Book Title: Indian Antiquary Vol 61
Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications
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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
[MAY, 1932
[c. 1030.1 "The Hindus have in the south of their country a slender tree like the date and cocoa-nut palms, bearing edible fruits and leaves of the length of one yard, and as broad as three fingers, one put beside the other. They call these leaves târi ... and write on them. They bind a book of these together by a cord on which they are arranged, the cord going through all the leaves by a hole in the middle of each."-Albîrûni's India, trans. Sachau, I, 171.
Tashreef.- The following is an earlier use of the term than any quoted by Yule :
[1633.] “Those Portinggalls whilome exspelled Hugly hath found greate favour with Shawgahan, and reentered the place to the number of 20 persones; hows cavidall (capital] for their commensing a new investment is the third part of there goods formerly cessed on, which with large priveliges and tashareefes with honer the king hath bestowed on them."-English Factories in India, ed. Foster (1630-33), p. 308.
Thug.-In his edition of Tavernier, Ball proposed to identify that author's Pauzecour with Pariah' or 'Phâusigar.' Mr. Crooke rightly says that this is inadmissible, and him. self suggests that it stands for "Panchagauda, the five classes of Northern Brahmans." But this ignores what Tavernier says about them. He declares that "they do not belong to either of the four castes [ Brahmins, Ketris, Banians and Soudra'-whom he names), that they all occupy themselves with mechanical arts, and do not differ from one another except by the different trades which they follow from father to son."-(Ball, II, 185.) The Panch. gauda Brahmans certainly do not follow mechanical trades, and none of them follows the tailor's calling, which Tavernier gives as an instance. I venture to suggest that the jeweller wrote or moant to write either Paunzelour' or 'Paunzecoul,' that is 'Panchalar' or
Panchakula.' The Panchalars' are " the chief of the left hand castes in Southern India, the five classes, workers in metal, stone, etc." (See Hobson-Jobson, 2nd ed., p. 172.)
Panchkula or Panchkalshi is the general designation of the similar class of people in the Bombay Presidency. They are also called Varnasankar or Sankarjátí, i.e., the mixed castes. In other words, they do not properly belong to any of the four castes, and are said to owe their existence to unions between males and females of different castes.
Tope-Khana.The following early use of the word may be noticed :
[1668.) "Some time in October or November a letter was received from Robert Smith dated from the Topconno in Dehli."--English Factories in India, ed. Foster (1668-69), p. 36.
Toshaconna.-To the illustrative quotations in the first edition, Mr. Crooke has added in the second, a passage from Roe's Journal in which 'Atashokannoe' is mentioned (IT, 300). The same word is used by the ambassador again at p. 363, but it has nothing to do with
Toshakhâna.' It stands for yâtish-khana,' guard room. The latter word occurs more than once in the Journal of William Finch, who describes it as the place where the Emperor's “Captaines according to their degrees keep their seventh day chockees."-Early Travels in India.ed. Foster, p. 184. See also ibid., pp. 162, 164; and Monserrate, trans. Hoyland, p. 206.
Tuckavee.-Thie familiar word is as old at least as the days of Akbar and is found in several Persian writers of that period. Firishta writes in his account of the reign of Muham. mad Tughlaq (1325-1351 A.D.)
[c. 1610.) "He.... took some pains to encourage husbandry and commerce and for this purpose (?) gave large sums to the inhabitants from the treasury. But as the people were distressed for food they expended the money on the necessaries of life."-Trans. Briggs, I, 425. Here the word in the original is soli (Lucknow lith., I, 137, 1. 10 from foot). See also ibid., I, 140, 1. 15 (corresponding to Briggs, I, 433).
The author of the Tabagat-s-Akbari, who wrote about 1595 A.D., employs the identical word in the same connection (Lucknow lithograph, p. 103, 1. 3 from foot; p. 107, 1. 13).
Upper Rojer.-As Sir Richard Temple has pointed out, the PAli word is upa-raja (Bowrey, p. 259, note), and this is much nearer to the Hobson-Jobson form than the Sanskrit
