I) 2. pUrvI rAjasthAnI (jayapurI) (DhU~DhArI) 3. uttarI rAjasthAnI (mevAtI) 4. dakSiNI rAjasthAnI (mAlavI) 4. pahAr3I 1. pazcimI pahAr3I, 2. madhyavartI pahAr3I (kumAyUMnI gar3havAlI) 5. bihArI 1. bhojapurI, 2. magahI, 3. maithilI'' pariniSThita hindI jo pUre bhArata kI rAjabhASA hai, vaha khar3I bolI hindI hai| isakA vikAsa zaurasenI apabhraMza se huaa|

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yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hai ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA hI vikasita rUpa hindI hai| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra- "sAhityika paramparA kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to apabhraMza ke prAyaH sabhI kAvyarUpoM kI paramparA hindI meM hI surakSita hai|'' DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA likhate haiM- "hindI kAvya kA viSaya hI nahIM, usakI racanA zailI aura chandoM para bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA prabhAva hai| alaMkAroM ke lie bhI hindI apabhraMza kI RNI hai| dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI hindI meM apabhraMza se aayaa| apabhraMza kI aneka lokoktiyoM, muhAvaroM aura kathAnaka rUDhiyoM ko bhI hindI ne saharSa apanA liyA hai| isa taraha bhAvapakSa aura kalApakSa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindI sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se prabhAvita hai|''3. __ apabhraMza kI pRSThabhUmi meM hindI sAhitya ke cAra kAloM -(1) AdikAla (7vIM se 14vIM zatI), (2) bhaktikAla (14vIM se 17vIM zatI), (3) rItikAla (zRMgAra kAla) (17vIM se 18vIM zatI) aura (4) Adhunika kAla (18vIM se...) kI pravRttiyoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa kreNge| vidvAnoM ne AdikAla kA samaya 10vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI taka svIkAra kiyA hai| jo sAhitya AdikAla meM saMgRhIta hai vaha paravartI apabhraMza kA hai| isakI carcA pUrva meM kI jA cukI hai| mere vicAra se bhASA ke dRSTikoNa se yaha kAla paravartI apabhraMza kA kAla hai / yaha sAhitya pariniSThita apabhraMza se preraNA grahaNa karatA huA Age bar3ha gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM "10vIM se 14vIM zatAbdI ke samaya meM loka-bhASA meM likhita jo sAhitya upalabdha huA hai usameM pariniSThita apabhraMza se kucha Age bar3hI huI bhASA kA rUpa dikhAI detA hai / 10vIM zatAbdI kI bhASA ke gadya meM tatsama zabdoM kA vyavahAra bar3hane lagA thA parantu padya kI bhASA meM tadbhava zabdoM kA hI ekachatra rAja thaa|" 14vIM zatAbdI taka ke sAhitya meM isI pravRtti kI pradhAnatA milatI hai| yaha paravartI apabhraMza kA sAhitya AdikAlIna sAhitya hai| vidvAnoM dvArA devasena kRta sAvayadhamma dohA (10vIM zatI) AdikAlIna hindI kA sarvaprathama grantha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| hindI sAhitya kI nimnalikhita pravRttiyA~ apabhraMza sAhitya meM dekhI jA sakatI haiM- (1) prema aura zrRMgAra kI pravRtti, (2) vIratA aura zaurya kI pravRtti, (3) dharma, nIti tathA upadezamUlaka pravRttiyA~, (4) adhyAtma, bhakti aura guru ke apabhraMza : eka paricaya 44

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mahatva kI pravRtti, (5) pragatizIlatA kI pravRtti jisameM nArI kA sammAna, jAtivAda kA virodha, dalita varga ke prati sahAnubhUti, pAralaukikatA kA virodha Adi sammilita haiN| (1) apabhraMza ke premAkhyAna kAvyoM meM nAyaka-nAyikA ke prema-vyApAroM kA nirdvandva bhAva se citraNa huA hai| hemacandra ke dohe prema-zRMgAra se bhare haiM / muMja ke dohoM meM bhI prema-zrRMgAra kA bhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai / saMdezarAsaka prema-zrRMgAra kI pravRtti se bharA huA kAvya hai / apabhraMza sAhitya kI yaha pravRtti hindI sAhitya meM rItikAla ke kAvya kI AdhArabhUmi pratIta hotI hai / apabhraMza ke pramukha premAkhyAna kAvya haiM - (1) vilAsavaI kahA (11 saMdhi), sAdhAraNa siddhasena (10vIM zatI), (2) jiNadattakahA (11 saMdhi), lAkhU (13vIM zatI), (3) jiNadattacaupaI, dalhakavi (13vIM zatI), (4) paumasiricariu, dhAhila (11vIM zatI), (5) sudaMsaNacariu (nayanandI), (6) sudarzanacaritra (maannikynndii)| __(2) pRthvIrAja rAso, bharatezvara bAhubalI rAsa, kIrtilatA Adi granthoM meM vIratA aura zaurya kA rUpa milatA hai| (3) dharma aura nIti ke upadeza apabhraMza ke granthoM meM bhare par3e haiN| devasena kA sAvayadhammadohA, hemacandra ke dohe, svayaMbhU-kRta paumacariu, puSpadaMta kA mahApurANa, prAkRta paiMgalam Adi ina sabhI granthoM meM dharma-nIti ke vacana pracuratA se milate haiM / hindI sAhitya meM apabhraMza kI yaha pravRtti bhaktikAla ke kaviyoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| (4) apabhraMza meM jaina bhakti kI racanAe~ aneka haiM / zrutapaMcamI kathA (dhanapAla, 11vIM zatI) kA mUla svayaM jina-bhakti se yukta hai / upadeza rasAyana rAsa (jinadatta sUri, 13vIM zatI) meM gurubhakti ke aneka dRSTAMta haiN| thUlibhadda phAga (jinapadma sUri) AcArya sthUlabhadra kI bhakti meM likhA gayA hai| yogIndu kA paramAtmaprakAza (chaThI zatI), muni rAmasiMhakRta dohApAhuDa rahasyavAdI kRtiyA~ haiN| hindI ke bhaktikAlIna rahasyavAda para inakA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| mahAtmA Anandatilaka-kRta ANaMdA (14vIM zatI) meM sadguru kA sthAna-sthAna para mahatva batAyA gayA hai| kabIra, dAdU, raidAsa Adi saMtoM para yogIndu, muni rAmasiMha Adi AdhyAtmika kaviyoM kA pUrA prabhAva hai| guru kI mahimA kA bhI ina kaviyoM ne bharapUra varNana kiyA hai| apabhraMza aura hindI 45

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(5) apabhraMza sAhitya meM pragatizIlatA kI pravRtti kA jo rUpa milatA hai vaha paravartI sAhitya ko preraNA de sakatA hai| svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta ne nAriyoM ke prati pUrNa sammAna pradarzita kiyA hai / apabhraMza ke rahasyavAdI kaviyoM ne tathA siddhoM ne pAkhaNDa kA khaNDana, jAti-pA~ti kI bhAvanA kA tiraskAra, maMdira-maTha Adi kI vyarthatA batAne meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai| kAvyarUpa - apabhraMza sAhitya meM aneka prakAra ke kAvyarUpa milate haiM / ina aneka kAvyarUpoM kA vikAsa hindI sAhitya meM bhI dikhAI par3atA hai| cariu - cariu (caritra) apabhraMza kA sarvAdhika lokapriya kAvyarUpa rahA hai| ina caritra-kAvyoM meM adhikatara tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA jIvana-caritra varNita hai| svayaMbhU kA paumacariu aura riTThaNemicariu, puSpadaMta kA NAyakumAracariu aura jasaharacariu zreSTha caritra-kAvya haiN| anya caritra kAvya haiM - vIra kavi kA jaMbusAmicariu, nayanaMdI kA sudaMsaNacariu, muni kanakAmara kA karakaMDacariu, dhAhila kavi kA paumasirIcariu, zrIdhara ke pAsaNAhacariu, sukamAlacariu aura bhavisayattacariu nAmaka tIna grantha haiM; devasenagaNi kA sulocanAcariu, haribhadra kA neminAthacaritra, paNDita lakkhaNa kavi kA jinadattacariu, raidhU kA sukauzalacariu ullekhanIya haiM / tulasIdAsa kA rAmacaritramAnasa aura kezavadAsa kA vIrasiMha devacaritra aise hI caritra-kAvya haiM jisameM cariu-paramparA ke darzana hote haiN|' hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra - "ina caritra-kAvyoM ke adhyayana se paravartI kAla ke hindI sAhitya ke kathAnakoM, kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM, kAvyarUpoM, kaviprasiddhiyoM, chandoyojanA, varNanazailI, vastuvinyAsa, kavi-kauzala Adi kI kahAnI bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai / isalie ina kAvyoM se hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa ke adhyayana meM bahuta mahatvapUrNa sahAyatA prApta hotI hai|'' kahA-kAvyarUpa - kahA-kAvyarUpa apabhraMza kA mahatvapUrNa kAvyarUpa hai| "kathA-kAvya kA nAyaka Adarza puruSa hI nahIM; rAjA, rAjakumAra, baniyA, rAjapUta Adi koI bhI sAdhAraNa puruSa apane puruSArtha se agrasara ho apane vyaktitva tathA guNoM ko prakaTa kara yazasvI parilakSita hotA hai|'' "kathA-kAvyoM meM eka vizeSa pravRtti yaha hai ki ve dhArmika tatvoM se bharita nahIM hai| unameM lokajIvana kA unmukta prakAza hai| dhanapAla kI bhavisayattakahA kathA-kAvya kA kendrIya graMtha hai| apabhraMza kA kathA-sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM milatA hai| "lagabhaga eka sau se bhI apabhraMza : eka paricaya 46

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adhika svatantra kathAtmaka racanAe~ upalabdha haiN|"10 kathA-kAvya eka prakAra se padyabaddha upanyAsa hai / "vastuta: Aja ke kathA-sAhitya (upanyAsa aura kahAnI) kA vikAsa inhI kAvyarUpoM se huA hai|" rAso athavA rAsaka - isa kAvya-rUpa kA mUla srota loka geya nRtya hI pratIta hotA hai| yaha kAvya-rUpa atyanta lokapriya rahA hai| isakI paramparA apabhraMza bhASA se hI prArambha huI hai| "isa kAvya-rUpa meM viSaya-vastu, rasa aura zailI Adi kA koI pratibaMdha nahIM rhaa| isake viSaya kahIM dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika haiM, to kahIM laukik| rasa kahIM zAnta hai to kahIM shRNgaar| kahIM vIra hai to kahIM vIra-zRMgAra mizrita / kathAnaka bhI dhArmika, paurANika, aitihAsika aura kAlpanika sabhI prakAra ke haiM / chandoM kI dRSTi se bhI koI racanA bahuta hI kama chandoM kI hai to koI adhika chandoM kI hai| yathA saMdezarAsaka' aura 'vIsaladeva rAsa' zuddha laukika premabhAvApanna saMyoga aura viyoga zRMgAra ke kAvya haiM, vahIM zAlibhadra sUri kA 'bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa' zuddha vIrarasa pradhAna rAsa hai| candavaradAyI ke 'pRthvIrAja rAso' meM vIra aura zRMgAra kA mizrita rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai|'12 DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI ne rAsa sAhitya kI eka lambI sUcI dI hai jo mahatvapUrNa hai| ___phAga yA phAgu-'phAgu' zabda phAlguna mahIne se jur3A hai| yaha basanta Rtu kA kAvya hai / phAlguna mahIne meM phAga racanA gAI jAtI hai| rAsaka kI bhA~ti isakA mUla srota basanta Rtu meM gAye jAnevAle lokagIta haiN| 14vIM zatI kA 'thUlibhadda phAgu' isa paramparA kI sarvaprathama kRti hai / phAgu-kAvya kA vikAsa rAsaka-kAvya ke samAna nRtya-gItaparaka rahA hai| DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' ke vizleSaNa ke anusAra - "phAgu-kAvyoM ke tIna rUpa darzanIya haiM - eka, jaina muniyoM dvArA race gaye phAgu-kAvya, jinameM basaMtazrI kI AdhArabhUmi para laukika zRMgAra kI parAkASThA aMta meM nirveda meM badala jAtI hai; dUsare, jainetara kaviyoM dvArA race gaye phAgu-kAvya, jinameM prakRti ke uddIpta pariveza meM loka-zRMgAra kI vyaMjanA bar3I madhura aura mArmika bana par3I hai; evaM tIsare, kRSNabhakta vaiSNava kaviyoM dvArA race gaye basaMta tathA phAgu saMbaMdhI pada jo AdhyAtmika madhura rasa se paripUrNa haiM / phAgukAvyoM ke ye tInoM prakAra laukika-zrRMgAra kI pRSThabhUmi para Tike hone para bhI uddezya aura aMta kI dRSTi se paraspara bhinna haiM / eka vairAgyonmukha karatA hai to apabhraMza aura hindI 47

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dUsarA prakRti ke unmukta vAtAvaraNa meM AhlAdita aura tIsarA laukika pariveza meM bhI alaukika Ananda se tana-mana ko sarAbora karatA hai| 14 vikAsa-paramparA kI dRSTi ke kucha ullekhanIya phAgu-kAvya nimna haiM - basantavilAsa-phAgu (ajJAta), nArAyaNa-phAgu, caturbhuja kavi kA bhramaragItaphAgu, harivilAsu-phAgu, viraha desAurI-phAgu, cupai-phAgu-ye sabhI jainetara phAgu graMtha haiM jinameM kRSNa, gopiyoM, rAdhA, rukmiNI Adi se saMbaMdhita gAna haiN| jaina phAgu granthoM meM jinapadma sUri kA thUlibhadda-phAgu, rAjazekhara sUri kA neminAtha-phAgu, prasannacanda sUri kA rAvaNi pArzvanAtha-phAgu, jinadattasUri-phAgu, jayazekhara sUri kA neminAtha-phAgu, puruSottama pA~ca pANDava-phAgu, kIrtiratnasUriphAgu, padma kavi kA neminAtha-phAgu, guNacanda gaNi kA basanta-phAgu, ajJAta kavi kA mohinI-phAgu aadi| carcarI - phAgu kI bhA~ti yaha bhI lokagIta hI hai| isakA sahI va yathArtha svarUpa phAlguna ke dinoM meM gAye jAnevAle lokagItoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| ye carcarI gIta caMga bAje para gAye jAte haiM jo basanta kI zobhA kahe jA sakate haiN| carcarI kAvyarUpa meM nirmita racanAeM saMkhyA meM adhika nahIM haiM / jinadatta sUri ne apanI kRti cAMcari athavA caccarI meM apane guru jinavallabhasUri kA guNagAna kiyA hai / yaha 47 padyoM kI choTI racanA hai| 14vIM zatI ke kavi solaNa kI kRti carcarI meM giranAra tIrtha para dhyAnastha neminAtha kA yazagAna hai| isI prakAra samAja ke kaSTa-nivAraNArtha likhita jinezvara sUri kI cAcari, cAcari-stuti tathA gurustuti-cAcari Adi racanAe~ hI prApta hotI haiM / dohA-kAvya - mAtrika chandoM meM dohA apabhraMza kA sarvAdhika priya chanda rahA hai| apabhraMza kI aneka racanAoM ke dohA chanda meM racita hone ke kAraNa dohA kAvya ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| ata: kAvya-rUpa meM dohA-kAvya mahatvapUrNa bana gyaa| yaha apabhraMza kA maulika chanda hai aura pazcimI apabhraMza kI upaja hai| DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' likhate haiM- "vikAsa kI dRSTi se dohoM kI muktaka paramparA bauddhoM kI pUrvI paramparA na hokara jaina tathA jainetara kaviyoM kI pazcimI apabhraMza kI ciraMtana paramparA hai aura paravartI hindI sAhitya meM madhyakAlIna 48 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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nirguNapaMthI kabIra Adi saMta kaviyoM meM darzanIya hai| tathA bAda meM tulasIdAsa kI dohAvalI, matirAma dohAvalI aura rahIma Adi ke dohoM meM hotI huI satrahavIMaThArahavIM sadI ke madhya se Adhunika kAla taka bar3ha jAtI hai / muktaka kAvyarUpa kI abhivyakti meM jitanA dohA chanda saphala rahA hai, utanA koI anya chanda nhiiN|''19 apabhraMza ke dohoM kA prayoga hindI meM kabIra, tulasI, rahIma Adi bhaktikAla ke kaviyoM ne tathA bihArI Adi zRMgAra kAvya ke kaviyoM ne dohA chanda kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| __ uparyukta tIna adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza bhASA kA eka sAmAnya aura saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai, isase apabhraMza ke adhyayana ke mahattva ko sahajatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI rASTrabhASA hindI tathA prAntIya bhASAoM ke pariprekSya meM apabhraMza kI bhUmikA kI bhI jAnakArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| apabhraMza aura hindI 49

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1. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, sampAdaka : DaoN. nagendra, pR. 23, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillii| 2. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 22, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillii| 3. apabhraMza sAhitya kA punaravalokana, DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA, pR. 15, apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka-7, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 4. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 38, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillii| 5. apabhraMza aura avahaTTaH eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 232, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 6. vahI, pR. 289, 290, 291 7. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 28, 29, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillii| 8. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 67, 68, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 9. vahI 10. vahI 11. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 308, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 12. AdikAlIna hindI sAhitya, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 220, vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vaaraannsii| 13. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR. 72, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 14. phAgu-kAvya : vidhA aura vyAkhyA, DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI', pR. 32, apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka-5, 6, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura / 15. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : eka antaryAtrA, DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, pR. 324, 325, caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vaaraannsii| 16. vahI, pR. 325 17. vahI, pR. 325 18. vahI, pR. 326, 327 19. apabhraMza kA lAr3alA chanda dohA aura usakI kAvya yAtrA, DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI', pR. 23, apabhraMza bhAratI, aMka-8, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 50 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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1. svayaMbhU (783 I.) (1) paumacariu - bhAga 1, 2, 3 saMpAdaka - DaoN. harivallabha cUnIlAla bhAyANI prakAzaka - siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, mumbaI (ii) paumacariu saMpAdaka - DaoN. harivallabha cUnIlAla bhAyANI anuvAdaka - DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI (iii) riTThaNemicariu (i) yAdavakANDa saMpAdaka - DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI - (iv) svayaMbhU chanda pariziSTa apabhraMza ke mUla graMtha saMpAdaka - pro. eca.DI. velaNakara (ii) kurukANDa saMpAdaka - rAmasiMha tomara prakAzaka prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda 2. puSpadaMta ( 10vIM zatI I.) (i) mahApurANa prakAzaka rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura (rAjasthAna) saMpAdaka - DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya 1 (ii) NAyakumAracariu anuvAdaka - DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI- 110003 saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI (iii) jasaharacariu - saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI apabhraMza : eka paricaya 110003 110003 - - 110003 110003 51

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3. dhanapAla (10vIM zatI I. ) bhavisayattakahA saMpAdaka - sI. DI. dalAla evaM pI. DI. guNe prakAzaka * gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sirIja, bar3audA 4. muni rAmasiMha (10vIM zatI I.) pAhuDadohA saMpAdaka hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka kAraMjA jaina pablikezansa sosAyaTI, kAraMjA 5. devasena (10-11vIM zatI I.) - 52 sAvayadhammadohA saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka kAraMjA jaina pablikezansa sosAyaTI, kAraMjA - 6. vIra (11vIM zatI I.) jaMbUsAmicariu saMpAdaka prakAzaka 7. muni nayanaMdI (11vIM zatI I.) sudaMsaNacariu -- saMpAdaka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka 8. kanakAmara ( 11vIM zatI I.) karakaMDacariu DaoN. vimalaprakAza jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI - - saMpAdaka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI - - 9. hemacandra ( 12vIM zatI I.) siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana 8, pAda 4) apabhraMza prakaraNa (adhyAya hindI vyAkhyAkAra zrI pyAracaMda mahArAja saMpAdaka paM. ratanalAla saMghavI prakAzaka prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ( bihAra ) 110003 110003 zrI jaina divAkara divya jyoti kAryAlaya, mevAr3I bAjAra, byAvara (rAja.) apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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10. abdula rahamAna ( 12vIM zatI I.) saMdeza rAsaka saMpAdaka - hajArIprasAda dvivedI evaM vizvanAtha tripAThI prakAzaka - hindI grantha ratnAkara ( prAiveTa) limiTeDa, mumbaI - 4 11. harideva ( 15vIM zatI I.) mayaNaparAjaya cariu saMpAdaka prakAzaka 12. raidhU ( 15vIM zatI I.) - prakAzaka 13. yogIndu idhU granthAvalI (bhAga-1, 2 ) saMpAdaka - DaoN. rAjArAma jaina DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI- 110003 jaina saMskRti saMgha, zolApura (mahArASTra ) (i) paramappayAsu (11) yogasAra saMpAdaka DaoN. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye prakAzaka zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa uparyukta prakAzita granthoM ke atirikta apabhraMza sAhityakAroM ke aneka grantha abhI aprakAzita haiM / apabhraMza : eka paricaya 53

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sahAyaka pustakeM 1. apabhraMza aura avahaTTa : DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, 1979, eka antaryAtrA caukhambhA oriyanTAliyA, vArANasI 2. apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, 1996, kI zodha pravRttiyA~ bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 18, insTITyUzanala eriyA, lodI roDa, naI dillI - 110003 3. apabhraMza aura hindI devendrakumAra jaina, 1983 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 4. apabhraMza kAvya saurabha DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, 1992 apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jainavidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI. jayapura 5. apabhraMza racanA saurabha DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, 1991, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jainavidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI, jayapura 6. apabhraMza sAhitya pro. harivaMza kochar3a, 1957, bhAratI sAhitya maMdira, dillI 7. AdikAlIna hindI sAhitya DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya, 1970 vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, cauka, vArANasI 8. jaina zodha aura samIkSA DaoN. premasAgara, 1970, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI, jayapura 1. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara, 1963 tathA unakA hindI sAhitya ndiI pariSad, para prabhAva e.am vizvavidyAlaya, prayAga 10. prAkRta bhASAoM kA Ara. pizala vyAkaraNa anuvAdaka - DaoN. hemacandra jozI, 1950, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSada, paTanA-3 mAkSA 54 apabhraMza : eka paricaya

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11. praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha, DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, 1997, bhAga-1 apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jainavidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI, jayapura 12. bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA zrI jagadIzaprasAda kauzika, 1969, itihAsa apolo prakAzana, savAI mAnasiMha hAive, jayapura-3 13. mahAkavi puSpadanta DaoN. rAjanArAyaNa pAMDeya, 1968, cinmaya prakAzana, caur3A rAstA, jayapura-3 14. mahAkavi svayaMbhU DaoN. saMkaTAprasAda upAdhyAya, 1969, bhArata prakAzana maMdira, alIgar3ha 15. hindI ke AdikAlIna rAsa DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI', 1993, aura rAsaka kAvyarUpa zikhara prakAzana, naI dillI 16. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza DaoN. nAmavara siMha, 1952, kA yoga lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilAhAbAda-1 17. hindI kAvyadhArA rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, 1945, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda 18. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, 1952, vikAsa rAjakamala prakAzana prAiveTa limiTeDa, 1bI, netAjI subhASa mArga, naI dillI - 110002 19. hindI sAhitya kA DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, 1952, - AdikAla bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, sammelana bhavana, paTanA-3 20. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa / saMpAdaka - DaoN. nagendra, 1988, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, 23, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI - 110002 apabhraMza : eka paricaya 55

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jainavidyA-zodha patrikA ke apabhraMza vizeSAMka kra.saM. patrikA aMka vizeSAMka satra kA nAma 1. jainavidyA 1 svayaMbhU vizeSAMka aprela '84 2. jainavidyA 2 puSpadaMta vizeSAMka khaNDa-1 aprela '85 jainavidyA 3 puSpadaMta vizeSAMka khaNDa-2 navambara '85 jainavidyA 4 dhanapAla vizeSAMka aprela '86 jainavidyA 5-6 vIra vizeSAMka aprela '87 jainavidyA 7 muni nayanandI vizeSAMka akTUbara '87 7. jainavidyA 8 kanakAmara vizeSAMka mArca '88 8. jainavidyA 9 yogIndu vizeSAMka navambara '88 satra apabhraMza bhAratI zodha patrikA kra.saM. patrikA kA nAma aMka apabhraMza bhAratI (svayaMbhU vizeSAMka) janavarI '90 apabhraMza bhAratI julAI '92 apabhraMza bhAratI 3-4 jana.-jUna '93 apabhraMza bhAratI 5-6 janavarI-julAI '94 apabhraMza bhAratI akTUbara '95 apabhraMza bhAratI navambara '96 apabhraMza bhAratI 9-10 navambara '97-98 56 apabhraMza : eka paricaya |

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