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JULY, 1916) NOTES ON THE GRAMMAR OF THE OLD WESTERN RAJASTHANI
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(c) in al: dikhalai "Shows" Adi C.
Causals in r, I are also found in Sindhi, Panjabi and Hindi. In the two Marwari causals diravai and lirávač (" To cauge to give" and "to cause to take") has been transposed. Their original forms are divậraż and livarai, both of which have been quoted amongst the Old Western Rajasthânî examples given above to illustrate causals in dr. The same transposition of will be noticed in the double causals under the next head. An instance of a potential passive from a causal in ár is gavaraya (F 535, iv, 12), from gavaraï " Causes to sing."
(4.) Double causals. These are formed by the addition of both the affixes av and a? > ar, combined into avdd, avir.
Examples: melavadai Cal. 31, from milai kahavarai Adi C., from kahaï,
In the particular case of vocal roots, the affix arâv is used instead of avar. I explain it as being derived from the latter, by being transposed to obviate the concurrence of the v in the affix with the euphoric v (8 116) inserted between the terminal vowel in the root and the initial a in the affix. Thus from the root di "To give" , we have first the regular double causal *di-y-avir-a-i, and then, by metathesis of r, di-v-arâv-2-7 (P. 223, 355, Dac. iv, Adi C.) Other examples aro:
khăvaravai Up. 149, from khai (1:1--:--) jovarnvaï Up. 113, from joi (jo---) livarâvač Daç. iv, from lii (lč-l-(-).
Exceptionally the same affix of the vocal roots is used after a root in h, in the example :
sahavarávač Up. 256, from sahaï. Cf, the case of Marathi, where roots in h, as a rule, form the causal with the affix avuvi (Hoernle, Gaudian Grammar, $ 476).
Passive forms are: kahivardi “Is called " (Up. 227), simple present kahavarai chaï "Is being called " (Adi C.), compound present kahavardya “Mentioned” (Ibid), past participle nominative plural masculine.
An anomalous causal is : pâi "Causes to drink" (Daç. x, DI. 2), which is from Sanskrit pâyayati, through Apabhramaça * paei, pâui.
$142. Denominatives are derived from substantives either directly or by means of the causal affix av (never av). Both ways are common to Prakrit and Apabhramçı also. Old Wostern Rajasthani examples are :
(1.) Denominatives formed from substantives directly : anandiu “Rejoiced" (Rs. 35), from ananda < Skt. anandajanmyaji "Was born" (Dd. 1), from Skt. janman vyatikramyaii " Passed over" (Adi C.), from Skt. vyalikramamútriï " It was urinated ” (Up. 149), from Skt. matrajilaï, jipaï " Wins" (Dd. 2), from the past participle jita- < Ap. jitta- < Skt. jitá
mükaï "Leaves" (Crâ., Dd., etc.), from the past participle *müka- < Ap. mukka> Skt. mukta-.
